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Sequence of models in statistical machine translation
The IBM alignment models are a sequence of increasingly complex models used in statistical machine translation to train a translation model and an alignment
IBM_alignment_models
American computer scientist
the IBM alignment models. They demonstrated a spellchecker to the IBM management using a statistical system similar to the IBM alignment models. Brown
Peter_Fitzhugh_Brown
Processing of natural language by a computer
field of machine translation, due especially to work at IBM Research, such as IBM alignment models. These systems were able to take advantage of existing
Natural_language_processing
Identifying translation relationships among the words in a bitext
linguistic information. The IBM models are used in Statistical machine translation to train a translation model and an alignment model. They are an instance
Bitext_word_alignment
successes occurred in the field of machine translation. In 1993, the IBM alignment models were used for statistical machine translation. Compared to previous
History of natural language processing
History_of_natural_language_processing
Family of computers 1970–1990
number of central processors. Starting with the E models, and continuing with the J and S models, IBM offered Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 (ESA/370)
IBM_System/370
Venkatraman, H. (1993). "Strategic Alignment: Leveraging Information Technology for transforming organisations". IBM Systems Journal. 32 (1): 472–484.
Business–IT_alignment
Type of machine learning model
1990s, IBM's statistical models pioneered word alignment techniques for machine translation, laying the groundwork for corpus-based language modeling. In
Large_language_model
American computer scientist, businessman and funder of right-wing causes
program led by Frederick Jelinek and Lalit Bahl. He also worked on IBM alignment models. In June 2014, Mercer received the Association for Computational
Robert_Mercer
Project to create text and speech corpora
English and French versions: cleaned-up English Hansard donated by the IBM alignment models group (100 million words), and original Bilingual Hansard (from a
ACL Data Collection Initiative
ACL_Data_Collection_Initiative
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is a multinational corporation specializing in computer technology and information technology consulting
History_of_IBM
Machine translation paradigm
Statistical translation models were initially word based (Models 1-5 from IBM Hidden Markov model from Stephan Vogel and Model 6 from Franz-Joseph Och)
Statistical machine translation
Statistical_machine_translation
Number representation
extended-precision by IBM, a quadruple-precision HFP format was added to the System/370 series and was available on some S/360 models (S/360-85, -195, and
IBM hexadecimal floating-point
IBM_hexadecimal_floating-point
Model independent architecture for the S/360 line of mainframe computers
The IBM System/360 architecture is the model independent architecture for the entire S/360 line of mainframe computers, including but not limited to the
IBM_System/360_architecture
Binary file format for storing machine-learning models
older models. The format itself has gone through three internal versions. Version 1 established the basic structure; version 2 added explicit alignment padding
GGUF
part of many business models. It is strategy that is vital within a business model, not technology. The term 'process' within IBM's component description
Component_business_model
Description of how businesses operate
their business model. In further extensions to the design logic, George and Bock (2012) use case studies and IBM survey data on business models in large companies
Business_model
Software architecture
Distributed Data Management Architecture (DDM) is IBM's open, published software architecture for creating, managing and accessing data on a remote computer
Distributed Data Management Architecture
Distributed_Data_Management_Architecture
Chinese computer scientist and AI entrepreneur
previously held senior leadership roles at JD.com and IBM Research, including Chief Scientist of IBM Watson. Zhou received his bachelor's degree from the
Bowen_Zhou
Medium speed line printer
line printer used in the punched card era. It was offered in three models: Models 1, 2 and N1; the last two could print up to 240 lines per minute (LPM)
IBM_1443
American computer scientist
platforms to tackle false information. 2019 – IBM Faculty Award, International Business Machines (IBM) 2020 – AI's 10 to Watch: The Future of AI Award
William_Yang_Wang
Artificial intelligence field of study
to fool detectors. Models that represent objectives (reward models) must also be adversarially robust. For example, a reward model might estimate how
AI_safety
Model transformation language
Group). In the field of Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), ATL provides ways to produce a set of target models from a set of source models. Released under the
ATLAS_Transformation_Language
model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language models with
List_of_large_language_models
Professional computer backup device
the IBM 3340's use of "low-cost, low-load, landing read/write heads with lubricated disks". Neither the Jaz drive nor the REV drive copied the IBM 3340
Jaz_drive
Enterprise storage array
Enginuity—Symmetrix GUI console (since Symm3, Symm4 models) AnatMain—Symmetrix Pseudo-GUI console (before Symm3, Symm4 models) Symmetrix remote console (SymmRemote)
EMC_Symmetrix
Computer storage device with no moving parts
January 21, 2025. Retrieved March 28, 2025. "IBM ESS Alert: Potential for SSD data loss after extended shutdown". IBM. May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
Solid-state_drive
American artificial intelligence company
language models, which some employees consider a reference to mathematician Claude Shannon. One of the techniques used to fine-tune Claude models is called
Anthropic
Goal-oriented approach to software metrics
Weiss' work was inspired by the work of Albert Endres at IBM Germany. GQM defines a measurement model on three levels: 1. Conceptual level (Goal) A goal is
GQM
Information system used for organizational decision-making and coordination
Venkatraman, N. (1993). "Strategic alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organizations". IBM Systems Journal. 32 (1): 472–484.
Management_information_system
Artificial intelligence research company
prompt injection in AI models. Kosinski, Matthew; Forrest, Amber (March 21, 2024). "What is a prompt injection attack?". IBM.com. Rossi, Sippo; Michel
Preamble_(company)
Statistical model of language
neural network-based models, which had previously superseded the purely statistical models, such as the word n-gram language model. Noam Chomsky did pioneering
Language_model
Research laboratory in Montreal, Canada
artificial general intelligence superintelligence AI alignment AGI governance frontier models Board of Directors that watch over Mila's strategic directions
Mila_(research_institute)
Temporal limit of a model's knowledge
beyond which a model has not been trained on new data. The term is used in reference to large language models. Large language models are pretrained ahead
Knowledge_cutoff
Natural language processing method
API in IBM Bluemix Watson. Rosti, Antti-Veikko I.; Zhang, Bing; Matsoukas, Spyros; Schwartz, Richard (2008). "Incremental Hypothesis Alignment for Building
Confusion_network
Technical standard
286)?". IBM. "JSR 362: Portlet Specification 3.0". Nicklous, Martin (Scott) (September 2016). "Portlet Specification 3.0 is Here!" (PDF). IBM. "The Java
Java_Portlet_Specification
IBM LanguageWare – the IBM suite for text analytics (tools and Runtime). IBM SPSS – provider of Modeler Premium (previously called IBM SPSS Modeler and
List_of_text_mining_software
Aspect of computer science
Big data maturity models (BDMM) are the artifacts used to measure big data maturity. These models help organizations to create structure around their
Big_data_maturity_model
Strategy of technology use
"Strategic alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organizations" Archived 2017-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. IBM research. Retrieved
Technology_strategy
Computer printing process
2021. two previously announced products: the IBM 5103 models 11 and 12 bidirectional, matrix printers "IBM 5103 Dot matrix printer". computermuseum.informatik
Dot_matrix_printing
Set of information technology components that are the foundation of an IT service
on 2021-08-12. Retrieved 2019-12-02. "What Is IT Infrastructure? | IBM". www.ibm.com. 2025-07-10. Retrieved 2026-03-05. "What is IT Infrastructure?"
IT_infrastructure
Subset of artificial intelligence
machine learning model. Trained models derived from biased or non-evaluated data can result in skewed or undesired predictions. Biased models may result in
Machine_learning
Removable disk storage medium
high-density version with the IBM Personal System/2 (PS/2) line in 1987. These disk drives could be added to older PC models. In 1988, Y-E Data introduced
Floppy_disk
SIMD instruction set extension for the PowerPC ISA
floating-point and integer SIMD instruction set designed and owned by Apple, IBM, and Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola's Semiconductor Products
AltiVec
AI that learns human values
societal values. Human-centered AI is linked to related endeavors in AI alignment and AI safety, but while these fields primarily focus on mitigating risks
Human-centered_AI
Structure for enterprise architecture
the models should contain, it does not enforce the modeling language used for each model, and it does not propose a method for creating these models. In
Zachman_Framework
Computer program for working with tabular data
Javelin Software and Lotus Improv appeared. Unlike models in a conventional spreadsheet, they utilized models built on objects called variables, not on data
Spreadsheet
Software design paradigm
(2005). "SOA antipatterns". IBM Online article, Nov 2005. Ali Arsanjani (2004). "Service-Oriented Modeling & Architecture". IBM Online article, 09 Nov 2004
Service-orientation
the rapid scaling and public releases of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. These models exhibit human-like traits of knowledge, attention, and
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Computer architecture bit width
2010-11-19. "ILP32 and LP64 data models and data type sizes". z/OS XL C/C++ Programming Guide. "64-Bit Programming Models". Retrieved 2020-06-05. "Using
64-bit_computing
Methodology in IT development
The transformation is partially achieved by applying model transformations. Due to the alignment of the business layer and the IT layer, it is possible
Business-driven_development
Organization that works simultaneously in multiple dimensions
neutral with respect to business models. ERP systems tend to have a technical lifetime of 10–15 years, whereas business models last for 3–5 years. Outline
Multidimensional_organization
Artificial intelligence systems that perceive and act in the physical world
January 2026). "What Is Physical AI?". IBM Think. IBM. Retrieved 26 July 2026. "Black Forest Labs Unveils First Model for Robotics in Shift to Physical AI"
Physical artificial intelligence
Physical_artificial_intelligence
Speech corpus collection of British English recordings
University and by IBM (UK) Ltd, and subsequently by IBM UK Ltd. The project was supported by Geoffrey Leech at Lancaster and Geoffrey Kaye at IBM. The project
Spoken_English_Corpus
Procedural, imperative computer programming language
procedural, imperative computer programming language initially developed by IBM. It is designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming
PL/I
Processor register which changes or controls the general behavior of a CPU
registers on other S/360 models, but made them a standard part of System/370, although with different register and bit assignments. As IBM added new features
Control_register
48-tpi models, such as the Commodore 1541 or 4040. They also cannot read or write 5¼-inch disks formatted by 96-tpi drives, such as the 640 kilobyte IBM PC
Commodore_8050
American design strategist and academic
Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD). and former head of the Corporate IBM Design Program. As corporate design advisor to Samsung Electronics (1996–2003)
Tom_Hardy_(designer)
C programming language standard, 2011 revision
several changes to the C99 language and library specifications, such as Alignment specification (_Alignas specifier, _Alignof operator, aligned_alloc function
C11_(C_standard_revision)
16-bit microprocessor
Olivetti M24SP featured an 8086-2 running at the full maximum 10 MHz. The IBM PS/2 models 25 and 30 were built with an 8 MHz 8086. The Amstrad PC1512, PC1640
Intel_8086
Autonomous artificial intelligence agent
refinement. In addition to large language models (LLMs), vision-language models (VLMs) and multimodal foundation models can be used as the basis for agents
AI_agent
Automatic conversion of spoken language into text
one of IBM's few competitors. The 1980s also saw the introduction of the n-gram language model. 1987 – The back-off model enabled language models to use
Speech_recognition
Algorithm for determining similar regions between two molecular sequences
on an IBM QS20 blade and a Sony PlayStation 3, respectively. Fast expansion of genetic data challenges speed of current DNA sequence alignment algorithms
Smith–Waterman_algorithm
Type of organization
ensure the safety of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models, also called frontier AI models. AI safety gained prominence in 2023, notably with public
Artificial intelligence safety institute
Artificial_intelligence_safety_institute
Computational model used in machine learning
nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in the brain. Artificial neuron models that mimic biological neurons more closely have
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
System of digitally encoding numbers
IBM computers, including the IBM 1620 (introduced in 1959), IBM 1400 series, and non-decimal architecture members of the IBM 700/7000 series. The IBM
Binary-coded_decimal
Rule for energy band diagrams
(1960). "Germanium-Gallium Arsenide Heterojunctions [Letter to the Editor]". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 4 (3): 283–287. doi:10.1147/rd.43.0283
Anderson's_rule
Convergent boundary in Micronesia
The Izu–Bonin–Mariana (IBM) arc system is a tectonic plate convergent boundary in Micronesia. The IBM arc system extends over 2800 km south from Tokyo
Izu–Bonin–Mariana_arc
Guidelines and laws to regulate AI
versatile models like ChatGPT, which did not fit the application-based regulation framework. Unlike for other risk categories, general-purpose AI models can
Regulation of artificial intelligence
Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence
recognition and computer vision models may vary based on race and gender. Facial recognition algorithms made by Microsoft, IBM and Face++ all performed significantly
Ethics of artificial intelligence
Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence
Highest ranking executive-level position focusing on marketing
to Strengthened, Insights from the Global Chief Marketing Officer Study". IBM. October 2011. p. 34. "CMO Tenure Study: Progress for Women, Less for Racial
Chief_marketing_officer
Specification for machine-readable interface files
founding member companies included 3scale, Apigee, Capital One, Google, IBM, Intuit, Microsoft, PayPal, and Restlet. On 1 January 2016, the Swagger specification
OpenAPI_Specification
Artificial intelligence division of Meta Platforms
Aviv, and Montreal as of 2025. In 2016, FAIR partnered with Google, Amazon, IBM, and Microsoft in creating the Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to
Meta_AI
Artificial intelligence program by DeepMind
983,866 protein families, represented as multiple sequence alignments and Hidden Markov models, covering 2,204,359,010 protein sequences from reference
AlphaFold
Period of rapid progress in AI
models followed DALL-E, such as Google's Gemini. The popularity of text-to-video generative AI tools grew exponentially. With the release of models such
AI_boom
Storage medium from Imation
Australia, where more models and media were released. LS-240 drives were also marketed in North America, including external USB models sold through retail
SuperDisk
Study of computation
house on Manhattan's West Side was IBM's first laboratory devoted to pure science. The lab is the forerunner of IBM's Research Division, which today operates
Computer_science
Commonly used display resolutions
IDTech MD22292 (models B0, B1, B2, B5, C0, C2). IDTech was the original equipment manufacturer which sold these monitors to ADTX, IBM, Iiyama, and ViewSonic
Display_resolution_standards
Type of business process software
education. Retrieved 2026-06-30. "What Is Supply Chain Management? | IBM". www.ibm.com. 2022-07-12. Retrieved 2026-06-30. "Gartner Says Supply Chain Management
Supply-chain-management software
Supply-chain-management_software
Business management discipline
April 2015). Business Process Management Design Guide: Using IBM Business Process Manager. IBM Redbooks. ISBN 978-0-7384-4059-0. United States. Division
Business_process_management
Type of artificial intelligence model trained on Earth observation and geoscientific data
and IBM, pretrained using more than 1 terabyte of multi-spectral Harmonized Landsat Sentinel-2 (HLS) satellite observations. Atmospheric Vision Models: Foundational
Geospatial_foundation_model
American worldwide e-commerce marketplace
Groupon currently employs in Washington. In May 2016, Groupon sued IBM, claiming that IBM had infringed the patent of technology that allows solicitation
Groupon
Genre of art
released the open source VQGAN-CLIP based on OpenAI's CLIP model. Diffusion models, generative models used to create synthetic data based on existing data,
AI_art
Software for designing electronic systems
electronic design automation is attributed to IBM with the documentation of its 700 series computers in the 1950s. IBM has developed one of the earliest computer-aided
Electronic_design_automation
Israeli computer scientist
the past, he has been a program manager at the IBM Haifa Research Laboratory and a member of the IBM Academy of Technology, and Vice President for Research
Ron_Pinter
Type of information technology systems
computers and standardized on the IBM PC. By early 1983 all executives including president Sam Armacost reportedly had IBM PCs. Handel, Mark J.; Poltrock
Shadow_IT
Free and open-source implementation of Java SE
Retrieved July 10, 2020. "IBM Semeru Runtimes - IBM Developer". Retrieved August 3, 2021. "Semeru Runtimes support". IBM. August 20, 2025. Retrieved
OpenJDK
Data breach protection
unstructured. Recent industry guidance describes data classification and policy alignment as foundational elements of effective DLP programs. Vendors also emphasize
Data_loss_prevention_software
Integration of software development and operations
InformationWeek contributing editor Lenny Liebmann in a blog post on the IBM Big Data & Analytics Hub titled "3 reasons why DataOps is essential for big
DevOps
Computer architecture with addressable bytes
addressing is that more memory can be addressed in the same number of bits. The IBM 7094 has 15-bit addresses and could hence address 32,768 words of 36 bits
Byte_addressing
American biologist and computer scientist
Carolina, where he gained programming experience on an IBM mainframe, programming in COBOL and IBM assembly language. He then joined a Boston-based AI startup
Steven_Salzberg
Intelligence of machines
pre-trained transformer (or "GPT") language models began to generate coherent text. By 2023, these models were able to get human-level scores on the bar
Artificial_intelligence
Period of reduced funding and interest in AI research
the research community. In the following years, notable events unfolded: IBM embarked on the development of the first machine, MIT appointed its first
AI_winter
Data storage technology
errors in a byte. "IBM Stretch (aka IBM 7030 Data Processing System)". brouhaha.com. 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2015-01-17. A typical IBM 7030 Data Processing
RAID
Subfield of artificial intelligence
many neural models in natural language processing, where words or subword tokens are the ultimate input and output of large language models. Examples include
Neuro-symbolic_AI
Low-level programming language family
assemblers since the late 1950s for, e.g., the IBM 700 series and IBM 7000 series, and since the 1960s for IBM System/360 (S/360), amongst other machines)
Assembly_language
Arrangement of keys on a typographic keyboard
paired', examples are the Teletype Model 33 and the ADM-3A. At the same time, electric typewriters such as the IBM Selectric were making their own changes
Keyboard_layout
Machine instruction that indicates to a computer to do nothing
fault. A NOP is most commonly used for timing purposes, to force memory alignment, to prevent hazards, to occupy a branch delay slot, to render void an
NOP_(code)
frontier AI models, and prioritize enforcement against AI-enabled cybercrime. Several states have proposed and passed laws that regulate AI models and AI-generated
Regulation of artificial intelligence in the United States
Regulation_of_artificial_intelligence_in_the_United_States
AI research laboratory
language models) and other generative AI tools, such as the text-to-image model Imagen, the text-to-video model Veo, and the text-to-music model Lyria.
Google_DeepMind
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS
IBM ALIGNMENT-MODELS