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Measure of network community structure
Modularity is a measure of the structure of networks or graphs which measures the strength of division of a network into modules (also called groups,
Modularity_(networks)
Clustering and community detection algorithm
optimization of modularity as the algorithm progresses. Modularity is a scale value between −1/2 (non-modular clustering) and 1 (fully modular clustering)
Louvain_method
Degree to which a system's components may be separated and recombined
programs modular. The meaning of the word "modularity" can vary somewhat based on context. The following are contextual examples of modularity across several
Modularity
Biological concept
evolutionary origins of biological modularity has been debated since the 1990s. In the mid 1990s, Günter Wagner argued that modularity could have arisen and been
Modularity_(biology)
Topics referred to by the same term
module or modular in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Module, modular and modularity may refer to the concept of modularity. They may also refer to: Modular design
Module
A modular neural network is an artificial neural network characterized by a series of independent neural networks moderated by some intermediary, such
Modular_neural_network
Clustering and community detection algorithm
method, the Leiden algorithm attempts to optimize modularity in extracting communities from networks; however, it addresses key issues present in the Louvain
Leiden_algorithm
Psychology concept
for the modularity of "lower level" cognitive processes in Modularity of Mind he also argued that higher-level cognitive processes are not modular since
Modularity_of_mind
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
congested network into an aggregation of smaller, more efficient networks. A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by processing
Computer_network
Networking hardware that forwards packets based on hardware address
Advances in Local Area Networks. IEEE Press. pp. Chapter 28. ISBN 0-87942-217-3. US 4597078, "Bridge circuit for interconnecting networks" Robert J. Kohlhepp
Network_switch
Concept in graph theory
detection is modularity maximization. Modularity is a benefit function that measures the quality of a particular division of a network into communities
Community_structure
Network representing spatial objects
theory on behavior of connected clusters in a random graph Modularity (networks) – Measure of network community structure Random graphs – Graph generated by
Spatial_network
Electrical connector commonly used in telephone and computer networks
Structured cabling networks adhering to ANSI/TIA-568, ISO/IEC 11801 (or ISO/IEC 15018 for home networks) are widely used for both computer networking and analog
Modular_connector
that is common in pollination networks is modularity. Modularity occurs when certain groups of species within a network are much more highly connected
Pollination_network
maximize the modularity, scalability, and manageability of data centers." The modular design principle has been applied to telephone and data networks, for instance
Point of delivery (networking)
Point_of_delivery_(networking)
Design approach
Modular design, or modularity in design, is a design principle that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules (such as modular process skids)
Modular_design
American information technology company
CEOs in 2018 and 2019. In August 2022, Arista Networks acquired Pluribus Networks, a unified cloud network company, for an undisclosed sum. In July 2025
Arista_Networks
Modular network stack and open-source library
libp2p is a modular network stack and open-source library that enables developers to build decentralised, peer-to-peer (P2P) applications. It originated
Libp2p
Method of representing systems
that favors a higher modularity. Once no modularity increase can occur by joining nodes to a community, a new weighted network is constructed of communities
Biological_network
Modular Method in Music, by Stefano Vagnini, English and Italian, 161 pp, Rome: Falcon Valley Music, 2002. See "Modularity in the arts" in Modularity
Modular_art
Fifth-generation mobile telecommunications standard
generation of cellular network technology and the successor to 4G. In common commercial use, the term refers primarily to mobile networks based on the 3rd Generation
5G
(Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++) is a modular, component-based C++ simulation library and framework, primarily for building network simulators
OMNeT++
Network for communications over distance
addresses in the network is called the address space of the network. Examples of telecommunications networks include computer networks, the Internet, the
Telecommunications_network
Synthesizer composed of separate modules
