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Repeating a falsity increases believability
The illusory truth effect, also known as the illusion of truth effect, validity effect, truth effect, or the reiteration effect, is the tendency to believe
Illusory_truth_effect
Psychological occurrence
Jamais vu, the feeling of unfamiliarity with recognized memories Illusory truth effect Inception, a 2010 science fiction film dealing with the concept
False_memory
Psychological phenomenon
Psychological hypothesis about intergroup contact Endowment effect – Cognitive bias Illusory truth effect – Repeating a falsity increases believability Interpersonal
Mere-exposure_effect
Technique in journalism
truth sandwiches are more effective than other methods of fact-checking. Compliment sandwich Disinformation and Misinformation Factoid Illusory truth
Truth_sandwich
Type of long-term human memory
been subconsciously prepared. Implicit memory also leads to the illusory truth effect, which suggests that subjects are more likely to rate as true those
Implicit_memory
Effect of later events on a previous memory
interviewing Encoding (memory) Eyewitness memory Hindsight bias Illusory truth effect Memory conformity Storage (memory) Weapon focus Wayne Weiten (2010)
Misinformation_effect
self-assessments for procedural, narrative, or factual knowledge. Illusory truth effect, the tendency to believe that a statement is true if it is easier
List_of_cognitive_biases
Propaganda technique
number of arguments, without regard for their accuracy or strength Illusory truth effect – Repeating a falsity increases believability Spreading (from "speed
Firehose_of_falsehood
illusory truth effect, a tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. Research has studied Trump's use of the effect.
False or misleading statements by Donald Trump
False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump
Politics in which facts are considered irrelevant
videos to feel equally credible, and fosters misinformation. The illusory truth effect is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after
Post-truth_politics
Tornado myths Common misunderstandings of genetics False memory Illusory truth effect Legends and myths regarding the Titanic List of cognitive biases
List_of_common_misconceptions
Political communication scholar and researcher
(NTU) in Singapore. He is best known for demonstrating that the illusory truth effect extends to synthetic media, that is, repeated social media exposure
Saifuddin_Ahmed_(academic)
Propaganda technique
because it is absurd" Demagogue Fake news Gaslighting Illusory truth effect Noble lie Post-truth politics Propaganda Notes "The Big Lie | Definition of
Big_lie
Error caused by a memory fault
A.E. (2006). Misattribution errors in Alzheimer’s disease: The illusory truth effect. Neuropsychology, 20(2), 185–192. Hildebrandt, H., Haldenwanger
Memory_error
Attributing events to improbable causes
narcissism, and insecure attachment, or to a form of cognitive bias called "illusory pattern perception". It has also been linked with the so-called Dark triad
Conspiracy_theory
likely to be believed after repeated exposure. Disinformers use this illusory truth effect as a tactic, repeating false information to make it feel familiar
Anti-vaccine_activism
Propaganda method based on digital technologies
makes topics fresh on the mind, having a similar effect on perceived significance. The illusory truth effect, which states that people will believe what is
Computational_propaganda
Deliberately misleading information
falsehood Gaslighting Illusory truth effect Internet manipulation Knowledge falsification Media manipulation Military deception Post-truth politics Social engineering
Disinformation
American author and filmmaker (1942–2008)
Readers come away entertained and also with the belief, not entirely illusory, that they have actually learned something" — The New York Times on the
Michael_Crichton
Belief in truth based on only intuition
Confabulation Disinformation Doublethink Factoid Fake news Fallacy De facto Illusory truth effect Mathiness Misinformation Newspeak Noble lie On Bullshit – an essay
Truthiness
Coordinated dissemination of false information
a result, they tend to believe what they hear. Studies show an "illusory truth effect": the more often people hear a claim, the more likely they are to
Disinformation_attack
2023 book by psychologist Sander van der Linden
theories, drawing on concepts from cognitive science such as the illusory truth effect. The second part of the book deals with the spread of misinformation
Foolproof_(book)
Bias confirming existing attitudes
be false) the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) illusory correlation (when people falsely perceive
Confirmation_bias
might be convinced of it even if it is wrong, and this is called Illusory truth effect. A 2014 study has shown that over three-quarters of people in Western
Islamophobia_in_the_media
Attributional type of cognitive bias
the truth and change their beliefs. In more recent years, researchers have taken to exploring potential differences in how the false consensus effect manifests
False_consensus_effect
English conspiracy theorist (born 1952)
