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Order-zero graph or any edgeless graph
mathematical field of graph theory, the term "null graph" may refer either to the order-zero graph, or alternatively, to any edgeless graph (the latter is sometimes
Null_graph
Graph with nodes connected in a closed chain
related to Cycle graphs. Complete bipartite graph Complete graph Circulant graph Cycle graph (algebra) Null graph Path graph Some simple graph spectra. win
Cycle_graph
Vertices connected in pairs by edges
the null graph or empty graph, but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object. Normally, the vertices of a graph, by
Graph_(discrete_mathematics)
Concept in graph theory
In graph theory, a strongly regular graph (SRG) is a regular graph G = (V, E) with v vertices and degree k such that for some given integers λ , μ ≥ 0
Strongly_regular_graph
Appendix:Glossary of graph theory in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of graph theory. Graph theory is the study of graphs, systems of nodes
Glossary_of_graph_theory
Graph with nodes connected linearly
symmetric group. Path (graph theory) Ladder graph Caterpillar tree Complete graph Null graph Path decomposition Cycle (graph theory) While it is most
Path_graph
Complete absence of anything; the opposite of everything
truth Void Harary, Frank; Read, Ronald C. (1974). "Is the null-graph a pointless concept?". Graphs and Combinatorics. Vol. 406. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Nothing
mathematics, for example in the study of statistical properties of graphs, a null model is a type of random object that matches one specific object in
Null_model
Graphical representation of a computer program or algorithm
In computer science, a control-flow graph (CFG) is a representation, using graph notation, of all paths that might be traversed through a function during
Control-flow_graph
Data query language developed by Facebook
or modified. A GraphQL server can process a client query using data from separate sources and present the results in a unified graph. The language is
GraphQL
Computer science algorithm
vertex to another. Input: A graph G and a vertex v of G. Output: The closest vertex to v satisfying some conditions, or null if no such vertex exists. procedure
Graph_traversal
Graph which can be made planar by removing a single node
apex graphs include graphs that are themselves planar, in which case again every vertex is an apex. The null graph is also counted as an apex graph even
Apex_graph
the graph is planar and F indicates that the graph is not planar. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Graphs by number of vertices. See also Graph theory
List of graphs by edges and vertices
List_of_graphs_by_edges_and_vertices
Square matrix used to represent a graph or network
In graph theory and computer science, an adjacency matrix is a square matrix used to represent a finite graph. The elements of the matrix indicate whether
Adjacency_matrix
Graph operation in graph theory
defines the double graph as the lexicographic product G ∘ N 2 {\displaystyle G\circ N_{2}} , where N 2 {\displaystyle N_{2}} is the null graph on two vertices
Double_graph
2023 edition of the SQL standard
into three main areas: Property graph queries, a graph query language built on top of SQL The new part 16, “Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)”, has been added
SQL:2023
Measure of network community structure
statistically consistent, and finds communities in its own null model, i.e. fully random graphs, and therefore it cannot be used to find statistically significant
Modularity_(networks)
In mathematics, a null semigroup (also called a zero semigroup) is a semigroup with an absorbing element, called zero, in which the product of any two
Null_semigroup
Algorithm to compute the maximum flow in a flow network
push(s) pred := array(graph.length) while not empty(q) and pred[t] = null cur := q.pop() for Edge e in graph[cur] do if pred[e.t] = null and e.t ≠ s and e
Edmonds–Karp_algorithm
API for graph data and graph operations
GraphBLAS (/ˈɡræfˌblɑːz/ ) is an API specification that defines standard building blocks for graph algorithms in the language of linear algebra. GraphBLAS
GraphBLAS
Character set developed by Microsoft
katakana characters), with hiragana, a few common kanji (accessed via the "graph" key), and various geometric symbols assigned to codepoints left undefined
MSX_character_set
Theorem in group theory
{\displaystyle Z_{1}\cap Z_{2}} . 3. It is null i.e. f ∘ γ ( [ 0 , 1 ] ) {\displaystyle f\circ \gamma ([0,1])} is null homotopic in X. Let us assume that such
Grushko_theorem
Plot using the dispersal of scattered dots to show the relationship between variables
A scatter plot, also called a scatterplot, scatter graph, scatter chart, scattergram, or scatter diagram, is a type of plot or mathematical diagram using
Scatter_plot
Maximal biconnected subgraph
In graph theory, a biconnected component or block (sometimes known as a 2-connected component) is a maximal biconnected subgraph. Any connected graph decomposes
Biconnected_component
Topics referred to by the same term
a mathematical operator or null space of a matrix Nullity (graph theory), the nullity of the adjacency matrix of a graph Nullity, the difference between
Nullity
Method for finding minimum spanning trees
algorithm that finds a minimum spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the edges that forms a tree that includes