and Discursive History of Modularity and Control Voltages)". In Teboul, Ezra; Kitzmann, Andreas; Engström, Einar (eds.). Modular Synthesis: Patching Machines
Modular_synthesizer
Highest layer in network protocol models
explicitly separated from lower layers like session and presentation to modularize network services and applications for interoperability and clarity. Contrasting
Application_layer
Software company
DriveNets is a networking company that designs and sells infrastructure to telecommunications providers, networks, and organizations building AI systems
DriveNets
Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture
BitTorrent file sharing over the Internet and in smartphone ad hoc networks and personal networks like Miracast displaying and Bluetooth radio.[citation needed]
Peer-to-peer
Topics referred to by the same term
(web browser), the first web browser and editor Cisco Nexus switches, modular network switches designed for data centers Landmark Nexus, reservoir simulation
Nexus
Electrical network switch which can use field-replaceable units
A modular switch or chassis switch is a type of network switch which can be configured using field-replaceable units. These units, often referred to as
Modular_switch
Real-time computer network airborne systems
were issued then. IMA modularity simplifies the development process of avionics software: As the structure of the modules network is unified, it is mandatory
Integrated_modular_avionics
Network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage
storage for web services through APIs. Storage area networks (SANs) are sometimes referred to as network behind the servers and historically developed out
Storage_area_network
Analysis of social structures using network and graph theory
network analysis include social media networks, meme proliferation, information circulation, friendship and acquaintance networks, business networks,
Social_network_analysis
Study of graphs as a representation of relations between discrete objects
Applications of network theory include logistical networks, the World Wide Web, Internet, gene regulatory networks, metabolic networks, social networks, epistemological
Network_theory
Social structure made up of a set of social actors
platforms or analyzing the influence of key figures in social networks. Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic
Social_network
Arrangement of a communication network
of telecommunication networks, including command and control radio networks, industrial fieldbusses and computer networks. Network topology is the topological
Network_topology
Academic field
Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, cognitive
Network_science
Multiple interactions and regulation of life forms with their environment
transitions are interpreted as changes in network configurations that enable new dynamical functions, with topology (modularity, hierarchy, sparsity) shaping which
Living_systems
original graph. The null model is the basic concept behind the definition of modularity, a function which evaluates the goodness of partitions of a graph into
Null_model
Spanish statistical physicist
studies on complex networks, including a paper studying the statistical significance of modularity in randomly-generated complex networks. Her most cited
Marta_Sales-Pardo
Graph where most nodes are reachable in a small number of steps
social networks, wikis such as Wikipedia, gene networks, and even the underlying architecture of the Internet. It is the inspiration for many network-on-chip
Small-world_network
Standards for Ethernet at ten times the speed of Gigabit Ethernet
It was originally installed in the early 1990s for FDDI and 100BASE-FX networks. The 802.3 standard also references ISO/IEC 11801 which specifies optical
10_Gigabit_Ethernet
Networks with multiple kinds of relations
In network theory, multidimensional networks, a special type of multilayer network, are networks with multiple kinds of relations. Increasingly sophisticated
Multidimensional_network
Knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network
Semantic networks are used in natural language processing applications such as semantic parsing and word-sense disambiguation. Semantic networks can also
Semantic_network
Hardware component that connects a computer to a network
layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and, for IEEE 802 and similar networks, provides a low-level addressing system through
Network_interface_controller
Open standard family of wired computer networking protocols
computer networking standards designed for (but not limited to) local area networks (LAN), access networks, and metropolitan area networks (MAN). It
Ethernet
U.S. information technology company
product portfolio. In February 2013, F5 Networks acquired LineRate Systems, a developer of software-defined networking (SDN) services, to enhance its application-layer
F5,_Inc.
