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Mathematical logic
A multiple-conclusion logic is one in which logical consequence is a relation, ⊢ {\displaystyle \vdash } , between two sets of sentences (or propositions)
Multiple-conclusion_logic
Propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values
Many-valued logic (also multi- or multiple-valued logic) is a propositional calculus in which there are more than two truth values. Traditionally, in
Many-valued_logic
Study of correct reasoning
examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated
Logic
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
drawing valid conclusions from assumptions (axioms), rather than about verifying the assumptions. However, people over time focused on the logic aspect, forgetting
Syllogism
Statement supporting a conclusion
including logic, argumentation theory, mathematics, philosophy, science, and law. Premises are propositions offered to support a conclusion. They are
Premise
Steps in reasoning
inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Induction is inference
Inference
British philosopher
Smiley and D. J. Shoesmith, Multiple-Conclusion Logic (1978) (see multiple-conclusion logic) Smiley and Alex Oliver, Plural Logic (2013) Selected papers Sense
Timothy_Smiley
quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion. Types of quantification
List_of_fallacies
Branch of non-classical logic
In logic, a substructural logic is a logic lacking one of the usual structural rules (e.g. of classical and intuitionistic logic), such as weakening,
Substructural_logic
Inference rule in logic, proof theory, and automated theorem proving
theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic. For propositional logic, systematically applying the resolution rule acts
Resolution_(logic)
System of resource-aware logic
Linear logic is a substructural logic proposed by French logician Jean-Yves Girard as a refinement of classical and intuitionistic logic, joining the
Linear_logic
Various systems of symbolic logic
logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, refers to systems of symbolic logic that differ from the systems used for classical logic by
Intuitionistic_logic
System including an indeterminate value
three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which
Three-valued_logic
conclusion based on the best available explanation for a set of premises. Often used in hypothesis formation. Abelian logic A type of relevance logic
Glossary_of_logic
Term in logic and deductive reasoning
mathematical logic. In deductive reasoning, a sound argument is an argument that is valid and all of its premises are true (and as a consequence its conclusion is
Soundness
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion Argumentation theory – Academic field of logic and rhetoric Attribution (psychology) – Process
Abductive_reasoning
Argument that uses faulty reasoning
true premises, a true conclusion must follow. However, formal logic makes no such guarantee if any premise is false; the conclusion can be either true or
Fallacy
Attempt to persuade or to determine the truth of a conclusion
premises to the conclusion. This logical perspective on argument is relevant for scientific fields such as mathematics and computer science. Logic is the study
Argument
The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic). Formal logics developed in ancient times in India
History_of_logic
Method of logical reasoning
common property, and the conclusion claims that all individuals of the same population have that property. Schaum's Outlines, Logic, pp. 243–35 Goodenough
Inductive_reasoning
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary Generalization (logic) – Rule of inference in predicate logicPages displaying short descriptions
Faulty_generalization
Rule of logical inference
In propositional logic, modus ponens (/ˈmoʊdəs ˈpoʊnɛnz/; MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens (from Latin 'mode that by affirming affirms'), implication
Modus_ponens
Capacity for consciously making sense of things
Reason is the capacity to consciously apply logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking truth. It is associated
Reason
Type of modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition
Epistemic_modal_logic
Statistical fallacy
which are really merely a subsequent adjunct of our own. — John Venn, The Logic of Chance The story about drawing the target after making the shot is older
Texas_sharpshooter_fallacy
System for reasoning about vagueness
certainty. Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence. Classical logic only permits conclusions that are either
Fuzzy_logic
Fundamental concepts in philosophy
argument is of clear importance to the reasons that we hold things to be true, logic is of essential importance to rationality. Arguments may be logical if they
Logic_and_rationality
Mental illness with multiple personality states
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), previously known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a dissociative disorder characterized by the presence
Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative_identity_disorder
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Reasoning process
instead of Richard Nixon. Default logic Multiple inheritance W. Marek and M. Truszczynski (1993). Nonmonotonic Logics: Context-Dependent Reasoning. Springer
Nixon_diamond
Misleading use of a term with multiple meanings
In logic, equivocation ("calling two different things by the same name") is an informal fallacy resulting from the failure to define one's terms, or knowingly
Equivocation
Paradoxical assertion
In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox or antinomy of the liar is the statement of a liar that they are lying: for instance
Liar_paradox
Reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid
logic is related mainly because, like paraconsistent logic, the reordering of premises can change the set of justified conclusions. Dialogue logics introduce
Defeasible_reasoning
Type of argument
effect to cause) and presents a type of connection between premises and a conclusion in an argument, and this connection is expressed as a rule of inference
Argumentation_scheme
Assumption of a single cause where multiple factors may be necessary
variables Overdetermination – When a single effect has multiple sufficient causes Jumping to conclusions – Psychological term Essentialism – View that entities
Fallacy_of_the_single_cause
Failure in traditional logic to describe certain intuitively valid inferences
The problem of multiple generality names a supposed failure in traditional logic to describe valid inferences that involves multiple quantifiers. For
Problem of multiple generality
Problem_of_multiple_generality
Logically self-contradictory statement
leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion. A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that
Paradox
Refutation of a logical fallacy
behind an argument is flawed does not necessarily imply that the resulting conclusion is false. Statistical methods have been proposed that use correlation
Correlation does not imply causation
Correlation_does_not_imply_causation
Overused, unoriginal phrase or opinion
quantificational logic Existential Illicit conversion Proof by example Quantifier shift Syllogistic fallacy Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
Cliché
Form of incorrect argument and informal fallacy
Attacking the person rather than their argument Begging the question – Logic founded on unproven premises Devil's advocate – Figure of speech and former
Straw_man
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
“two” or “multiple,” as in multiple possible meanings. The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, multiple distinct
Ambiguity
Fallacious approach to mislead an audience
fallacy or a literary device that leads readers or audiences toward a false conclusion. A red herring may be used intentionally, as in mystery fiction or as
Red_herring
Question that has a built-in supposition
A complex question, trick question, multiple question, fallacy of presupposition, or plurium interrogationum (Latin, 'of many questions') is a question
Complex_question
Mathematical use of "for all"
In mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any", "for all", "for every"
Universal_quantification
Extension of modal logic
In logic, philosophy, and theoretical computer science, dynamic logic is an extension of modal logic capable of encoding properties of computer programs
Dynamic_logic_(modal_logic)
Internet rage incitement technique
Melcher produce staged, controversial videos that often go viral across multiple platforms, drawing in viewers who may not realize the content is fabricated
Rage-baiting
Computer science and logic conference
model refutes uniqueness of identity proofs" Dale Miller, "A multiple-conclusion meta-logic" Igor Walukiewicz, "Completeness of Kozen's Axiomatisation of
Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
Symposium_on_Logic_in_Computer_Science
to draw a conclusion from that generalization. In contrast to a deductive syllogism, the premises logically support or confirm the conclusion rather than
Statistical_syllogism
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
that the probability that the defendant is guilty is 90%. However, this conclusion is only close to correct if the defendant was selected as the main suspect
Base_rate_fallacy
Communication theory
Message design logic is a communication theory that makes the claim that individuals possess implicit theories of communication within themselves, called
Message_design_logic
Logical fallacy
address the theory, but rather asserted a conclusion incompatible with the theory and then echoed his conclusion without discussing the subject matter of
Appeal_to_the_stone
Field of philosophical logic
Deontic logic is the field of philosophical logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts. Alternatively, a deontic logic is a
Deontic_logic
Thought experiment on the philosophy of identity
Future Self's right to a healthy existence. Parfit resolves the logic to reach this conclusion, which appears to justify incursion into personal freedoms,
Teletransportation_paradox
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
reliable forms of logic are modus ponens, modus tollens, and chain arguments because if the premises of the argument are true, then the conclusion necessarily
Logical_form
Element of story structure
also start the story, acting as a teaser. Usually a denouement follows the logic of the course of the events, but sometimes it may be unmotivated, what is
Denouement
Arithmetical concept
with a variable of function type in its conclusion. The basic dialectica interpretation of intuitionistic logic has been extended to various stronger systems
Dialectica_interpretation
Reasoning for mathematical statements
statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion. The argument may use other previously established statements, such as
Mathematical_proof
American scientist (1839–1914)
illustrate the unreliability of traditional forms of logic (for the first premise arguably assumes the conclusion): All Men are equal in their political rights
Charles_Sanders_Peirce
Property of predicates in linguistics and philosophy
major topic of research in philosophical logic, where it serves as a potential challenge to classical logic. Work in formal semantics has sought to provide
Vagueness
Fourfold logical system in Indian philosophy
functions' or 'an indivisible quaternity' that has multiple applications and has been important in the Indian logic and the Buddhist logico-epistemological traditions
Catuṣkoṭi
Methods in artificial intelligence research