Prim's_algorithm
In mathematics, with negligible exceptions
the mathematical context; for instance, it can mean finite, countable, or null. In contrast, "almost no" means "a negligible quantity"; that is, "almost
Almost_all
Class of algorithms
traversal (also known as tree search and walking the tree) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (e.g. retrieving, updating
Tree_traversal
Disparity filter is a network reduction algorithm (a.k.a. graph sparsification algorithm ) to extract the backbone structure of undirected weighted network
Disparity filter algorithm of weighted network
Disparity_filter_algorithm_of_weighted_network
Matrix that shows the relationship between two classes of objects
{\displaystyle B(G)B(G)^{\textsf {T}}.} The integral cycle space of a graph is equal to the null space of its oriented incidence matrix, viewed as a matrix over
Incidence_matrix
Topics referred to by the same term
statistic that does not allow an unbiased estimator of zero Complete graph, an undirected graph in which every pair of vertices has exactly one edge connecting
Completeness
Limited form of tree data structure
and S is a singleton (a single–element set) containing the root. From a graph theory perspective, binary trees as defined here are arborescences. A binary
Binary_tree
modeling large biological networks (or graphs); it compares real-world networks against a series of random graph models with respect to a multitude of
GraphCrunch
Self-balancing binary search tree data structure
(non-NULL) black node (of black height ≥ 1), symbolises the color red or black of a non-NULL node, but the same color throughout the same diagram. NULL nodes
Red–black_tree
Algorithm for finding the shortest paths in graphs
initialize graph for each vertex v in vertices do // Initialize the distance to all vertices to infinity distance[v] := inf // And having a null predecessor
Bellman–Ford_algorithm
Algorithm in graph theory
algorithm) is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a directed weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles). A
Floyd–Warshall_algorithm
In algebraic topology and graph theory, graph homology describes the homology groups of a graph, where the graph is considered as a topological space.
Graph_homology
null models for network inference (e.g. biological network inference). Each model defines a family of probability distributions on the set of graphs of
Maximum-entropy random graph model
Maximum-entropy_random_graph_model
Study of collection and analysis of data
an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis is done using statistical
Statistics
Type of Knowledge Graph Management System
is a system for performing complex logic reasoning tasks over knowledge graphs. Its language is based on an extension of the rule-based language Datalog
Vadalog
memory graph traversal is a type of graph traversal optimized for accessing externally stored memory. Graph traversal is a subroutine in most graph algorithms
External memory graph traversal
External_memory_graph_traversal
defined as over- or under-represented graphlets with respect to some random graph null model. RGF-distance compares the frequencies of the appearance of all
Graphlets
Tree searching strategy
iterative deepening depth-first search (IDS or IDDFS) is a state space/graph search strategy in which a depth-limited version of depth-first search is
Iterative deepening depth-first search
Iterative_deepening_depth-first_search
Statistical hypothesis test
in which the test statistic follows a Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow
Student's_t-test
Algorithm for finding important nodes in a graph
is not empty do u ← Q.dequeue() S.push(u) for each v in Graph.Neighbours[u] do if dist[v] = null then dist[v] ← dist[u] + 1 Q.enqueue(v) if dist[v] = dist[u]
Brandes'_algorithm
Graph data structure
data structure, is a data structure to represent an embedding of a planar graph in the plane, and polytopes in 3D. This data structure provides efficient
Doubly_connected_edge_list
Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds
special zero consonant to represent a null onset. As an example, in Hangul, the alphabet of the Korean language, a null onset is represented with ㅇ at the
Syllable
Observed inability to reproduce scientific studies
are presented here. In the most common case, null hypothesis testing, there are two hypotheses, a null hypothesis H 0 {\displaystyle H_{0}} and an alternative
Replication_crisis
British-Canadian codebreaker and mathematician (1917–2002)
fields of graph theory and matroid theory. Tutte's research in the field of graph theory proved to be of remarkable importance. At a time when graph theory
W._T._Tutte
Minimal measurable set with positive measure
unions is again a countable union, and that the countable unions of null sets are null. A σ {\displaystyle \sigma } -finite atomic measure μ {\displaystyle
Atom_(measure_theory)
Form taken by the network of interconnections of a circuit
of graph theory. Standard graph theory can be extended to deal with active components and multi-terminal devices such as integrated circuits. Graphs can
Circuit_topology_(electrical)
Flat-sided three-dimensional shape
purely graph-theoretic characterization of the skeletons of convex polyhedra: it states that the skeleton of every convex polyhedron is a planar graph with
Polyhedron
Algorithm for maximum cardinality matching
