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Problem in wireless networking
In wireless networking, the hidden node problem or hidden terminal problem occurs when a node can communicate with a wireless access point (AP), but cannot
Hidden_node_problem
Computer network not fully connected by cables
(upfade). The hidden node problem occurs in some types of network when a node is visible from a wireless access point (AP), but not from other nodes communicating
Wireless_network
Computer network protocol
reduce frame collisions introduced by the hidden node problem. Originally the protocol fixed the exposed node problem as well, but later RTS/CTS does not,
IEEE_802.11_RTS/CTS
Computer network multiple access method
network) to determine whether another node is transmitting or not. Note that the hidden node problem means another node may be transmitting which goes undetected
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance
In wireless networks, the exposed node problem occurs when a node is prevented from sending packets to other nodes because of co-channel interference with
Exposed_node_problem
Computer network that links devices using wireless communication within a limited area
minimize collisions because mobile units have to contend with the hidden node problem where two mobile units may both be in range of a common access point
Wireless_LAN
Free and open-source anonymity network based on onion routing
co-founder Nick Mathewson explained that the problem of "Tor-relay adversaries" running poisoned nodes means that a theoretical adversary of this kind
Tor_(network)
Slotted medium access control protocol widely used in ad hoc networks
by an RTS-RRTS frame sequence, in view to provide solution to the hidden node problem. Although protocols based on MACAW, such as S-MAC, use carrier sense
Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance for Wireless
Multiple_Access_with_Collision_Avoidance_for_Wireless
Network segment where collisions between simultaneous transmissions are possible
requirements of a shared wire medium, wireless networks add the hidden node problem where two senders can't hear each other's transmissions, but they
Collision_domain
Decentralized wireless network
Limited channel bandwidth Communication resource collision Hidden node problem To solve the problems, the tone channel is used. this channel is dedicated to
Evolved wireless ad hoc network
Evolved_wireless_ad_hoc_network
Communications method involving a one-to-many connection
the hidden node problem (also called hidden terminal) in case they employ a CSMA/CA medium access control protocol. The negative impact of the hidden node
Point-to-multipoint communication
Point-to-multipoint_communication
avoid transmitting at the same time. Direct-sequence spread spectrum Hidden node problem Signal-to-noise ratio Goiser, Alois M. J. (1998). Handbuch der Spread-Spectrum
Near–far_problem
802.11-based WLAN medium access control method
networks may suffer from a hidden node problem where some regular nodes (which communicate only with the AP) cannot see other nodes on the extreme edge of
Point_coordination_function
Equipment extending the Wi-Fi standards with proprietary technology
wireless Internet service providers, as they by design avoid the hidden node problem present in regular (CSMA/CD) Wi-Fi links. "Atheros Super G, Atheros
802.11_non-standard_equipment
Family of wireless network protocols
Nevertheless, Wi-Fi networks are still susceptible to the hidden node and exposed node problems. A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in
Wi-Fi
Visibility in 3D computer graphics
viewing angle. A hidden-surface determination algorithm is a solution to the visibility problem, which was one of the first major problems in the field of
Hidden-surface_determination
Computation complexity problem
In quantum information, the hidden matching problem is a computational complexity problem that can be solved using quantum protocols: Let n {\displaystyle
Hidden_matching_problem
Telecommunications technology
common to 802.11 Wi-Fi protocol in outdoor networks such as the hidden node problem. Few wireless Internet service providers (WISPs) provide download
Wireless_broadband
Statistical Markov model
runs over all possible hidden-node sequences X=x(0),x(1),…,x(L−1). Applying the principle of dynamic programming, this problem, too, can be handled efficiently
Hidden_Markov_model
Type of feedforward neural network
vary. The analysis is more difficult for the change in weights to a hidden node, but it can be shown that the relevant derivative is
Multilayer_perceptron
Multithreading computing anomaly
If the top node is still ret, then assume no one has changed the stack. // (That statement is not always true because of the ABA problem) // Atomically
ABA_problem
Type of artificial neural network
of hidden nodes, where the parameters of hidden nodes (not just the weights connecting inputs to hidden nodes) need to be tuned. These hidden nodes can
Extreme_learning_machine
collisions caused by the hidden station problem and to simplify exposed station problem. The basic idea of MACA is a wireless network node makes an announcement
Multiple access with collision avoidance
Multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance
Class of artificial neural networks
their nodes, GNN architectures are commonly designed to be permutation equivariant: reordering the nodes in the input reorders the corresponding node representations
Graph_neural_network