against Left. Unplugging from the Matrix means refusing to recognise these illusory fault lines. We are all One. I refuse to see a Jew as different from an
David_Icke
Suddenly understanding a problem or concept
The eureka effect (also known as the Aha! moment or eureka moment) refers to the common human experience of suddenly understanding a previously incomprehensible
Eureka_effect
individuals believe false information, such as the illusory truth effect (repeated statements receive higher truth ratings than new statements). In fact, in one
Underlying theories of misinformation
Underlying_theories_of_misinformation
Hindu tradition of textual interpretation
freedom) is attained when knowledge of Brahman is attained, recognising the illusoriness of the phenomenal world and disidentifying from body-mind and the notion
Advaita_Vedanta
Unproven proposal of influence of lunar cycle on terrestrial creatures
widespread and persistent beliefs about the influence of the Moon may depend on illusory correlation – the perception of an association that does not in fact exist
Lunar_effect
Concept in Indian religions
also attained the illusory body. The illusory body has the markings and signs of a Buddha. There is an impure and a pure illusory body, depending on
Maya_(religion)
Optical illusion
Todd, James T.; Spering, Miriam; Gegenfurtner, Karl R. (1 April 2007). "Illusory bending of a rigidly moving line segment: Effects of image motion and smooth
Persistence_of_vision
Psychologist
married to David Goldstein, with whom she conducted research on the illusory truth effect. They have two children. Hasher's research career has focused on
Lynn_Hasher
Illusion technique
rendering of the ghost effect made little impression on the audience. He wrote: "The ghosts failed to achieve the full illusory effect which I have subsequently
Pepper's_ghost
Method of dispute resolution
awards are enforced in the same manner as court judgments and have the same effect. Arbitrators may struggle to enforce interlocutory measures against parties
Arbitration
Totality of existing entities
mind-independence, and being non-illusory. The concept of reality overlaps with notions such as being, existence, world, actuality, and truth. Debates about the constituents
Reality
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
conservatism), illusory correlations, illusory superiority (better-than-average effect) and worse-than-average effect, subadditivity effect, exaggerated
Cognitive_bias
False belief in an ability to control events
to influence gambling behavior and belief in the paranormal. Along with illusory superiority and optimism bias, the illusion of control is one of the positive
Illusion_of_control
Movie genre
noted film's illusory abilities. Dziga Vertov claimed in his 1924 manifesto, "The Birth of Kino-Eye," that "the cinema-eye is cinema-truth." To paraphrase
Propaganda_film
Interpretation of sensory information
the combined features of two different stimuli, thereby referred to as illusory conjunctions. The unconnected features described in the preattentive stage
Perception
1999 film by the Wachowskis
ultimate principle of the universe, as does the illusory overlay in The Matrix, with "Maya", the wondrous illusory power. Dhaliwal, Nirpal Singh (December 25
The_Matrix
works through using exclusion (apoha). Thus, the conventional truth (which is illusory) is not what is manifest, but what is determined and imagined by
Jñanasrimitra
275"292). Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia M.; Payne, B. Keith; Marsh, Elizabeth
Knowledge_neglect
Fictional town created by Garrison Keillor
elevator, and the pleasant lake itself. The Lake Wobegon effect is a common name for illusory superiority, a natural human tendency to overestimate one's
Lake_Wobegon
Falsity in Sanskrit philosophy
mithya. Mithyātva is negated even where it is found. The illusoriness of the world is itself illusory. Once Brahman-knowledge arises both the cognizer and
Mithyātva
Inclination for or against
false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and illusory correlation (when people falsely
Bias
Erroneous AI-generated content presented as true
responsibility for non-factual outputs. Some see the AI outputs not as illusory but as prospective—that is, having some chance of being true, similar to
Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)
Generalized belief about people
Gifford found a similar effect for positive behaviors as the infrequent events, a meta-analytic review of studies showed that illusory correlation effects
Stereotype
Principle in Buddhism and the texts associated with it
with ideas such as emptiness (śūnyatā), 'lack of svabhāva' (essence), the illusory (māyā) nature of things, how all phenomena are characterized by "non-arising"
Prajnaparamita
2007 book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Cognitive bias Confirmation bias Efficient-market hypothesis Falsifiability Illusory correlation Raven paradox Sextus Empiricus Baker-Said, Stephanie (March
The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable
The_Black_Swan:_The_Impact_of_the_Highly_Improbable
Philosophical dispute in Buddhism
consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." [c] Richard Gombrich (2006). Theravada Buddhism
Prasaṅgika according to Tsongkhapa