where U and V are the left and right sides of the bipartite graph and NIL is a special null vertex */ function BFS() is for each u in U do if Pair_U[u]
Hopcroft–Karp_algorithm
Digital circuit without clock cycles
work Logically determined design in 2005 which used four-valued logic with null and intermediate being the additional values. This architecture is important
Asynchronous_circuit
Mathematical group that can be generated as the set of powers of a single element
graph is a cycle graph, and for an infinite cyclic group with its generator the Cayley graph is a doubly infinite path graph. However, Cayley graphs can
Cyclic_group
Data type which allows a program to indirectly access a particular value in memory
well-defined (single-valued) function from K to D ∪ {null} defines a type of reference, where null is the image of a key not referring to anything meaningful
Reference_(computer_science)
Function that is continuous everywhere but differentiable nowhere
must be a Lebesgue null set (Rademacher's theorem). When we try to draw a general continuous function, we usually draw the graph of a function which
Weierstrass_function
Tree data structure in which each node has at most m children
In graph theory, an m-ary tree (for nonnegative integers m) (also known as n-ary, k-ary, k-way or generic tree) is an arborescence (or, for some authors
M-ary_tree
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
working from left to right, or NULL if all the operands equal NULL. COALESCE(x1,x2) is equivalent to: CASE WHEN x1 IS NOT NULL THEN x1 ELSE x2 END The NULLIF
SQL_syntax
Family of protocols for solving consensus
| | Prepare(1) |<---------------X--X--X--X--X | | Promise(1,{null,null,null,null,null}) x--------------->| | | | | | | Accept!(1,V1) | | | | X------------------>|->|
Paxos_(computer_science)
Sequence of characters, data type
character value with all bits zero such as in C programming language. See also "Null-terminated" below. String datatypes have historically allocated one byte
String_(computer_science)
Natural number
(twenty-seven) is the natural number following 26 and preceding 28. Including the null-motif, there are 27 distinct hypergraph motifs. There are exactly twenty-seven
27_(number)
Nonparametric test of the null hypothesis
or Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test) is a nonparametric statistical test of the null hypothesis that randomly selected values X and Y from two populations have
Mann–Whitney_U_test
Square matrix without an inverse
{\displaystyle x\mapsto Ax} is not one-to-one. In this case the kernel (null space) of A is non-trivial (has dimension ≥1), and the homogeneous system
Singular_matrix
Programming technique of receiving dependencies
Client(Service service) { if (service == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("service must not be null"); } this.service = service; } } Dependency
Dependency_injection
Circuit theorem
element and two driving point impedances seen by the extra element: The double null injection driving point impedance and the single injection driving point
Extra_element_theorem
Type of database
are a compact representation of the set of possible worlds – the use of NULL in SQL, arguably the most commonplace instantiation of uncertain databases
Uncertain_database
Alteration of the original shape of a signal
Graph of a waveform and some distorted versions of the same waveform
Distortion
Square matrix containing the distances between elements in a set
In mathematics, computer science and especially graph theory, a distance matrix is a square matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken
Distance_matrix
Critical point on a surface graph which is not a local extremum
the origin is the null matrix, which is not indefinite. In the most general terms, a saddle point for a smooth function (whose graph is a curve, surface
Saddle_point
Last letter of the Greek alphabet
dominant nature of functions In relational database theory to represent NULL, a missing or inapplicable value In APL, to represent the right parameter
Omega
Programming language
introduced sound null safety. This serves as a guarantee that variables cannot return a null value unless it has explicit permission. Null safety prevents
Dart_(programming_language)
Part of speech that conveys an action
so far makes some form of noun-verb distinction, possibly because of the graph-like nature of communicated meaning by humans, i.e. nouns being the "entities"
Verb
Topics referred to by the same term
isotope stage, stages of the Earth's climate Maximal independent set, in graph theory Metal-insulator-semiconductor, e.g., in MIS capacitor Minimally invasive
MIS
Relational database programming language
follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation, NULLs, and comparison case sensitivity vary from vendor to vendor. PostgreSQL
SQL
Branch of applied mathematics
=P(w_{i})P(w_{j})} is the probability of w 1 w 2 {\displaystyle w_{1}w_{2}} under the null-hypothesis that w 1 {\displaystyle w_{1}} and w 2 {\displaystyle w_{2}} appear
Mathematical_linguistics
AI chatbot developed by Microsoft
will need a Copilot key, says Intel". The Verge. Retrieved March 26, 2024. Null, Christopher. "Everything You Need to Know About Microsoft Copilot+ PCs"
Microsoft_Copilot
Statistical model for a binary dependent variable
to the null model, denoted by ε φ 2 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\varphi }^{2}} where the φ {\displaystyle \varphi } subscript denotes the null model.
