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Group of languages of the 5th century BCE – 12th century CE
Prakrit (/ˈprɑːkrɪt/ PRAH-krit) is a group of vernacular classical Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the
Prakrit
Indo-Aryan language
Khasa or Khasa Prakrit (also known as Khas Prakrit, Sanskrit Khasa, Himalayan Prakrit, Northern Prakrit, Khas Kura) is a Prakrit language of medieval
Khasa_Prakrit
Branch of the Indo-Iranian languages
Proto-Indo-Aryan was very close to Vedic Sanskrit, though some of the later Prakrits retain features that had been lost from Vedic Sanskrit, showing that they
Indo-Aryan_languages
Prakrit language of ancient and medieval India
Maharashtri Prakrit (Mahārāṣṭrī Prākṛta) is a Prakrit language of ancient as well as medieval India.[better source needed] Maharashtri Prakrit was commonly
Maharashtri_Prakrit
Ancient Middle Indo-Aryan language
Shauraseni Prakrit (Sanskrit: शौरसेनी प्राकृत, IAST: Śaurasenī Prākṛta, Sanskrit pronunciation: [ɕɐurɐseːniː praːkr̩t̪ɐ]) was a Middle Indo-Aryan language
Shauraseni_Prakrit
Written language of Ancient India
Magadhi Prakrit (Māgadhī) is of one of the three Dramatic Prakrits, the written languages of Classical-Medieval India following the decline of Pali. It
Magadhi_Prakrit
Middle Indo-Aryan language registers
Dramatic Prakrits were those standard forms of Prakrit dialects that were used in dramas and other literature in medieval India. They may have once been
Dramatic_Prakrit
Middle Indo-Aryan language of India
Ardhamagadhi Prakrit was a Middle Indo-Aryan language and a Dramatic Prakrit thought to have been spoken in modern-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh and used
Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit
Indo-Aryan language
Sanskrit). This early variety transitioned in medieval India into Shauraseni Prakrit and Śauraseni Apabhraṃśa (from Sanskrit apabhraṃśa "corrupt"), which emerged
Hindi
Indo-Aryan language
are closely related. They share a common, predominantly Sanskrit- and Prakrit-derived, vocabulary base, phonology, syntax, and grammar, making them mutually
Urdu
Indo-Aryan language
additional official language in the state of Goa. Derived from Maharashtri Prakrit, it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, with 83 million speakers
Marathi_language
Historical group of Indo-Aryan languages from 600 BCE to 1000 CE
Indo-Aryan languages (or Middle Indic languages, sometimes conflated with the Prakrits, which are a stage of Middle Indic) are a historical group of languages
Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages
Ancient Indo-Aryan dialect continuum
Ashokan Prakrit, also known as Asokan Prakrit or Aśokan Prakrit (IAST: Aśoka Prākṛta), is the Middle Indo-Aryan dialect continuum used in the Edicts of
Ashokan_Prakrit
Middle Indo-Aryan language used in ancient Kamarupa, Indian subcontinent
Kamarupi Prakrit is the postulated Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) Prakrit language used in ancient Kamarupa (5th–12th century). This language has been derived
Kamarupi_Prakrit
Extinct language of ancient India
kingdoms of India mentioned in Prakrit and Sanskrit grammars of antiquity. It is generally grouped with the Prakrits, with which it shares some linguistic
Paishachi
Indo-Aryan language
(Magadhi Prakrit). With the advent of the Indo-Aryans in the 3rd century BCE, Bengal was gradually being Sanskritised. The varieties of Prakrit spoken in
Bengali_language
Indo-Aryan language
classical language. It traces its linguistic roots to the Eastern Magadhi Prakrit, evolving through stages such as Proto Odia (7th–9th century CE), Old Odia
Odia_language
Indo-European language native to the Indian subcontinent
argued that the true or geographical name of the Pali language was Magadhi Prakrit, and that because pāḷi means "line, row, series", the early Buddhists extended
Pali
South Indian dynasty (275–897)
Nadu) area of the western Guntur district. All the early documents are in Prakrit, and scholars find similarities in palaeography and language with the Satavahanas
Pallava_dynasty
Prakrit language of ancient Bengal
Gaudi Prakrit is the Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrit language used in Gauda or ancient Bengal. The language originates from the Old Eastern Indo-Aryan and is
Gaudi_Prakrit
Ancient Indo-Aryan language of South Asia, mainly Indian subcontinent
vernacular colloquial dialects (Prakrits) continued to evolve, meaning the language co-existed with the numerous Prakrits of ancient India. As the Indian
Sanskrit
Dravidian language
words appear in Prakrit inscriptions dating to c. 4th century BCE, found in Bhattiprolu, Andhra Pradesh. Telugu label inscriptions and Prakrit inscriptions