artificial intelligence (also known as classical artificial intelligence or logic-based artificial intelligence) is the term for the collection of all methods
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Mistakenly drawing statistical inference from independent events
tails has become a more likely outcome. This is a rational and Bayesian conclusion, bearing in mind the possibility that the coin may not be fair; it is
Gambler's_fallacy
Subdivisions of science defined by their scope
acceptance of one proposition (the conclusion) on the basis of a set of other propositions (premises). More broadly, logic is the analysis and appraisal of
Branches_of_science
Graphical set representation involving overlapping shapes
the namesake, not the inventor. Euler diagrams were first developed for logic, especially syllogistics, and only later transferred to set theory. In the
Euler_diagram
Ways in which a term may be poorly defined
definition of a term Kale, Rekhaa (2015-10-25). "BLS LOGIC 1: CHAPTER 8. DEFINITION". BLS LOGIC 1. Retrieved 2020-07-21. Gibbon, Guy (2013). Critically
Fallacies_of_definition
Logic puzzle forming a picture in a grid
Hanjie, Paint by Numbers, Griddlers, Pic-a-Pix, and Picross, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according
Nonogram
Apparent, but false, correlation between causally-independent variables
in those conditions, this control culture will die as well, so that no conclusion of efficacy of the drug can be drawn from the results of the first culture
Spurious_relationship
Study of how people reason
psychology, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, logic, and probability theory. Psychological experiments on how humans and other
Psychology_of_reasoning
Formal fallacy, aka Linda Problem
9826. doi:10.1080/14792779143000033. von Sydow, M. (2011). "The Bayesian Logic of Frequency-Based Conjunction Fallacies". Journal of Mathematical Psychology
Conjunction_fallacy
Defunct American computer technology corporation
(2020-02-20). "The Tragic Conclusion of CDN Startup Instart". Bizety. Retrieved 2020-10-20. Ashlee Vance (2013-08-22). "Instart Logic Wants a Smoking-Fast
Instart
Relationship between programs and proofs
exists for classical logic if one defines classical logic not by adding an axiom such as Peirce's law, but by allowing several conclusions in sequents. In
Curry–Howard_correspondence
Informal fallacy in comparing actualities with ideals
thinking, in which a person fails to see the complex interplay between multiple component elements of a situation or problem, and, as a result, reduces
Nirvana_fallacy
Polish–American mathematician (1901–1983)
metamathematics, and algebraic logic, he also contributed to abstract algebra, topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, type theory
Alfred_Tarski
Statement that is taken to be true
well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question. In modern logic, an axiom is a premise or starting point for reasoning. In mathematics,
Axiom
Indicator for how well data points fit a line or curve
R2 instead of R2 could thereby prevent overfitting. Following the same logic, adjusted R2 can be interpreted as a less biased estimator of the population
Coefficient_of_determination
Logical connective
↔⇔≡⟺ Logical symbols representing iff In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, "if and only if" (often shortened as "iff") states
If_and_only_if
Rhetorical cliché phrase
Springfield debated a contentious problem or argued about politics and logic failed. Lovejoy's comic use of the phrase on The Simpsons satirized its
Think_of_the_children
Certain type of mistaken proof
form of argument that does not comply with the valid inference rules of logic, whereas the problematic mathematical step is typically a correct rule applied
Mathematical_fallacy
Limitative results in mathematical logic
Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that are concerned with the limits of provability in formal axiomatic theories
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Gödel's_incompleteness_theorems
Paradox in set theory
In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician
Russell's_paradox
Analysis of facts to form a judgment
deduct with more logic, to process sophisticated information and look at various sides of an issue so they can produce more solid conclusions." Critical thinking
Critical_thinking
Topics referred to by the same term
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Validity or Valid may refer to: Validity (logic), a property of a logical argument Validity (statistics), the degree to
Validity
Understanding and reasoning using concepts framed in words
material like statements or passages and being able to draw reasonable conclusions from them. Logical reasoning – Using critical thinking to assess and
Verbal_reasoning
Logical fallacy of inconsistency
quantificational logic Existential Illicit conversion Proof by example Quantifier shift Syllogistic fallacy Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
False_equivalence
Pair of logical equivalences
In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, also known as De Morgan's theorem, are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid
De_Morgan's_laws
Historian
philosophy, with a special interest in the history of epistemology and logic. He is full professor at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice. He is member
Marco_Sgarbi
Types of approximate algorithm
instrumental and affect multiple fields handling big data, including engineering, medicine, social sciences, and finance. Fuzzy logic is an aspect of computing
Soft_computing
Style of formal logical argumentation
In mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a style of formal logical argumentation in which every line of a proof is a conditional tautology (called a
Sequent_calculus
Japanese media franchise