Logistic_regression
Routing algorithm
routing algorithms of this type. TORA builds and maintains a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) rooted at a destination. No two nodes may have the same height. Information
Temporally ordered routing algorithm
Temporally_ordered_routing_algorithm
Convex polytope, the n-dimensional analogue of a square and a cube
an example of a zonotope. The 1-skeleton of a hypercube is a hypercube graph. A unit hypercube of dimension n {\displaystyle n} is the convex hull of
Hypercube
Type of sub-graph
pattern and frequent sub-graph in this review interchangeably. There is an ensemble Ω(G) of random graphs corresponding to the null-model associated to G
Network_motif
Set of spacetime events, light-connected to a given event
In special and general relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event — localized to a single
Light_cone
Test of normality in frequentist statistics
Samuel Sanford Shapiro and Martin Wilk. The Shapiro–Wilk test tests the null hypothesis that a sample x1, ..., xn came from a normally distributed population
Shapiro–Wilk_test
Probability saying
{F}}} ) happens almost surely if E C {\displaystyle E^{C}} is contained in a null set: a subset N {\displaystyle N} in F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} such
Almost_surely
American comic book from 2002 to 2003
most ruthless foe yet, Null—a formidable alien bounty hunter renowned for undertaking perilous missions that few would dare. Null wreaks havoc on Earth
Tech_Jacket
Statistical test for logistic regression models
may be presented in another graph that is helpful when there are two or more explanatory (x) variables. This is a graph of observed proportion of successes
Hosmer–Lemeshow_test
Computer programming identifier naming convention
the Y-axis of a graph, while a variable just called y might be an absolute position. This is entirely semantic in nature. sz is a null-terminated string
Hungarian_notation
Parallel version of breadth-first search algorithm
explore the vertices of a graph layer by layer. It is a basic algorithm in graph theory which can be used as a part of other graph algorithms. For instance
Parallel_breadth-first_search
Mathematical model combining space and time
moving at the speed of light is zero. Such an interval is termed lightlike or null. A photon arriving in our eye from a distant star will not have aged, despite
Spacetime
Procedure in computing
or data warehouse: Selecting only certain columns to load (or selecting null columns not to load). For example, if the source data has three columns (aka
Extract,_transform,_load
Term in statistical hypothesis testing
statistics, power is the probability of detecting an effect (i.e. rejecting the null hypothesis) given that some prespecified effect actually exists using a given
Power_(statistics)
Radio antenna that sends signals in every direction
(elevation angle), declining to zero on the axis. When graphed in three dimensions (see graph) this radiation pattern is often described as doughnut-shaped
Omnidirectional_antenna
Theorem of expressive equivalence between relational languages
transitive closure of a graph given by its binary edge relation (see also expressive power). Codd's theorem also doesn't consider SQL nulls and the three-valued
Codd's_theorem
Family of random graph models
specified for different types of graphs: Simple graphs: Graphs without self-loops or multi-edges. Multi-edge graphs: Graphs allowing multiple edges between
Configuration_model
Random process independent of past history
{\displaystyle M_{i}} is finite and null recurrent otherwise. Periodicity, transience, recurrence and positive and null recurrence are class properties —
Markov_chain
hierarchical model data. These are useful for working with databases of graph-structured data, such as river networks, file system trees, or threaded
Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL
Hierarchical_and_recursive_queries_in_SQL
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
equivalent to sensitivity and FPR is equal to 1 − specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1 − specificity) plot. Each prediction
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Method of mathematical integration
variable can be regarded, in the simplest case, as the area between the graph of that function and the x-axis. The Lebesgue integral, named after French
Lebesgue_integral
General-purpose programming language
integer values. C lacks a dedicated string type but provides syntax for null-terminated strings, with associated handling in its standard library. The
C_(programming_language)
Point where the derivative of a function is zero or undefined (in certain cases)
critical point. These concepts may be visualized through the graph of f: at a critical point, the graph has a horizontal tangent if one can be assigned at all
Critical_point_(mathematics)
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