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Order-zero graph or any edgeless graph
mathematical field of graph theory, the term "null graph" may refer either to the order-zero graph, or alternatively, to any edgeless graph (the latter is sometimes
Null_graph
Graph with nodes connected in a closed chain
related to Cycle graphs. Complete bipartite graph Complete graph Circulant graph Cycle graph (algebra) Null graph Path graph Some simple graph spectra. win
Cycle_graph
mathematics, for example in the study of statistical properties of graphs, a null model is a type of random object that matches one specific object in
Null_model
Complete absence of anything; the opposite of everything
at all? Harary, Frank; Read, Ronald C. (1974). "Is the null-graph a pointless concept?". Graphs and Combinatorics. Vol. 406. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Nothing
Graph with nodes connected linearly
symmetric group. Path (graph theory) Ladder graph Caterpillar tree Complete graph Null graph Path decomposition Cycle (graph theory) While it is most
Path_graph
Vertices connected in pairs by edges
the null graph or empty graph, but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object. Normally, the vertices of a graph, by
Graph_(discrete_mathematics)
Graphical representation of a computer program or algorithm
In computer science, a control-flow graph (CFG) is a representation, using graph notation, of all paths that might be traversed through a function during
Control-flow_graph
Appendix:Glossary of graph theory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of graph theory. Graph theory is the study of graphs, systems of nodes
Glossary_of_graph_theory
Computer science algorithm
vertex to another. Input: A graph G and a vertex v of G. Output: The closest vertex to v satisfying some conditions, or null if no such vertex exists. procedure
Graph_traversal
Data query language developed by Facebook
or modified. A GraphQL server can process a client query using data from separate sources and present the results in a unified graph. The language is
GraphQL
Concept in graph theory
In graph theory, a strongly regular graph (SRG) is a regular graph G = (V, E) with v vertices and degree k such that for some given integers λ , μ ≥ 0
Strongly_regular_graph
Graph which can be made planar by removing a single node
apex graphs include graphs that are themselves planar, in which case again every vertex is an apex. The null graph is also counted as an apex graph even
Apex_graph
Square matrix used to represent a graph or network
In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph. The elements of the matrix indicate whether
Adjacency_matrix
In mathematics, with negligible exceptions
the mathematical context; for instance, it can mean finite, countable, or null. In contrast, "almost no" means "a negligible quantity"; that is, "almost
Almost_all
2023 edition of the SQL standard
into three main areas: Property graph queries, a graph query language built on top of SQL The new part 16, “Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)”, has been added
SQL:2023
Maximal biconnected subgraph
In graph theory, a biconnected component or block (sometimes known as a 2-connected component) is a maximal biconnected subgraph. Any connected graph decomposes
Biconnected_component
the graph is planar and F indicates that the graph is not planar. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphs by number of vertices. See also Graph theory
List of graphs by edges and vertices
List_of_graphs_by_edges_and_vertices
Algorithm to compute the maximum flow in a flow network
push(s) pred := array(graph.length) while not empty(q) and pred[t] = null cur := q.pop() for Edge e in graph[cur] do if pred[e.t] = null and e.t ≠ s and e
Edmonds–Karp_algorithm
Character set developed by Microsoft
katakana characters), with hiragana, a few common kanji (accessed via the "graph" key), and various geometric symbols assigned to codepoints left undefined
MSX_character_set
Graph operation in graph theory
defines the double graph as the lexicographic product G ∘ N 2 {\displaystyle G\circ N_{2}} , where N 2 {\displaystyle N_{2}} is the null graph on two vertices
Double_graph
Measure of network community structure
statistically consistent, and finds communities in its own null model, i.e. fully random graphs, and therefore it cannot be used to find statistically significant
Modularity_(networks)
API for graph data and graph operations
GraphBLAS (/ˈɡræfˌblɑːz/ ) is an API specification that defines standard building blocks for graph algorithms in the language of linear algebra. GraphBLAS
GraphBLAS
Topics referred to by the same term
a mathematical operator or null space of a matrix Nullity (graph theory), the nullity of the adjacency matrix of a graph Nullity, the difference between
Nullity
Class of algorithms
traversal (also known as tree search and walking the tree) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (e.g. retrieving, updating
Tree_traversal
Method for finding minimum spanning trees
algorithm that finds a minimum spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the edges that forms a tree that includes
Prim's_algorithm
Algorithm in graph theory
algorithm) is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a directed weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles). A
Floyd–Warshall_algorithm
In algebraic topology and graph theory, graph homology describes the homology groups of a graph, where the graph is considered as a topological space.