chipsets along with Ubiquiti's airMax TDMA protocol to overcome the hidden node problem which is commonly an issue when using ptmp wireless outdoors. UBNT
High-speed_multimedia_radio
either by translating to the dual problem or by using hidden variables. Some of these methods associate constraints with nodes of the tree, and define width
Decomposition method (constraint satisfaction)
Decomposition_method_(constraint_satisfaction)
Type of artificial neural network
vary. The analysis is more difficult for the change in weights to a hidden node, but it can be shown that the relevant derivative is
Feedforward_neural_network
Software design structured around a node graph
Node graph architecture is a software design structured around the notion of a node graph. Both the source code and the user interface are designed around
Node_graph_architecture
Algorithm used in game-playing computer programs
searching. The horizon effect is a problem in artificial intelligence which can occur when all moves from a given node in a game tree are searched to a
Quiescence_search
about the identity of the worst-packing convex solid The Tammes problem for numbers of nodes greater than 14 (except 24). For which dimensions of sphere differential
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Group of medical conditions characterized by irregular heartbeat
Bradyarrhythmias are due to sinus node dysfunction or atrioventricular conduction disturbances. Arrhythmias are due to problems with the electrical conduction
Arrhythmia
World Wide Web content existing on darknets
a subsequent node in the scheme, which leads to the exit node. The complicated system makes it almost impossible to reproduce the node path and decrypt
Dark_web
Clustering and community detection algorithm
Network (2.4 Million nodes, 38 million links) by Josep Pujol, Vijay Erramilli, and Pablo Rodriguez: The authors explore the problem of partitioning Online
Louvain_method
Data structure for Boolean functions
several (decision) nodes and two terminal nodes. The two terminal nodes are labeled 0 (FALSE) and 1 (TRUE). Each (decision) node u {\displaystyle u}
Binary_decision_diagram
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
classification, while for the hidden layers this was traditionally a sigmoid function (logistic function or others) on each node (coordinate), but today is
Backpropagation
Kruskal's algorithm Prim's algorithm Steiner tree Quadtree Node Child node Parent node Leaf node Root node Root (graph theory) Tree rotation Tree traversal Inorder
List_of_graph_theory_topics
Artificial neural network node function
function of a node is a function that calculates the output of the node based on its individual inputs and their weights. Nontrivial problems can be solved
Activation_function
Class of artificial neural network
postsynaptic node σ(x) : Sigmoid of x e.g. σ(x)=1/(1+e−x). yj : Activation of presynaptic node Θj : Bias of presynaptic node Ii(t) : Input (if any) to node CTRNNs
Recurrent_neural_network
AI's tendency to abruptly and drastically forget old info after learning new info
representations at the hidden layer to 'semi-distributed' representations. A 'semi-distributed' representation has fewer hidden nodes that are active, and/or
Catastrophic_interference
Task of computing complete subgraphs
Croce, F. (2004), "Combining swaps and node weights in an adaptive greedy approach for the maximum clique problem", Journal of Heuristics, 10 (2): 135–152
Clique_problem
Classification of algorithm
edges and n {\displaystyle n} is the number of nodes of the graph. However, the constant factor that is hidden by the Big O notation is huge enough to make
Galactic_algorithm
Security vulnerabilities of the network interface layer
2013.[permanent dead link] "NetEqualizer Lite and Hidden Nodes: A Real Solution to a Virtual Problem". NetEqualizer. Retrieved 14 February 2013. "Deauthentication"
Link_layer_security
Complete subgraph added to a random graph
n} nodes and a hidden clique of size k {\displaystyle k} . The decision conjecture is more subtle. Suppose we are given two n {\displaystyle n} node random
Planted_clique
Finds likely sequence of hidden states
a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the most likely sequence of hidden events that would explain a sequence of observed events. The result of the
Viterbi_algorithm
Instant Insanity Ko-free Go Ladder capturing in Go Gomoku Hex Konane Lemmings Node Kayles Poset Game Reversi River Crossing Rush Hour Finding optimal play in
List of PSPACE-complete problems
List_of_PSPACE-complete_problems
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
quantum algorithms known for the Abelian hidden subgroup problem. The more general hidden subgroup problem, where the group is not necessarily abelian
Quantum_algorithm
Problem in machine learning and statistical classification
is a special case of single hidden layer feed-forward neural networks (SLFNs) wherein the input weights and the hidden node biases can be chosen at random
Multiclass_classification
Manufacturing process used to create integrated circuits
the market the device is designed for. This especially became a problem at the 10 nm node. Silicon on insulator (SOI) technology has been used in AMD's
Semiconductor device fabrication
Semiconductor_device_fabrication
Problem in network theory
link weight prediction problem. This model uses a node embedding technique that extracts node embeddings (knowledge of nodes) from the known links' weights
Link_prediction
Hematologic cancer that affects lymphocytes
enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired. The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless
Lymphoma
Computational complexity class of problems
at certain roots of unity Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) algorithm Hidden subgroup problem Polynomial hierarchy (PH) Quantum complexity theory QMA, the quantum
BQP
Concept in graph theory
structure if the nodes of the network can be easily grouped into (potentially overlapping) sets of nodes such that each set of nodes is densely connected
Community_structure
Decentralized type of wireless network
access points. Instead, each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes. The determination of which nodes forward data is made dynamically
Wireless_ad_hoc_network
of linear equations Hidden linear function problem: oracle problem involving a hidden linear function Hidden shift problem: problem of finding a shift
List_of_algorithms
Type of stochastic recurrent neural network
contrast to the EM algorithm, where the posterior distribution of the hidden nodes must be calculated before the maximization of the expected value of the
Boltzmann_machine
Tree-based ensemble machine learning methods
minimum node size of 5 as the default. In practice, the best values for these parameters should be tuned on a case-to-case basis for every problem. Adding
Random_forest
Fundamental medium access control technique of Wi-Fi and WLAN
reception; it does not solve the hidden node and/or exposed terminal problem completely, it only alleviates the problem through the use of RTS and CTS,
Distributed coordination function
Distributed_coordination_function
Computational model used in machine learning
biological neural networks. A neural network consists of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in the brain
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
alignment problem; Ikeda Takahiro proposed a heuristic algorithm which is based on the A* search algorithm; E. Birney first proposed using the hidden Markov
Tree_alignment
Machine learning technique useful for dimensionality reduction
data. Each node in the map space is associated with a "weight" vector, which is the position of the node in the input space. While nodes in the map space
Self-organizing_map
Integrated development environment from Microsoft
programming languages, including C, C#, C++, Fortran, Go, Java, JavaScript, Node.js, Python, Rust, and Julia. Visual Studio Code employs the same editor component
Visual_Studio_Code
Intelligence in machines
nodes are labelled by sentences, and children nodes are connected to parent nodes by inference rules. Given a problem and a set of premises, problem-solving
Artificial_intelligence
Machine learning algorithm
internal node has exactly 1 leaf node and exactly 1 internal node as a child (except for the bottommost node, whose only child is a single leaf node). While
Decision_tree_learning
algorithm for solving the frequent subtree mining problem, which used a "scope list" to represent tree nodes and which was contrasted with PatternMatcher,
Frequent_subtree_mining
Decentralized digital cryptocurrency
collaboration of computers, each of which acts as a node in the peer-to-peer bitcoin network. Each node maintains an independent copy of a public distributed
Bitcoin
Mental representation of information
all team members in the problem solving activity. [...] The cycle of problem construction, making sense, defining the problem, and declaring a portfolio
Cognitive_map
1995 video game
the starting point to the end of each level, where the plasma node is located. Once the node is destroyed, players must return to where they started the
Bloodshot_(1995_video_game)
Probabilistic graphical representation of causal relationships
decision problems under uncertainty are called influence diagrams. Formally, Bayesian networks are directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) whose nodes represent
Bayesian_network
2015 novel by N. K. Jemisin
Alabaster implies that the boy in this node is one of his offspring, along with many of the orogenes in other nodes, as they mostly inherit the same strength
The_Fifth_Season_(novel)
Global system of connected computer networks
sharing network proposed by ARPA. ARPANET development began with two network nodes which were interconnected between the University of California, Los Angeles
Internet
Application layer protocol
by relaying messages with external servers. To allow intermediate HTTP nodes (proxy servers, web caches, etc.) to accomplish their functions, some of
HTTP
Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture
on top of the physical network topology, where the nodes in the overlay form a subset of the nodes in the physical network. Data is still exchanged directly
Peer-to-peer
Type of website edited collaboratively
have certain content delegated to it. WikiNode networks act as webrings which may be navigated from one node to another to find a wiki which addresses
Wiki
the problem of hidden stations, other components of the protocol to avoid other interference are described below. Data collisions occur when two nodes transmit
Sensor_Media_Access_Control
Class of artificial neural network
bipartite graph: a pair of nodes from each of the two groups of units (commonly referred to as the "visible" and "hidden" units respectively) may have
Restricted_Boltzmann_machine
Thinking process
The lines or arrows connecting the nodes represent the rationale or causal assumptions that are used to link the nodes. When communicating the cloud, the
Evaporating_cloud
Individual component of an HTML document