Finnish wheeled armoured personnel carrier
The Patria AMV (Armoured Modular Vehicle) is an 8×8 multi-role military vehicle produced by the Finnish defence industry company Patria. The main feature
Patria_AMV
Artificial neural network that mimics neurons
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are artificial neural networks (ANN) that mimic natural neural networks. These models leverage timing of discrete spikes
Spiking_neural_network
manufactures cellular wireless hardware. Ventus provides managed networks for cellular wireless networking and fixed line services including PCI-DSS (Payment Card
Ventus_(wireless_company)
Decentralized social networking protocol
app (unless they are hard-coded into the user's current AppView.) The modularity of these services allows for a customizable, stackable, user-centric approach
AT_Protocol
Concept in network science
(September 2011). "Asymptotic analysis of the stochastic block model for modular networks and its algorithmic applications". Physical Review E. 84 (6) 066106
Stochastic_block_model
Early packet switching network (1969–1990)
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first computer networks to implement
ARPANET
Machine learning paradigm
1688199. S2CID 18032543. Newman, M. E. J. (2006). "Modularity and community structure in networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
Extremal_Ensemble_Learning
Provider of networking switching hardware
agreement to acquire Riverstone Networks. 21 March 2006 - Lucent Technologies wins the auction for Riverstone Networks over rival Ericsson. The final price
Riverstone_Networks
1997 EP by Stereolab
"Miss Modular [EP] - Stereolab | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic" – via www.allmusic.com. "Best New Music". CMJ New Music Monthly. CMJ Network, Inc
Miss_Modular
Structure in nervous systems
Biological neural networks are studied to understand the organization and functioning of nervous systems. Artificial neural networks, which are defined
Neural_network_(biology)
Telecommunication network interface
"Cables, Connectors, Concentrators, and Other Network Components". Upgrading and Repairing Networks (4 ed.). Que Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 0-7897-2817-6
Registered_jack
Electronic communication subsystem on an integrated circuit
NoC architectures typically model sparse small-world networks (SWNs) and scale-free networks (SFNs) to limit the number, length, area and power consumption
Network_on_a_chip
event-driven neural network simulator for large-scale spiking networks Emergent – cognitive modeling platform implementing neural networks Encog – machine
Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
Lists_of_open-source_artificial_intelligence_software
Software development project
The platform is described as a modular, open-source platform for automating networks. Part of the concept of modularity are over 50 projects, which address
OpenDaylight_Project
Network with non-trivial topological features
findings of real-world networks such as computer networks, biological networks, technological networks, brain networks, and social networks. Most social, biological
Complex_network
Family of random graph models
provides the benchmark in the calculation of network modularity. Modularity measures how well a network is divided into modules or communities, comparing
Configuration_model
Classification of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
collection of small networks. This realization gave birth to the concept of modular neural networks, in which several small networks cooperate or compete
Types of artificial neural networks
Types_of_artificial_neural_networks
universal classes. It has also been generalized on modular networks degree-correlated networks and to networks with tunable clustering. The role of the initiators
Global_cascades_model
Family of network operating systems by Cisco
Linux. Part of the initial work focused on modularity inspired modification of monolithic IOS into modular IOS, which extends the microkernel architecture
Cisco_IOS
networks in mathematics and neuro-science of an 8-year period (1991–1998) to understand the topological and dynamical laws governing complex networks
Scientific collaboration network
Scientific_collaboration_network
Multinational data networking and telecommunications equipment company
Nokia Networks (formerly Nokia Solutions and Networks (NSN) and Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN)) is a Finnish multinational data networking and telecommunications
Nokia_Networks
Type of data centre
A modular data center system is a portable method of deploying data center capacity. A modular data center can be placed anywhere data capacity is needed
Modular_data_center
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
sequence-to-sequence models. Neural networks using multiplicative units were later called sigma-pi networks or higher-order networks. LSTM became the standard architecture
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Core of a computer operating system
resilience and modularity. MINIX 3 is a notable example of microkernel design. Some kernels, such as the Linux kernel, are both monolithic and modular, since
Kernel_(operating_system)
Connectors for wiring of telephone equipment
telephone jacks and plugs vary from country to country, though the 6P2C style modular plug has become by far the most common type. A connection standard, such
Telephone_jack_and_plug
Blade server system
other and to external Ethernet networks. Two types of Compute Blade can be used, in any combination, in the Intel Modular Server Enclosure; the MFS5000SI
Intel_Modular_Server_System
French physicist and engineer
Lenka (2011). "Asymptotic analysis of the stochastic block model for modular networks and its algorithmic applications". Physical Review E. 84 (6) 066106
Florent_Krzakala
Music made by combining different compositions
which he elaborates on (with musical examples) in his personal blog. Modularity can be applied to every language of art in many different ways. Marcel
Modular_music
Standard for serial communication between devices without host computer
CAN FD is compatible with existing CAN 2.0 networks so new CAN FD devices can coexist on the same network with existing CAN devices, using the same CAN
CAN_bus
Standard hostname for a networked device's loopback interface
to run a network service on a host without requiring a physical network interface, or without making the service accessible from the networks the computer
Localhost
Unshielded twisted pair communications cable
Category 5 cable (Cat 5) is a twisted pair cable for computer networks. Since 2001, the variant commonly in use is the Category 5e specification (Cat 5e)
Category_5_cable
Machine learning technique
of experts (MoE) is a machine learning technique where multiple expert networks (learners) are used to divide a problem space into homogeneous regions
Mixture_of_experts
Method for increasing reliability
2009-02-16. Shooman, Martin L. (2002). "N-Modular Redundancy". Reliability of computer systems and networks: fault tolerance, analysis and design. Wiley-Interscience
Triple_modular_redundancy
American networking hardware vendor
the names Perennium Networks and StarRidge Networks, but by January 1997 the name Foundry Networks was adopted. Foundry Networks had its initial public
Foundry_Networks
Sub-nanosecond accuracy time transfer using Ethernet
timing systems, with the flexibility and modularity of real-time Ethernet networks. A White Rabbit network may be used solely to provide timing and synchronization
White_Rabbit_Project
the study of complex networks, present in both natural and artificial systems such as computer systems, brain and social networks, allowing further development
Fractal_dimension_on_networks
build and interconnect computer networks. The Internet Protocol Suite, the set of rules used to communicate between networks and devices on the Internet,
History_of_the_Internet
Hypothetical agent surpassing human intelligence
require haste or long strings of actions. Another advantage of computers is modularity, that is, their size or computational capacity can be increased. A non-human
Superintelligence
Theory that regions of the brain are specialized for functions
expanded the initial notion of phrenology by creating his Modularity of the Mind theory. The Modularity of the Mind theory indicates that distinct neurological
Functional specialization (brain)
Functional_specialization_(brain)
Network whose degree distribution follows a power law
appear to generate transient scale-free networks, but the degree distribution deviates from a power law as networks become very large. In studies of citations
Scale-free_network
The Limits to Specialization: Problem Solving and Coordination in 'Modular Networks' Organization Studies 26(12), p. 1885-1907. Porter, M. (2000) Location
Offshoring_Research_Network
Type of data centre
disaster. Portable Modular Data Centers are often used for edge computing applications such as 4G and 5G broadband cellular network deployments. This is
Portable_Modular_Data_Center
Conrad, Nataša; Banisch, Ralf; Schütte, Christof (2015). "Modularity of directed networks: Cycle decomposition approach". Journal of Computational Dynamics
Cycle decomposition (graph theory)
Cycle_decomposition_(graph_theory)
in the network. Distances can be measured in different ways, depending on the type of networks. The most natural distance for unweighted networks is the
Efficiency_(network_science)
Theory about how the brain sculpts itself and becomes specialized over time
direct rebuttal against psychologists who argue for an innate modularity of the brain. Modularity of the brain would require a pre-specified pattern of synaptic
Neuroconstructivism
Project for a modular smartphone by Google
Ara modular concept.[citation needed] Potential issues with the modular concept include a tradeoff between volumetric efficiency and modularity, as the
Project_Ara
Computer networking concept
overlay networks as the standard deployment for multi-tenant network, data link layer over network layer protocols have been the favorite among network engineers
Broadcast, unknown-unicast and multicast traffic
Broadcast,_unknown-unicast_and_multicast_traffic
Evolving networks are networks that change as a function of time. They are a natural extension of network science since almost all real world networks evolve
Evolving_network
1992 Microsoft operating system version
access Windows NT and its Advanced Server networks. It runs in 80386 enhanced mode, and it supports the use of network redirectors. It was sold in two versions;
Windows_3.1
Fluidmesh Networks was a hardware and software manufacturer of wireless point-to-point networks, wireless point-to-multipoint networks, and wireless mesh
Fluidmesh_Networks
Cutting a square into pieces which rearrange into 3 identical squares
(1897). Biography of Henry Perigal: On certain Regular Polygons in Modular Network. Proceedings London Mathematical Society. Volume s1-29, Appendix pp
Square_trisection
Modular phone concept
Phonebloks is not the first attempt at modular design in a phone, it is notable due to the extent of its modularity and the attention and support it has
Phonebloks
Community detection algorithm
Closeness Hierarchical clustering Modularity Girvan M. and Newman M. E. J., Community structure in social and biological networks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
Girvan–Newman_algorithm
Collection of loosely coupled services used to build computer applications
teams to develop, deploy, and scale services independently, improving modularity, scalability, and adaptability. However, it introduces additional complexity
Microservices
travel, tourism, insurance
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travel, tourism, insurance