Telugu_language
Indo-Aryan language
and songs. The language's core vocabulary is derived from Prakrit and Sanskrit (via Prakrit), with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via
Hindustani_language
Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka
vowels and aspirated consonants, is a Prakrit similar to Magadhi, a regional associate of the Middle-Indian Prakrits that had been spoken during the lifetime
Sinhala_language
Indo-Aryan language
Paishachi Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi developed from this Prakrit. Later in
Punjabi_language
Group of Indo-Aryan languages
They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Middle Prakrits. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the Dehlavi (Delhi)
Central_Indo-Aryan_languages
Library in India
Prakrit Bharati Academy is a public library established on 21 February 1977 in Jaipur with the prime goal to publish books in Prakrit, Sanskrit, Hindi
Prakrit_Bharati_Academy
Historic form of Sanskrit
the Vedic language, is the earliest attested form of the Sanskrit and Prakrit languages: members of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language
Vedic_Sanskrit
from the dramatic Prakrits, and further from Sanskrit. An example is Hindustani jībh (जीभ جیبھ) "tongue", inherited through Prakrit jibbhā, from Sanskrit
Phonological history of Hindustani
Phonological_history_of_Hindustani
Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Nepal
its first grammar in 1881. Chatterji grouped Maithili with the Magadhi Prakrit. Maithili varies greatly in dialects. Sotipura also called Central Maithili
Maithili_language
Indo-Aryan language of India
Kamarupi dialect of Eastern Magadhi Prakrit though some authors contest a close connection of Assamese with Magadhi Prakrit. The Indo-Aryan, which appeared
Assamese_language
3rd century BCE Sri Lankan language; ancestor of Sinhalese and Dhivehi
Eḷa, also Elu, Hela or Helu Prakrit, was a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of the 3rd century BCE, that was used in Sri Lanka. It was ancestral to
Elu
Indian dynasty (2nd century BCE – 3rd century CE)
literary Prakrit, Maharashtri Prakrit, used in the Gaha Sattasai anthology. Considered an ancestor language of modern Marathi, Maharashtri Prakrit was adopted
Satavahana_dynasty
Indo-Aryan language native to the Maldives
northern dialects cannot understand them. Maldivian is a descendant of Elu Prakrit and is closely related to Sinhala, but not mutually intelligible with it
Maldivian_language
Subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages
a number of striking archasisms, which had already disappeared in most Prakrit dialects... There is not a single common feature distinguishing Dardic
Dardic_languages
3rd-century BCE inscriptions in South Asia
down orally until later dates. Ashoka used the expression Dhaṃma Lipi (Prakrit in the Brahmi script: 𑀥𑀁𑀫𑀮𑀺𑀧𑀺, "Inscriptions of the Dharma") to
Edicts_of_Ashoka
Middle Indo-Aryan dialect
Monumental Prakrit was a Middle Indo-Aryan dialect used as a lingua franca in Indian inscriptions from the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE. It developed
Monumental_Prakrit
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan
(Hindkuwan). Like other Lahnda varieties, Hindko is derived from the Shauraseni Prakrit. Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki
Hindko
Language used in Buddhist texts
influence of a linguistic tradition stemming from the proto-canonical Prakrit of the early oral tradition. While there are widely differing theories
Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit
Sacred Pali verses, prayers, mantras and other spiritual incantations
Sanskrit gāthā; Khmer: គាថា; Thai: คาถา; also spelled khatha) refers to any Prakrit and Pali verses in general, or specifically the arya meter of Sanskrit
Gatha_(Buddhism)
10th century poet writing in Maharashtri Prakrit and Sanskrit
Rajashekhara (IAST: Rājaśekhara; fl. 10th century) was a Maharashtri Prakrit and Sanskrit poet, dramatist and critic. He was the court poet of the Pratiharas
Rajashekhara_(Sanskrit_poet)
Country in South Asia
along with Dravidian clans such as the Velir, prior to the migration of Prakrit speakers. One of the first written references to the island is found in
Sri_Lanka
Dravidian language
extent, Prakrit grammar. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times.[verification needed] Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may
Kannada
Indo-Aryan language native to Sindh
closely related to Saraiki and Punjabi. It is descended from Shauraseni Prakrit, which gradually developed into Apabhraṃśa and then into Early Sindhi.