Graph_homology
Matrix that shows the relationship between two classes of objects
{\displaystyle B(G)B(G)^{\textsf {T}}.} The integral cycle space of a graph is equal to the null space of its oriented incidence matrix, viewed as a matrix over
Incidence_matrix
Embedding of the circle in three dimensional Euclidean space
mathematics that studies knots is known as knot theory and has many relations to graph theory. A knot is an embedding of the circle (S1) into three-dimensional
Knot_(mathematics)
Plot using the dispersal of scattered dots to show the relationship between variables
A scatter plot, also called a scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter diagram, is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using
Scatter_plot
Statistical hypothesis test
in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow
Student's_t-test
Topics referred to by the same term
statistic that does not allow an unbiased estimator of zero Complete graph, an undirected graph in which every pair of vertices has exactly one edge connecting
Completeness
Limited form of tree data structure
and S is a singleton (a single–element set) containing the root. From a graph theory perspective, binary trees as defined here are arborescences. A binary
Binary_tree
modeling large biological networks (or graphs); it compares real-world networks against a series of random graph models with respect to a multitude of
GraphCrunch
In mathematics, a null semigroup (also called a zero semigroup) is a semigroup with an absorbing element, called zero, in which the product of any two
Null_semigroup
Disparity filter is a network reduction algorithm (a.k.a. graph sparsification algorithm ) to extract the backbone structure of undirected weighted network
Disparity filter algorithm of weighted network
Disparity_filter_algorithm_of_weighted_network
Tree searching strategy
iterative deepening depth-first search (IDS or IDDFS) is a state space/graph search strategy in which a depth-limited version of depth-first search is
Iterative deepening depth-first search
Iterative_deepening_depth-first_search
Graph data structure
data structure, is a data structure to represent an embedding of a planar graph in the plane, and polytopes in 3D. This data structure provides efficient
Doubly_connected_edge_list
Theorem in group theory
directly inspired the machinery of foldings for group actions on trees and for graphs of groups and Dicks' even more straightforward proof of Grushko's theorem
Grushko_theorem
Unit of speech sounds
special zero consonant to represent a null onset. As an example, in Hangul, the alphabet of the Korean language, a null onset is represented with ㅇ at the
Syllable
Algorithm for finding the shortest paths in graphs
initialize graph for each vertex v in vertices do // Initialize the distance to all vertices to infinity distance[v] := inf // And having a null predecessor
Bellman–Ford_algorithm
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
working from left to right, or NULL if all the operands equal NULL. COALESCE(x1,x2) is equivalent to: CASE WHEN x1 IS NOT NULL THEN x1 ELSE x2 END The NULLIF
SQL_syntax
Study of collection and analysis of data
an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical
Statistics
null models for network inference (e.g. biological network inference). Each model defines a family of probability distributions on the set of graphs of
Maximum-entropy random graph model
Maximum-entropy_random_graph_model
Self-balancing binary search tree data structure
(non-NULL) black node (of black height ≥ 1), symbolises the color red or black of a non-NULL node, but the same color throughout the same diagram. NULL nodes
Red–black_tree
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
are presented here. In the most common case, null hypothesis testing, there are two hypotheses, a null hypothesis H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} and an alternative
Replication_crisis
Form taken by the network of interconnections of a circuit
of graph theory. Standard graph theory can be extended to deal with active components and multi-terminal devices such as integrated circuits. Graphs can
Circuit_topology_(electrical)
Square matrix without an inverse
so that the linear map x↦Ax is not one-to-one. In this case the kernel (null space) of A is non-trivial (has dimension ≥1), and the homogeneous system
Singular_matrix
Critical point on a surface graph which is not a local extremum
the origin is the null matrix, which is not indefinite. In the most general terms, a saddle point for a smooth function (whose graph is a curve, surface
Saddle_point
Type of sub-graph
pattern and frequent sub-graph in this review interchangeably. There is an ensemble Ω(G) of random graphs corresponding to the null-model associated to G
Network_motif
Test of normality in frequentist statistics
Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk. The Shapiro–Wilk test tests the null hypothesis that a sample x1, ..., xn came from a normally distributed population
Shapiro–Wilk_test
Algorithm for finding important nodes in a graph
is not empty do u ← Q.dequeue() S.push(u) for each v in Graph.Neighbours[u] do if dist[v] = null then dist[v] ← dist[u] + 1 Q.enqueue(v) if dist[v] = dist[u]
Brandes'_algorithm