Luck & Logic (ラクエンロジック, Raku en Rojikku) is a media franchise created by Bushiroad with five other companies: Bandai Visual, Doga Kobo, Nitroplus, Lantis
Luck_&_Logic
generalize smoothly to multiple-conclusion rules. In logics with a variant of the disjunction property, the multiple-conclusion rules have the same expressive
Admissible_rule
Interchange format for rule systems
checkable in some dataset holds, then the conclusion (the THEN part) is processed. Deriving somewhat from its roots in logic, rule systems use a notion of predicates
Rule_Interchange_Format
Type of probabilistic logic
Subjective logic is a type of probabilistic logic that explicitly takes epistemic uncertainty and source trust into account. In general, subjective logic is suitable
Subjective_logic
Type of trolling or harassment
The PhilPapers Foundation. Johnson, Amy (2017). Gasser, Urs (ed.). "The Multiple Harms of Sea Lions" (PDF). Perspectives on Harmful Speech Online. Berkman
Sealioning
Crucial skill in all different fields of work and life
to deconstruct information into smaller categories in order to draw conclusions. Analytical skill consists of categories that include logical reasoning
Analytical_skill
Cognitive bias of experimental subject
quantificational logic Existential Illicit conversion Proof by example Quantifier shift Syllogistic fallacy Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
Observer-expectancy_effect
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
was introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934). Popper emphasized that the contradiction
Falsifiability
Fallacy
relativism) are themselves committing a commonly identified fallacy of informal logic—namely, begging the question against an earnest, intelligent, logically
Relativist_fallacy
Bias towards recently acquired information
enabled push notifications for more frequent and consistent exposure. The conclusions were that the use of neighbourhood apps led to higher perceptions of
Availability_heuristic
1781 book by Immanuel Kant
thought. The Logic is divided into two parts: the Transcendental Analytic and the Transcendental Dialectic. The Analytic Kant calls a "logic of truth";
Critique_of_Pure_Reason
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God will multiply.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Multiple
Boy/Male
Muslim
Multiple lights. Luster.
Boy/Male
Indian
Conclusion
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Conclusion
Boy/Male
Biblical
Rooting out, conclusion.
Girl/Female
Indian
Fulfilment, Conclusion
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Un Countable; Multiple; Countless
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God will multiply.
Girl/Female
Indian
Conclusion
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God will multiply.
Boy/Male
Sikh
Conclusion
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God shall multiply.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Conclusion
Boy/Male
Australian, Vietnamese
Many; Multiple
Boy/Male
Hebrew
God will multiply.
Biblical
rooting out; conclusion
Boy/Male
Muslim
Conclusion
Girl/Female
Tamil
Fulfilment, Conclusion
Boy/Male
Hebrew American Latin
God will multiply.
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from High and Low Hunsley in East Yorkshire, named with an unattested Old English personal name Hund ‘hound’ + lēah ‘wood’, ‘glade’.
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : habitational name from Kennicott in Devon.
Girl/Female
Biblical
The tents of daughters; or young women; or prostitutes.
Boy/Male
Gaelic Irish
Peaceful.
Girl/Female
Tamil
One of the four Vedas, Blessing
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Gujarati, Indian, Marathi
From the Wealthy Man's Mountain; Form of Montgomery; From the Mount of the Rich Man; Mountain
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Servant of the Benefactor; Slave of the Generous
Girl/Female
Tamil
Exciting
Boy/Male
Tamil
Hero of the battle, Winner
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Wife of the Prophet Muhammad; Her Name is Ramla; Umm Habiba is her Kunya (Nickname) After the Name of her Daughter Habiba
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
MULTIPLE CONCLUSION-LOGIC
a.
In conclusion; finally.
n.
An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be drawn.
n.
A thing yielded; an acknowledgment or admission; a boon; a grant; esp. a grant by government of a privilege or right to do something; as, a concession to build a canal.
n.
One who, or that which, multiplies or increases number.
v. t.
To add (any given number or quantity) to itself a certain number of times; to find the product of by multiplication; thus 7 multiplied by 8 produces the number 56; to multiply two numbers. See the Note under Multiplication.
n.
Conclusion; inference.
n.
The act of including, or the state of being included; limitation; restriction; as, the lines of inclusion of his policy.
a.
Manifold; multiple.
n.
End; conclusion; result.
a.
Belonging to a close or termination; decisive; convincing; putting an end to debate or question; leading to, or involving, a conclusion or decision.
a.
Not inferring a conclusion or consequence; not conclusive.
n.
Point beyond which no procession can be made; conclusion; issue; result, whether successful or otherwise; conclusive event; consequence.
n.
The number by which another number is multiplied. See the Note under Multiplication.
n.
The number which is to be multiplied by another number called the multiplier. See Note under Multiplication.
a.
Having many flues; as, a multiflue boiler. See Boiler.
n.
Conclusion; end.
n.
A condition of lowered functional activity, without visible structural change, produced in an organ by a shock, as by fall or blow; as, a concussion of the brain.
n.
The number by which another number is multiplied; a multiplier.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Multiply
imp. & p. p.
of Multiply