one of several types of HTML nodes (some common node types include document, document fragment, interface and attribute nodes). The first used version of
HTML_element
Set of learning techniques in machine learning
and hidden nodes can be devised. Based on the topology of the RBM, the hidden (visible) variables are independent, conditioned on the visible (hidden) variables
Representation_learning
Examination of the heart's electrical activity
(Osborn wave) Heart block and conduction problems: Sinoatrial block: first, second, and third-degree AV node First-degree AV block Second-degree AV block
Electrocardiography
Peer-to-peer distributed application
communication system is a peer-to-peer distributed application in which the nodes, which are used to share resources, or participants are anonymous or pseudonymous
Anonymous_P2P
Algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers
second layer of perceptrons, or even linear nodes, are sufficient to solve many otherwise non-separable problems. In 1969, a famous book entitled Perceptrons
Perceptron
Natural number
with n nodes)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001003 (Schroeder's second problem (generalized
1,000,000,000,000
Property of artificial neural networks
extrapolated outside of the region. The problem with polynomials may be removed by allowing the outputs of the hidden layers to be multiplied together (the
Universal approximation theorem
Universal_approximation_theorem
whose nodes are problem variables and whose edges represent the presence of two variables in the same constraint. A join tree for the problem exists
Constraint satisfaction dual problem
Constraint_satisfaction_dual_problem
Classification of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
modifiable real-valued weight. Some of the nodes are called labeled nodes, some output nodes, the rest hidden nodes. For supervised learning in discrete time
Types of artificial neural networks
Types_of_artificial_neural_networks
High-level programming language
variety of apps. The most popular runtime system for non-browser usage is Node.js. JavaScript is a high-level, often just-in-time–compiled language that
JavaScript
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
with the solutions of the problem. The mixer Hamiltonian is the simple, non-commuting sum of Pauli-X operations on each node of the graph and they are
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Computer application of Microsoft Windows
Service is not running. 0x80041316: The task XML contains an unexpected node. 0x80041317: The task XML contains an element or attribute from an unexpected
Windows_Task_Scheduler
Disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacterium
Diagnosis is typically made by finding the bacterium in fluid from a lymph node, blood or sputum. Vaccination is recommended only for people at high risk
Plague_(disease)
Machine-learning process
terminal symbol of a production rule corresponds to a leaf node of the tree. Its parent nodes corresponds to a non-terminal symbol (e.g. a noun phrase or
Grammar_induction
Tasks in machine learning
outlines would not be represented by single nodes, but rather by associated weight patterns of multiple nodes. A validation data set is a data set of examples
Training, validation, and test data sets
Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets
Machine learning system
(sparse matrix SVD) Single layer neural net (with user specified hidden layer node count) Searn (Search and Learn) Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
Vowpal_Wabbit
Neural network that learns efficient data encoding in an unsupervised manner
autoencoders may include more (rather than fewer) hidden units than inputs, but only a small number of the hidden units are allowed to be active at the same
Autoencoder
nodes and 1 edge with 37 delays. The unfolding process uses J = 4 as its unfolding factor. The algorithm first duplicates node U and V to 4 U nodes and
Unfolding (DSP implementation)
Unfolding_(DSP_implementation)
Recurrent neural network architecture
gradient problem commonly encountered by traditional RNNs. Its relative insensitivity to gap length is its advantage over other RNNs, hidden Markov models
Long_short-term_memory
algebra word-problems. A semantic net represents concepts (e.g., "house", "door") as nodes, and relations among concepts as links between the nodes (e.g. "has-a")
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
List of concepts in artificial intelligence
each node, the outdegree. If this value is not uniform, an average branching factor can be calculated. brute-force search A very general problem-solving
Glossary of artificial intelligence
Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence
Social process in science studies
creates problems when “opening” a black box if a breakdown occurs. Investigating a malfunctioning black box would then mean checking each individual node of
Blackboxing
Discrete play space in video games
as player units, enemies, monster spawn points, ladders, coins, resource nodes, weapons, save points, etc.; Specifying the start and exit locations for
Level_(video_games)
Mathematical model of computation
directed graph called a state diagram (above). Each state is represented by a node (circle). Edges (arrows) show the transitions from one state to another.
Finite-state_machine
travel, tourism, insurance
HIDDEN NODE-PROBLEM
HIDDEN NODE-PROBLEM
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HIDDEN NODE-PROBLEM
HIDDEN NODE-PROBLEM
HIDDEN NODE-PROBLEM
HIDDEN NODE-PROBLEM
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