Sindhi_language
3rd century Indian Jain ascetic
the Ramayana and the oldest work of literature written in Maharashtri Prakrit. Although scholars' opinion and traditional beliefs differ on his timeline
Vimalsuri
Ancient Indo-Aryan language of Gāndhāra
Gandhārī was an Indo-Aryan Prakrit language attested mainly in texts dated between the 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE in the region of Gandhāra, in
Gandhari_language
Ancient script of Central and South Asia
Aramaic sounds not found in Prakrit. For example, Aramaic lacks the phonetic retroflex feature that appears among Prakrit dental stops, such as ḍ, and
Brahmi_script
Literary and research organization
Rama Jain to undertake systematic research and publication of Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali and Apabhramsha texts and covering subjects like religion, philosophy
Bharatiya_Jnanpith
Indo-Aryan language spoken in India
and Odisha in eastern India, and in the Terai region of Nepal. Magadhi Prakrit was the ancestor of Magahi, from which the latter's name derives. It has
Magahi_language
with later forms of its offshoots. Assamese, Bengali, Marathi, Pali and Prakrit were given the classical language status in October 2024. Upon dropping
Classical_languages_of_India
(bhāṣāsama), that is, it can be read in two languages simultaneously: Prakrit and Sanskrit. The canonical Pali literature includes Buddhist discourses
Indian_literature
Northern Indo-Aryan language
from Prakrit – the spoken language of common people in ancient times. The literary language was Sanskrit which has a close relationship with Prakrit. It
Kishtwari_language
Class of Indian languages
Apabhraṃśa (Sanskrit: अपभ्रंश, IPA: [ɐpɐbʱrɐ̃ˈɕɐ], Prakrit: अवहंस Avahaṃsa) is a term used by vaiyākaraṇāḥ (native grammarians) since Patañjali to refer
Apabhraṃśa
Jain illustrious person
Jacobi, Herman (2005). Vimalsuri's Paumachariyam (2nd ed.). Ahemdabad: Prakrit Text Society. Jain, Pannalal (2000). Hiralal Jain, A.N. Upadhaye (ed.)