British-Canadian codebreaker and mathematician (1917–2002)
fields of graph theory and matroid theory. Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory
W._T._Tutte
Function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere
must be a Lebesgue null set (Rademacher's theorem). When we try to draw a general continuous function, we usually draw the graph of a function which
Weierstrass function (nowhere-differentiable function)
Weierstrass_function_(nowhere-differentiable_function)
Mathematical group that can be generated as the set of powers of a single element
graph is a cycle graph, and for an infinite cyclic group with its generator the Cayley graph is a doubly infinite path graph. However, Cayley graphs can
Cyclic_group
Minimal measurable set with positive measure
unions is again a countable union, and that the countable unions of null sets are null. A σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -finite atomic measure μ {\displaystyle
Atom_(measure_theory)
Flat-sided three-dimensional shape
purely graph-theoretic characterization of the skeletons of convex polyhedra: it states that the skeleton of every convex polyhedron is a planar graph with
Polyhedron
Sequence of characters, data type
character value with all bits zero such as in C programming language. See also "Null-terminated" below. String datatypes have historically allocated one byte
String_(computer_science)
Alteration of the original shape of a signal
Graph of a waveform and some distorted versions of the same waveform
Distortion
Algorithm for maximum cardinality matching
where U and V are the left and right sides of the bipartite graph and NIL is a special null vertex */ function BFS() is for each u in U do if Pair_U[u]
Hopcroft–Karp_algorithm
Digital circuit without clock cycles
work Logically determined design in 2005 which used four-valued logic with null and intermediate being the additional values. This architecture is important
Asynchronous_circuit
memory graph traversal is a type of graph traversal optimized for accessing externally stored memory. Graph traversal is a subroutine in most graph algorithms
External memory graph traversal
External_memory_graph_traversal
Data type which allows a program to indirectly access a particular value in memory
well-defined (single-valued) function from K to D ∪ {null} defines a type of reference, where null is the image of a key not referring to anything meaningful
Reference_(computer_science)
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
statistics, power is the probability of detecting an effect (i.e. rejecting the null hypothesis) given that some prespecified effect actually exists using a given
Power_(statistics)
Family of protocols for solving consensus
| | Prepare(1) |<---------------X--X--X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null,null,null}) x--------------->| | | | | | | Accept!(1,V1) | | | | X------------------>|->|
Paxos_(computer_science)
Programming technique of receiving dependencies
client. The role of injectors is to construct and connect complex object graphs, where objects may be both clients and services. The injector itself may
Dependency_injection
defined as over- or under-represented graphlets with respect to some random graph null model. RGF-distance compares the frequencies of the appearance of all
Graphlets
Convex polytope, the n-dimensional analogue of a square and a cube
an example of a zonotope. The 1-skeleton of a hypercube is a hypercube graph. A unit hypercube of dimension n {\displaystyle n} is the convex hull of
Hypercube
Nonparametric test of the null hypothesis
or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is a nonparametric statistical test of the null hypothesis that randomly selected values X and Y from two populations have
Mann–Whitney_U_test
Relational database programming language
follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation, NULLs, and comparison case sensitivity vary from vendor to vendor. PostgreSQL
SQL
Natural number
(twenty-seven) is the natural number following 26 and preceding 28. Including the null-motif, there are 27 distinct hypergraph motifs. There are exactly twenty-seven
27_(number)
Mathematical model combining space and time
moving at the speed of light is zero. Such an interval is termed lightlike or null. A photon arriving in our eye from a distant star will not have aged, despite
Spacetime
Branch of applied mathematics
Language family trees Etymology trees Other graphs that are used in linguistics include: Weighted graphs, which are used to model the lexical similarity
Mathematical_linguistics
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
equivalent to sensitivity and FPR is equal to 1 − specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1 − specificity) plot. Each prediction
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Statistical test of whether two populations have equal means
t-test in statistics is a two-sample location test which is used to test the (null) hypothesis that two populations have equal means. It is named for its creator
Welch's_t-test
American mathematician
Iglehart. His doctoral dissertation, titled Conditioned Limit Theorems for Some Null Recurrent Markov Processes, appeared in the Annals of Probability in 1976
Rick_Durrett
Circuit theorem