Prasaṅgika_according_to_Tsongkhapa
Rejecting scientific or historical consensus
blue pill – Metaphor for a choice of truth or illusion Reputation management – Marketing technique Voldemort effect To support their ideas, some AIDS denialists
Denialism
2008 book by Ben Goldacre
Biases mentioned include confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, illusory superiority and the clustering illusion (the misperception of random data)
Bad_Science_(Goldacre_book)
Buddhist system of natural laws which constitute the natural order of things
"reality" is confusing. They posit that the perceived reality is considered illusory not in the sense that reality is a fantasy or unreal, but that perceptions
Reality_in_Buddhism
narcissism, and insecure attachment, or to a form of cognitive bias called "illusory pattern perception". However, the current scientific consensus holds that
List_of_conspiracy_theories
Influencing of objects without physical interaction, with one's mind
demonstrations of telekinesis. For example, the illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events, and believers in the
Telekinesis
Bohemian polymath (1781–1848)
unreal, illusory. Bolzano's primary concern is with the concrete objective meaning: with concrete objective truths or truths in themselves. All truths in themselves
Bernard_Bolzano
Philosophical question
with the existence of God, counts against or lowers the probability of the truth of theism. Both absolute versions and relative versions of the evidential
Problem_of_evil
Bias towards recently acquired information
This effect was labeled the illusory correlation. Tversky and Kahneman suggested that availability provides a natural account for the illusory-correlation
Availability_heuristic
Incorrect perception of others' beliefs
segregation in the United States. It has also been proposed as a reason for the illusory popular support that kept the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in power
Pluralistic_ignorance
Vajrayana practice involving visualization of a deity
in the central channel. Self-consecration, or the relative-truth illusory body; The illusory-body stage is described as being caused by the "wind-mind
Deity_yoga
Chinese Buddhist master who founded the Tiantai school
middle truth): "The mundane truth refers to both illusory existence and the identity of illusory existence with emptiness, and the real truth refers to
Zhiyi
Nonconceptual awareness and interconnectedness
be Advaita, but not in effect actually being so, in the fullest sense of the word. In this watering down of the essential truths in a palatable style made
Nondualism
Highest spiritual attainment in Buddhist cultivation
of dependent arising (pratītyasamutpāda), representing a truth that transcends cause and effect, as well as all conventional dualities such as existence
Nirvana_(Buddhism)
Bias towards individual narratives
trust anecdotes over other forms of information, as well as a form of illusory correlation that connects unrelated variables into a cohesive narrative
Narrative_bias
Scientific procedure performed to validate a hypothesis
sources are neither measured nor held constant, and these may produce illusory correlations in variables under study.[citation needed] Much research in
Experiment
English chemist and physicist (1791–1867)
the time, the divisions between the various "kinds" of electricity were illusory. Faraday instead proposed that only a single "electricity" exists, and
Michael_Faraday
American journalist (born 1978)
2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018. Pierre, Joe (January 23, 2020). "Illusory Truth, Lies, and Political Propaganda: Part 2". Psychology Today. Retrieved
Sarah_Kendzior
1913–1927 novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust
indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory—this new sensation having had on me the effect which love has of filling me with a precious essence;
In_Search_of_Lost_Time
Literary and rhetorical device or general attitude towards life
Socrates is the embodiment of an ironic negativity that dismantles others' illusory knowledge without offering any positive replacement. Almost all of Kierkegaard's
Irony
1966 studio album by the Beatles
fascination for Eastern philosophical concepts, particularly regarding the illusory nature of human existence. Despite his bandmates' urging, after Ringo Starr
Revolver_(Beatles_album)
Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968
also pointed out that Portugal's illiteracy made elections difficult and illusory. Hoare asserted that, in his 30 years of political life, he had met most
António_de_Oliveira_Salazar
Denial of the scientific consensus on climate change
truth of both climate science-aligned claims and climate change skeptic/denial claims—"highlighting the insidious effect of repetition". This effect was
Climate_change_denial
Sufi order
function of human intelligence is discernment between the Real and the illusory or between the Permanent and the impermanent, and the essential function
Maryamiyya_Order
View that Jesus' body was illusory
defined as the teaching that claims that Jesus' body was either absent or illusory. The term docetic is rather nebulous. Two varieties were widely known.
Docetism
Fixational eye movement
suggested that microsaccades are directly correlated with the perception of illusory motion. Although microsaccades can enhance vision of fine spatial detail
Microsaccade
Buddhist philosophy founded by Nagarjuna
magical creation may be annihilated by another magical creation, and one illusory person by another person produced by an illusionist, this negation is the
Madhyamaka
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
Russell once explained, "Hegel had maintained that all separateness is illusory and that the universe is more like a pot of treacle than a heap of shot
Analytic_philosophy
Term used in psychology and philosophy
thin-slicing. Psychology portal Familiarity heuristic First impression Illusory correlation Intertrial priming Priming Stereotype threat Zero-acquaintance
Thin-slicing
Text in a small size
Blockbuster Inc. ruled that these "unilateral modification clauses" were illusory and, thus, unenforceable. In some cases, the seller who uses this technique
Fine_print
English author and parapsychological researcher (born 1942)
Sheldrake, Rupert (2005). The Sense of Being Stared At Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? Journal of Consciousness Studies, 12(6):10–31. Reprint. See Tests under
Rupert_Sheldrake
1967 novel by Gabriel García Márquez
brave new world that America seemed to promise and that was cruelly proved illusory by the subsequent course of history." Images such as the glass city and
One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude
Perennial philosophy
discernment. To "discern" is to "separate": to separate the Real and the illusory, the Absolute and the contingent, the Necessary and the possible, Atma
Traditionalism_(perennialism)
Series of prints by Francisco Goya
Spanish war art to show the effect of conflict on individuals. In addition he abandons colour in favour of a more direct truth he found in shadow and shade
The_Disasters_of_War
Type of Jewish mysticism
sephirot in the divine realm and exile from God. The demonic realm, though illusory in its origin, becomes the apparent realm of impurity in material Creation
Kabbalah
Unscientific claims presented as scientific
Psychology has much to discuss about pseudoscience thinking, as it is the illusory perceptions of causality and effectiveness of numerous individuals that
Pseudoscience
Religion established in the United States
illusory, or maya, an idea that it draws from Asian religions. Accordingly, Blavatsky taught that a life limited by the perception of this illusory world
Theosophy
Religious movement
enlightenment: "For Poonja, the goal was the realization of the self; the illusory realm of relative reality was ultimately irrelevant." According to Lucas
Neo-Advaita
One of six schools of Hindu philosophy
involves direct contact between sense organs and objects. In the case of illusory perception, the perceived object is not present in the locus of perception
Nyaya
Group of Russian federal laws
against the invasion, writing that Russians were dying in Ukraine for "illusory goals", and that the invasion was "turning our country into a pariah and
Russian 2022 war censorship laws
Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws
Season of television series
fire. Inside the castle, Robin and Brook wander through fog, encountering illusory figures of Olvia, Saul, and Clover. Realizing they're tricks conjured by
One_Piece_season_20
Study of the development of philosophy
existence of ordinary things. The second truth posits that all phenomena are illusory or empty. The third truth attempts to reconcile these positions by
History_of_philosophy
Dutch humanist (c. 1466–1536)
someone who is clever at dialectics or science but someone who rejects illusory appearance and undauntedly seeks out and follows what is true and good
Erasmus
within the narrative, as Žižek says: "suture is the exact opposite of the illusory, self-enclosed totality that successfully erases the decentred traces of
The_Fright_of_Real_Tears
Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)
teachings of Shankara (AD 788–820), who held that everything except Brahman is illusory, including the soul, the world, and God. Before Prabhupada, Shankara's
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada
Hypothetical travel into the past or future
been exiled in time. However, the time travel is taking place inside an illusory dream world created by the villain to distract and entrap him. Samuel Madden's
Time_travel
1963 Discordian religious text
reality and will, hence, (say unenlightened westerners) be true. This is illusory; it is what we Erisians call the Aneristic Illusion. Some grids can be
Principia_Discordia
2024 British television series
escape, Rasselas runs in to find Nell. In a final attempt, Sofia creates illusory barriers, but Nell runs through them and awakens outside, finding that
Renegade_Nell
Conceptual framework
and civil rights activist, wrote that racial equality is "impossible and illusory" and that racism in the US is permanent. According to Bell, civil-rights
Critical_race_theory
View that mind is a ubiquitous feature of reality
form of idealism in Indian philosophy which views consensus reality as illusory. Anand Vaidya and Purushottama Bilimoria have argued that it can be considered
Panpsychism
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