Rama_in_Jainism
language to Assamese, Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. This status is given to languages that have
Languages_of_India
Language group within Indo-Aryan language family
successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language Gandhari (also Gandhari Prakrit), but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone
Kohistani_languages
Indo-Aryan language spoken in India
Indo-Aryan languages. Linguists describe Konkani as a fusion of a variety of Prakrit vernacular languages. This could be attributed to the confluence of immigrants
Konkani_language
Sanskrit and Prakrit poetic verse form
but peculiar to either Epic Sanskrit or to Prakrit. The word is originally derived from the Sanskrit/Prakrit root gai, which means 'to speak, sing, recite
Gatha_(India)
Metre in Sanskrit and Prakrit verses
Āryā metre is a metre used in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Marathi verses. A verse in āryā metre is in four metrical lines called pādas. Unlike the majority
Arya_metre
Literature of Sanskrit language
earliest Buddhist texts were composed and transmitted in Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits, later Indian Buddhists translated their canonical works into Sanskrit
Sanskrit_literature
Indo-Aryan language
historical stages: Old IA (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit) Middle IA (various Prakrits and Apabhramshas) New IA (modern languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali
Gujarati_language
Legendary figure in Jainism
Bahubali (IAST: Bāhubalī, lit. 'one with strong arms') was the son of Rishabhanatha (the first tirthankara of Jainism) and the brother of the chakravartin
Bahubali
Indo-Aryan language
Calcutta was also known as 'Kalkatia'. Bhojpuri is a descendant of Magadhi Prakrit which started taking shape during the reign of the Vardhana dynasty. Bāṇabhaṭṭa
Bhojpuri_language
Indo-Aryan language and dialect cluster of northwest and central India
and Central India. The Western Hindi languages evolved from Sauraseni Prakrit. The most-spoken language in the Western Hindi language family is Hindustani
Western_Hindi_languages
Indo-Aryan Language
during the times of the Khasa Kingdom. The language evolved from Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Apabhraṃśa. Following the decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided
Nepali_language
Indo-Aryan language spoken in India
of Vindhyas in the Middle Ages. Saurashtra, an offshoot of Shauraseni Prakrit, once spoken in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, is now chiefly spoken
Saurashtra_language
Lydian Sumerian Ugarit Classical Ancient Greek Ancient Hebrew Ancient Prakrit Aramaic Classical Chinese Classical Latin Parthian Phrygian Old Persian
List_of_years_in_literature
Prakrit hymn about Krishna
The Achyuta Shataka (Sanskrit: अच्युतशतक, romanized: Acyutaśataka) is a Prakrit hymn written by the Hindu philosopher Vedanta Desika. Comprising 100 verses
Achyuta_Shataka
Indian linguist (born 1929)
Indologist, philologist, author and a scholar of Prakrit, Apabhramsha, Sanskrit, Hindi and Shauraseni Prakrit languages. He is known for his critical studies
Rajaram_Jain
Branch of the Indo-European language family
superstrate Middle Early Ashokan Prakrit Pāli Early Ardhamagadhi Middle (Prakrit) Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dramatic Prakrits Ardhamagadhi Magadhi Maharashtri
Indo-Iranian_languages
consecrated several Jain temples and had written several works in Sanskrit, Prakrit and Gujarati. The Soma-Saubhagya Kavya, Guru Guna Ratnakara-Kavya and several
Somsundar_Suri
Stage in the evolution of the Eastern group of the Indo-Aryan languages
follow the Apabhraṃśa stage—i.e. those Apabhraṃśas derived from Magadhi Prakrit. After different business and trading classes, including the Jains, rose
Abahattha
South Asian dish
karahi (a type of pot used in the Indian subcontinent) derives from the Prakrit word kataha (कटाह), being mentioned in the Sanskrit text Sushruta Samhita
Chicken_karahi
Texts related to the religion of Jainism
contained in the canonical Jain Agamas, which are written in Ardhamagadhi, a Prakrit (Middle-Indo Aryan) language. Various commentaries were written on these
Jain_literature
Variant of the Brahmi script
inscription is in a script much closer to standard Brahmi), written in Prakrit. The Bhattiprolu inscription also shows systemic but not paleographic similarity
Bhattiprolu_script
languages are adapted from the Sanskrit variation (apabhramsa) through Pali or Prakrit. The variations evolved for easier pronunciation in popular usage. "List
List_of_Nakshatras
Indo-Aryan language of most Indo-Fijians
Mauritius Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa
Fiji_Hindi
theoretical treatise on classical Indian dance and drama) Elu (Sri Lankan Prakrit): Sīhalattakathā or Hela Atuwā (Pali commentaries of Buddhist teachings
Ancient_literature
Group of languages spoken in northern and central India
Northern and Central India. Eastern Hindi languages evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, which is thought to be transitional between Sauraseni and Magadhi. Eastern
Eastern_Hindi_languages
Indo-Aryan koiné language of Suriname
Western Hindi Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhi Prakrit and Awadhi is descended from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit Bhojpuri is descended from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa
Sarnami_Hindustani
Historical abugida script for Tamil
Pradesh. It adds diacritics to several letters for sounds not found in Prakrit, producing ṉ ṟ ṛ ḷ. Secondly, in many of the inscriptions the inherent
Tamil-Brahmi
Hindu god, companion of the god Rama
Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa. pp. 167–169. Chandra, K. R. (1970). A Critical Study of Paumacariyam. Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology
Hanuman
Indo-Aryan dialect
Epigraphical Hybrid Sanskrit (EHS) was a hybridized dialect of Prakrit and Sanskrit used in Indian inscriptions from the 1st century CE to the 4rd century
Epigraphical_Hybrid_Sanskrit
Indo-Scythian rulers of western and central India (35-415 CE)
much later than Prakrit inscriptions, although Prakrit is considered as a descendant of the Sanskrit language. This is because Prakrit, in its multiple
Western_Satraps
Old language with established literature or use
dialects (Prakrits) continued to evolve. Sanskrit co-existed with numerous other Prakrit languages of ancient India. The oldest attested Prakrits are the
Classical_language
Bactrian Byzantine Greek Coptic Gandhari Prakrit Geʽez Georgian Irish Japanese Kannada Korean Maharashtri Prakrit Pre-Proto-Mongolic Old Church Slavonic
Ancient_Greek_literature
Indo-Aryan language of Pakistan
superstrate Middle Early Ashokan Prakrit Pāli Early Ardhamagadhi Middle (Prakrit) Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dramatic Prakrits Ardhamagadhi Magadhi Maharashtri
Khowar
History of South Asian writing systems
about six miles away. The Mahasthan Brahmi Inscription is written in the Prakrit language in the Brahmi script. It details an administrative order from
Early_Indian_epigraphy
Extinct Indo-European languages in Asia
the east to Tumshuq in the west. A body of loanwords and names found in Prakrit documents from the Lop Nur basin have been dubbed Tocharian C (Kroränian)
Tocharian_languages
Indian numbering system name for ten million
in the modern-day Indian subcontinent. The word crore derives from the Prakrit word kroḍi, which in turn comes from the Sanskrit koṭi (कोटि), denoting
Crore
Nirvana Kanda is an ancient Prakrit Jain composition that describes the sacred sites where Jain sages have attained Nirvana. It is also termed Nirvana
Nirvana_Kanda
Bangladesh India Anga Kingdom 1100 BCE[citation needed] 530 BCE Champa Prakrit, Sanskrit India Vidarbha Kingdom 1100 BCE[citation needed] 500 BCE Kaundinyapur
List of Hindu empires and dynasties
List_of_Hindu_empires_and_dynasties
Early form of Bengali
subcontinent during the Middle Ages. It developed from an Apabhraṃśa of Magadhi Prakrit around 650 AD, and the first Bengali literary works date from the 8th century
Old_Bengali
Eastern Indo-Aryan language
originated from ancient Prakrit. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is an Apabhramsha and descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri
Nagpuri_language
Region of ancient Punjab
Sanskrit, which shows that the coin is not early ; the survival of the Prakrit rana in Kharoshthi on the reverse shows that it cannot be very late." A
Vahika
Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Bangladesh
a member of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages and evolved from Magadhi Prakrit; hence its origin is associated with the Magadha realm. The Government
Bishnupriya_Manipuri
Abugida
Devanagari, Nandinagari and other variants, and was first used to write Prakrit and Sanskrit. The term is sometimes used as a synonym for Devanagari script
Nāgarī_script
Texts related to the Iranian religion
Lydian Sumerian Ugarit Classical Ancient Greek Ancient Hebrew Ancient Prakrit Aramaic Classical Chinese Classical Latin Parthian Phrygian Old Persian
Zoroastrian_literature
to provide better clarity on what the Prakrit words meant, and for resolving doubts about homonyms in Prakrit. It was an ancient Indian tradition of
Chaya_(literature)
Language of parts of Bangladesh
Chatterji (1926) places Chittagonian in the eastern Vangiya group of Magadhi Prakrit and notes that all Bengali dialects were independent of each other and
Chittagonian_language
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