element and two driving point impedances seen by the extra element: The double null injection driving point impedance and the single injection driving point
Extra_element_theorem
Topics referred to by the same term
isotope stage, stages of the Earth's climate Maximal independent set, in graph theory Metal-insulator-semiconductor, e.g., in MIS capacitor Minimally invasive
MIS
Method of mathematical integration
variable can be regarded, in the simplest case, as the area between the graph of that function and the x-axis. The Lebesgue integral, named after French
Lebesgue_integral
Type of database
are a compact representation of the set of possible worlds – the use of NULL in SQL, arguably the most commonplace instantiation of uncertain databases
Uncertain_database
Statistical interpretation with many tests
multiple null hypotheses. Suppose we have a number m of null hypotheses, denoted by: H1, H2, ..., Hm. Using a statistical test, we reject the null hypothesis
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Square matrix containing the distances between elements in a set
In mathematics, computer science and especially graph theory, a distance matrix is a square matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken
Distance_matrix
AI chatbot developed by Microsoft
will need a Copilot key, says Intel". The Verge. Retrieved March 26, 2024. Null, Christopher. "Everything You Need to Know About Microsoft Copilot+ PCs"
Microsoft_Copilot
Statistical model for a binary dependent variable
minimizes ε2 of the fit to the null model, denoted by εφ2 where the φ subscript denotes the null model. It is seen that the null model is optimized by b0=y‾
Logistic_regression
Parallel version of breadth-first search algorithm
explore the vertices of a graph layer by layer. It is a basic algorithm in graph theory which can be used as a part of other graph algorithms. For instance
Parallel_breadth-first_search
Probability saying
{F}}} ) happens almost surely if E C {\displaystyle E^{C}} is contained in a null set: a subset N {\displaystyle N} in F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} such
Almost_surely
Radio antenna that sends signals in every direction
(elevation angle), declining to zero on the axis. When graphed in three dimensions (see graph) this radiation pattern is often described as doughnut-shaped
Omnidirectional_antenna
Point where the derivative of a function is zero or undefined (in certain cases)
critical point. These concepts may be visualized through the graph of f: at a critical point, the graph has a horizontal tangent if one can be assigned at all
Critical_point_(mathematics)
individuals who frequently appear in polls are included. The "Undecided", "Blank/Null" and "Absent" groups were calculated out. Aggregate data of voting intention
Opinion polling for the 2026 Brazilian presidential election
Opinion_polling_for_the_2026_Brazilian_presidential_election
Part of speech that conveys an action
so far makes some form of noun-verb distinction, possibly because of the graph-like nature of communicated meaning by humans, i.e. nouns being the "entities"
Verb
Random process independent of past history
{\displaystyle M_{i}} is finite and null recurrent otherwise. Periodicity, transience, recurrence and positive and null recurrence are class properties —
Markov_chain
Set of spacetime events, light-connected to a given event
In special and general relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event — localized to a single
Light_cone
Last letter of the Greek alphabet
dominant nature of functions In relational database theory to represent NULL, a missing or inapplicable value In APL, to represent the right parameter
Omega
Open-source distributed vector database
data, Hamming distance and jaccard distance for binary data, Support of graph indices (including HNSW), Inverted-lists based indices and a brute-force
Milvus_(vector_database)
Continuous probability distribution
is a continuous probability distribution that arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic, most notably in the analysis of variance
F-distribution
Separation between two points
distance. In a graph, the distance between two vertices is measured by the length of the shortest edge path between them. For example, if the graph represents
Distance
Statistical test for logistic regression models
may be presented in another graph that is helpful when there are two or more explanatory (x) variables. This is a graph of observed proportion of successes
Hosmer–Lemeshow_test
Tree data structure in which each node has at most m children
In graph theory, an m-ary tree (for nonnegative integers m) (also known as n-ary, k-ary, k-way or generic tree) is an arborescence (or, for some authors
M-ary_tree
Computer programming identifier naming convention
the Y-axis of a graph, while a variable just called y might be an absolute position. This is entirely semantic in nature. sz is a null-terminated string
Hungarian_notation
the vote as well as the incumbent President of Brazil Michel Temer. 1.Blank or null votes counted apart "TSE usa Lei da Ficha Limpa para barrar Lula".
Opinion polling for the 2018 Brazilian presidential election
Opinion_polling_for_the_2018_Brazilian_presidential_election
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance