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A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language
List_of_large_language_models
Type of machine learning model
training the largest models. The tendency towards larger models is visible in the list of large language models. For example, the training of GPT-2 (i.e. a 1
Large_language_model
chatbots, see List of large language models. Chatbots may be licensed differently from their underlying models. For the licenses of models used by chatbots
List_of_chatbots
Large language model by Meta AI (2023–2026)
Llama ("Large Language Model Meta AI" serving as a backronym) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023
Llama_(language_model)
Family of large language models by Google
Gemma is a series of source-available large language models developed by Google DeepMind. It is based on similar technologies as Gemini. The first version
Gemma_(language_model)
Indian artificial intelligence company
portal List of large language models Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software Generative artificial intelligence Large language model Artificial
Sarvam_AI
Microsoft free and open-source large language model
Phi is a series of large language models developed by Microsoft that are open-weights and can run locally on one's device. The initial version, Phi-1,
Phi_(language_model)
Statistical model of language
A language model is a computational model that predicts sequences in natural language. Language models are useful for a variety of tasks, including speech
Language_model
Large language model developed by Google
Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models (LLMs) developed by Google DeepMind, and the successor to LaMDA and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Pro
Gemini_(language_model)
comparison of generative AI models, such as language models and text-to-image models, across various benchmarks and user-generated Elo ratings. Leading large language
Comparison of generative AI models
Comparison_of_generative_AI_models
Standardized AI performance test
A language model benchmark is a standardized test designed to evaluate the performance of language models on various natural language processing tasks
Language_model_benchmark
Notation expressing information under a rule set
A modeling language is a notation for expressing data, information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules
Modeling_language
French artificial intelligence company
develops large language models (LLMs). As of 2025, the company has a valuation of more than US$14 billion, the highest among European AI companies. As of August
Mistral_AI
Large language model and AI chatbot by Z.ai
General Language Model, is a series of open weight large language models developed by Chinese software company Z.ai. Though the first GLM model was published
GLM_(AI)
American artificial intelligence model routing platform
for accessing and routing requests to large language models and other generative artificial intelligence models. The platform provides a unified application
OpenRouter
Type of large language model
A generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) is a type of large language model (LLM) that is widely used in generative artificial intelligence chatbots
Generative pre-trained transformer
Generative_pre-trained_transformer
2017 research paper by Google
main architecture of a wide variety of artificial intelligence systems, including large language models. At the time, the focus of the research was on
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Series of language models developed by Google AI
improved the state of the art for large language models. As of 2026[update], BERT is a common methodological component in natural language processing (NLP)
BERT_(language_model)
Large language model and AI chatbot by Anthropic
Claude is a series of large language models (LLMs) developed by American software company Anthropic. Claude was released as an AI-based chatbot in March
Claude_(AI)
Chinese artificial intelligence company
StepFun announced the "Model-Chip Ecosystem Innovation Alliance" which consisted of Chinese developers of large language models (LLMs) and AI chip manufacturers
StepFun
2026 large language model by OpenAI
to further AI progress. List of large language models Forlini, Emily. "OpenAI launches GPT-6 Astra, its most powerful model yet, and touts its ability
GPT-6
Technology made by American organization
OpenAI debuted its GPT series of large language models (LLMs) in 2018, and has since released multiple versions of its models. GPT is an acronym for generative
Products and applications of OpenAI
Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI
Chinese artificial intelligence company
company; their flagship product is the GLM (General Language Model) family of open weights large language models (LLMs). Formerly known as Zhipu AI outside China
Z.ai
Type of artificial intelligence system
and text, extending the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), which are limited to text. It is an example of multimodal learning. Many widely used
Vision-language_model
Multilingual open-access large language model
The BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model (BLOOM) is an open-access large language model (LLM) released in 2022. It was
BLOOM_(language_model)
Family of large language models by Alibaba
Chinese: 通义千问; pinyin: Tōngyì Qiānwèn) is a family of predominantly open weights large and small language models (LLM and SLM) developed by Alibaba Cloud. Its
Qwen
Series of large language models developed by Google AI
Transformer) is a series of large language models developed by Google AI introduced in 2019. Like the original Transformer model, T5 models are encoder-decoder
T5_(language_model)
Artificial intelligence model developed by Meta
Muse Spark is a large language model (LLM) developed by Meta through its Meta Superintelligence Labs (MSL). It was introduced in April 2026 and launched
Muse_Spark
2023 text-generating language model
Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a large language model developed by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models. GPT-4 is preceded by GPT-3
GPT-4
2018 text-generating language model
(GPT-1) is OpenAI's first large language model (LLM) in its GPT series of models, developed following Google's invention of the transformer architecture
GPT-1
American artificial intelligence company
said it had built a large-scale large language model and reinforcement learning platform capable of training mixture of experts models at frontier scale
Reflection_AI
Open-source artificial intelligence agent developed by Nous Research
It is designed to perform autonomous and multi-step tasks using large language models. Hermes Agent can be configured to use both locally hosted and remotely
Hermes_Agent
Large multimodal model from OpenAI
GPT-4o API checkpoints after the model's removal from ChatGPT. Apple Intelligence GPT Image List of large language models Wiggers, Kyle (May 13, 2024). "OpenAI
GPT-4o
2024 AI LLM with enhanced reasoning
relatively rarely admitted deceptive action (in 20% of test cases). Reasoning model List of large language models Metz, Cade (September 12, 2024). "OpenAI Unveils
OpenAI_o1
Large language model
the accuracy of o1. Reasoning model List of large language models Knight, Will (December 20, 2024). "OpenAI Upgrades Its Smartest AI Model With Improved
OpenAI_o3
Digital technology which directs AI models to perform tasks
gracefully when the model fabricates an action or reports a task as finished when it is not. AI agent List of large language models Model Context Protocol
Agent_harness
Open-source software for large language model inference
for inference and serving of large language models and related multimodal models. Originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley's Sky
VLLM
Artificial intelligence coding agent
artificial intelligence coding agent developed by Anomaly. It connects large language models with software projects and development tools, allowing users to
OpenCode
Swiss free and open-source large language model
portal List of large language models Open-source artificial intelligence Moon, Mariella (2025-09-02). "Switzerland launches its own open-source AI model".
Apertus_(LLM)
2025 multimodal model by OpenAI
multimodal large language model developed by OpenAI and the fifth in its series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) foundation models. Preceded
GPT-5
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
OpenAI. Originally released on November 30, 2022, the product uses large language models—specifically generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs)—to generate
ChatGPT
Family of artificial intelligence models developed by Nvidia
Nemotron is a family of artificial intelligence models developed by Nvidia. It includes large language models and multimodal models intended for reasoning
Nemotron
Software platform for running large language models
in 2023 for running and managing large language models on local GPU infrastructure and through hosted cloud models. It provides a command-line interface
Ollama
2020 text-generating language model
Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a large language model released by OpenAI in 2020 as part of the company's GPT series of models. Like its predecessor, GPT-2
GPT-3
2019 text-generating language model
(GPT-2) is a large language model (LLM) by OpenAI and the second in their foundational series of GPT models. GPT-2 was pre-trained on a dataset of 8 million
GPT-2
List of academic journals in artificial intelligence
journals List of information systems journals List of large language models List of robotics journals List of software programming journals Lists of academic
List of artificial intelligence journals
List_of_artificial_intelligence_journals
Public availability of AI parameters
Mistral AI (Mistral Large 3, 675B). The following is a list of notable large language models and model families for which at least one version has been released
Open_weights
U.S. research institute for computer science
Cell Science Artificial intelligence Glossary of artificial intelligence List of large language models "About — Allen Institute for AI". allenai.org.
Allen_Institute_for_AI
Language model application development framework
integration of large language models (LLMs) into applications. As a language model integration framework, LangChain's use-cases largely overlap with those of language
LangChain
2025 large language model
misaligned than GPT-4o. List of large language models Weatherbed, Jess (2025-04-14). "OpenAI debuts its GPT-4.1 flagship AI model". The Verge. Retrieved
GPT-4.1
Beginning in the mid-2020s, large language models, including reasoning models, have made increasing progress in generating mathematical proofs at research
List of mathematical discoveries by artificial intelligence
List_of_mathematical_discoveries_by_artificial_intelligence
Software design modeling notation
thus M1-models. These would be, for example, models written in the UML. A software architecture description might describe runtime instances of the system
Unified_Modeling_Language
Large language model developed by Xiaomi
MiMo is a family of large language models (LLMs) developed by Xiaomi. It was initially released in April 2025 with the MiMo-7B model. Currently, MiMo
Xiaomi_MiMo
Large language model family by SpaceXAI
series of generative AI large language models developed by SpaceXAI. It was launched in November 2023 by Elon Musk as an initiative based on the large language
Grok_(chatbot)
American machine learning company
Face develops a family of small language models known as SmolLM. The original SmolLM family was released in 2024 with models containing 135 million,
Hugging_Face
Protocol for communicating between LLMs and applications
to standardize the way artificial intelligence (AI) systems like large language models (LLMs) integrate and share data with external tools, systems, and
Model_Context_Protocol
OpenAI reasoning language model
paid subscribers and via the OpenAI API. Both were released as vision-language models. On April 24, 2025, o4-mini was released to all ChatGPT users, including
OpenAI_o4-mini
2025 large language model
GPT-4.5 (codenamed "Orion") is a large language model developed by OpenAI as part of the GPT series. Officially released on February 27, 2025, GPT-4.5
GPT-4.5
Deaths involving use of large language models
There have been multiple incidents where interaction with a large language model (LLM) chatbot has been cited as a direct or contributing factor in a person's
Deaths_linked_to_chatbots
Self-hosted user interface for artificial intelligence models
artificial intelligence models, particularly large language models. It can be used as a browser-based interface for locally hosted models through software such
Open_WebUI
Erroneous AI-generated content presented as true
computers. Symbolic artificial intelligence models generally do not produce hallucinations, unlike large language models. In computer vision, since the 2000s
Hallucination (artificial intelligence)
Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)
Artificial intelligence chatbot by Moonshot AI
series of large language models developed by Chinese company Moonshot AI. Its Kimi K3, released July 2026, is the largest open weights model ever, at
Kimi_(AI)
Sequence generation sampling technique
probabilistic models. It was originally proposed by Ari Holtzman, Yejin Choi and colleagues in 2019 for natural language generation to address the issue of repetitive
Top-p_sampling
Intelligence was introduced in 2024. Source: Apple Newsroom Archive List of iPad models iOS version history iPod Touch Apple TV Apple Watch iPhone (disambiguation)
List_of_iPhone_models
List of software tools for AI-assisted software development
is a list of AI-assisted software development tools which are tools used for AI-assisted software development, especially large language models and AI
List of AI-assisted software development tools
List_of_AI-assisted_software_development_tools
Chinese artificial intelligence company
artificial intelligence (AI) company that develops open weights large language models (LLMs). Based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, DeepSeek is owned and funded
DeepSeek
This is a list of Leica Camera models. Leica I: was first introduced to the market at the 1925 spring fair in Leipzig, based on the Ur-Leica prototype
List_of_Leica_Camera_models
Large language model family developed by Tencent
is a family of large language models developed by the Chinese technology company Tencent. The Hy models are open-weight and use mixture of experts (MoE)
Tencent_Hy
Canadian artificial intelligence company
company focused on artificial intelligence. Cohere specializes in large language models and AI products for regulated industries, particularly the finance
Cohere
Technique using a large language model as an evaluator
on human annotators, the approach uses the general language capabilities of large language models to serve as automated judges. The judge usually returns
LLM-as-a-Judge
Training dataset for large language models
dataset of English text created to train large language models (LLMs). It was constructed by EleutherAI in 2020 and publicly released on December 31 of that
The_Pile_(dataset)
Large language model developed by Google
PaLM (Pathways Language Model) is a 540 billion-parameter dense decoder-only transformer-based large language model (LLM) developed by Google AI. Researchers
PaLM
Copyright law in the use of AI
This includes text-to-image models such as Stable Diffusion and large language models such as GPT. Large language models are trained on all the data which
Artificial intelligence and copyright
Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright
Vision-language-action model
Robotics is an advanced vision–language–action model developed by Google DeepMind. It is based on the Gemini 2.0 large language model. It is tailored for robotics
Gemini_Robotics
American entrepreneur (born 1997)
evaluate the safety and reliability of large language models for military planning and decision-making. Wang joined the board of Expedia Group in 2023. In July
Alexandr_Wang
Binary file format for storing machine-learning models
large language models for local inference and is natively supported by tools such as llama.cpp, Ollama, LM Studio, GPT4All, Jan, and koboldcpp. As of
GGUF
Instruction-following large language model developed at Stanford University
text-davinci-003 model. The project attracted attention for showing that instruction-following models could be produced from existing foundation models at relatively
Stanford_Alpaca
Machine learning model for speech
exhausted sources of higher-quality data to train their large language models and decided to complement scraped web text with transcriptions of YouTube videos
Whisper (speech recognition system)
Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)
Artificial intelligence method for mathematical discovery
Large Language Models". Google DeepMind. December 14, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2026. Mouret, Jean-Baptiste (January 17, 2024). "Large language models help
FunSearch
Large language model developed by Huawei
basic large models to provide a variety of capabilities for different industry scenarios. These include Natural Language Processing (NLP) models, Visual
Huawei_PanGu
Attention algorithm for efficient large language model serving
of large language models (LLMs). It was introduced in 2023 by Woosuk Kwon and colleagues in the paper Efficient Memory Management for Large Language Model
PagedAttention
Type of attack in machine learning
behavior in machine learning models, particularly large language models (LLMs). The attack takes advantage of the model's inability to distinguish between
Prompt_injection
optimizing deep learning models for edge devices TensorRT-LLM — Nvidia toolkit for optimizing and deploying large language models on GPUs EDLUT – event-driven
Lists of open-source artificial intelligence software
Lists_of_open-source_artificial_intelligence_software
intelligence, large language models, and multi-modal AI technologies. The company is best known for its open-source "MiniCPM" model series. ModelBest was founded
ModelBest
Machine learning model
generation of high-quality, text-conditioned videos have largely been driven by the development of video diffusion models. There are different models, including
Text-to-video_model
Period of rapid progress in AI
technologies include large language models (LLM), which generate text and code, image models, and video models, and world models. This period is sometimes
AI_boom
Open-source large language model gateway
LiteLLM is an open-source large language model (LLM) gateway developed by BerriAI. It provides a unified OpenAI-compatible application programming interface
LiteLLM
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
those of recurrent neural networks like long short-term memory (LSTM). Later variations have been widely adopted for training large language models (LLMs)
Transformer_(deep_learning)
American artificial intelligence company
intelligence models, including open-source large language models. Established in 2022, the company was founded by a team of engineers from Meta's artificial intelligence
Fireworks_AI
American enterprise software company
retrieval-augmented generation, as a way to improve the performance of large language models (LLMs). In June 2023, Contextual AI announced it had raised $20
Contextual_AI
AI-powered evolutionary coding agent
autonomously discover and refine algorithms through a combination of large language models (LLMs) and evolutionary computation. AlphaEvolve needs an evaluation
AlphaEvolve
Chatbot developed by Baidu
Baidu. Ernie Bot rivals GPT models in Chinese NLP tasks. It is built on the company's ERNIE series of large language models, which have been in development
Ernie_Bot
2026 large language model by OpenAI
(Generative Pre-trained Transformer 5.5) is a large language model (LLM) released by OpenAI on April 23, 2026. The model is also known by its codename "Spud".
GPT-5.5
Chinese model (born 1988)
ranked third on the Models.com Top 50 Models Women List. She is the highest-ranked model of Asian descent in history. In July 2014, Models.com elevated her
Liu_Wen_(model)
Representation of a type of random process
unit root or due to time-varying model parameters, as in time-varying autoregressive models. Large language models are called autoregressive, but they
Autoregressive_model
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
programming languages listed here are grouped by their notable language attribute. As a language can have multiple attributes, the same language can appear
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
AI assistant
encryption. The system does not use conversations to train the large language models. Lumo's mobile and web apps are open-source. The assistant can be
Lumo_(AI_assistant)
American artificial intelligence company
series of proprietary large language models (LLMs). In January 2021, with the goal of promoting AI safety, Anthropic was founded by former members of OpenAI
Anthropic
American artificial intelligence company
user queries and synthesizes responses. Perplexity products use large language models and include web search capabilities which provide responses based
Perplexity_AI
Informative representation of an entity
Models can be divided into physical models (e.g. a ship model) and abstract models (e.g. a set of mathematical equations describing the workings of the
Model
travel, tourism, insurance
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
LIST OF-LARGE-LANGUAGE-MODELS
travel, tourism, insurance