Search references for LINK LAYER-SECURITY. Phrases containing LINK LAYER-SECURITY
See searches and references containing LINK LAYER-SECURITY!LINK LAYER-SECURITY
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communications security over a computer network, such as the Internet. The
Transport_Layer_Security
Security vulnerabilities of the network interface layer
mostly equivalent to the data link layer plus physical layer in OSI. This particular layer has several unique security vulnerabilities that can be exploited
Link_layer_security
Lowest abstraction layer in the Internet protocol suite
networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet protocol suite, the networking architecture of the Internet. The link layer is the group of
Link_layer
Communications protocol
Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) is a communications protocol providing security to datagram-based applications by allowing them to communicate
Datagram Transport Layer Security
Datagram_Transport_Layer_Security
Messaging protocol
Messaging Layer Security (MLS) is a security layer for end-to-end encrypted messages. It is maintained by the MLS working group of the Internet Engineering
Messaging_Layer_Security
Model of communication of seven abstraction layers
complete data link layer that provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective-repeat sliding-window protocol. Security, specifically
OSI_model
Security protocol in wireless networking
because the breaking of WEP had left Wi-Fi networks without viable link-layer security, and a solution was required for already deployed hardware. However
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
Temporal_Key_Integrity_Protocol
Group of internetworking methods in the TCP/IP suite
the link types. Such protocols belong to the link layer. Internet-layer protocols use IP-based packets. A common design aspect in the internet layer is
Internet_layer
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, providing
Internet_protocol_suite
HTTP extension supporting TLS encryption
communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). The protocol is therefore also referred
HTTPS
Third layer of the OSI model
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing
Network_layer
LattisNet LocalTalk L2F Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol LLDP-MED Link Layer Discovery Protocol
List of network protocols (OSI model)
List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)
Secure network protocol suite
Internet security systems in widespread use operate above the network layer, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) that operates above the transport layer and
IPsec
Computer networking protocol
In computer networking, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery
Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol
Protocol to run DNS queries using TLS
is a network security protocol for encrypting and wrapping Domain Name System (DNS) queries and answers via the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol
DNS_over_TLS
Network communications domain that is isolated at the data link layer
in a virtual network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2). A VLAN behaves like a virtual network switch or network link that can share the same physical
VLAN
Method for securing email with transport layer security
Protocol Secure) is a method for securing the SMTP using transport layer security. It is intended to provide authentication of the communication partners
SMTPS
Application layer protocol
also supported by major web servers over Transport Layer Security (TLS) using an Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) extension where TLS 1.2
HTTP
Low-power, low-bandwidth wireless mesh network
pre-installation), as the security of the whole network depends on it. Link and master keys are only visible to the application layer. Different services use
Zigbee
Set of IEEE standards relating to data networking
MANs and wide area networks 802 Link Security 802 overall network management protocol layers above the MAC and LLC layers The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards
IEEE_802.1
Professional network website
skills and professional reputation, adding a layer of social proof to their profile. Additionally, LinkedIn provides analytics that show profile views
Free software library implementing TLS
GnuTLS (/ˈɡnuː ˌtiː ˌɛl ˈɛs/, the GNU Transport Layer Security Library) is a free software implementation of the TLS, SSL and DTLS protocols. It offers
GnuTLS
Windows application programming interface
to several Security Support Providers (SSPs): A Security Support Provider is a dynamic-link library (DLL) that makes one or more security packages available
Security Support Provider Interface
Security_Support_Provider_Interface
Transport Layer Security Channel ID (TLS Channel ID, previously known as Transport Layer Security – Origin Bound Certificates TLS-OBC) is a draft RFC
Transport Layer Security Channel ID
Transport_Layer_Security_Channel_ID
The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol provides the ability to secure communications across or inside networks. This comparison of TLS implementations
Comparison of TLS implementations
Comparison_of_TLS_implementations
IEEE standards for local and metropolitan area networks
layers (data link and physical) of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model. IEEE 802 divides the OSI data link layer
IEEE_802
Open-source TLS and cryptography library
software library and command-line toolkit that implements the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol and a range of cryptographic functions. It is used by
OpenSSL
Protocol used by Point-to-Point Protocol
such as a home DSL link. Where the transport layer is not physically secure a system such as TLS or Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is used instead
Password Authentication Protocol
Password_Authentication_Protocol
Layer 7/application layer network security system
Medina (2003). The Weakest Security Link Series (1st ed.). IUniverse. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-595-26494-0. "What is Layer 7? How Layer 7 of the Internet Works"
Application_firewall
Computer system that receives and forwards requests
especially benefits dynamically generated pages. Security: The proxy server is an additional layer of defense and can protect against some OS and web-server-specific
Proxy_server
System of public logs of digital certificates
does not (see crt.sh profile page). Some browsers require Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates to have proof of being logged with certificate transparency
Certificate_Transparency
Measures designed to deny unauthorized access
attacks). Physical security involves the use of multiple layers of interdependent systems that can include CCTV surveillance, security guards, protective
Physical_security
Communication protocol that allows connections between networks
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries
Internet_Protocol
Protocol to run DNS queries over HTTPS
the HTTPS protocol. A goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data by man-in-the-middle
DNS_over_HTTPS
Implementation of TLS protocols
implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. The implementation is named after Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), the deprecated predecessor
LibreSSL
Cryptographic network protocol
functionality of the transport layer alone is comparable to Transport Layer Security (TLS); the user-authentication layer is highly extensible with custom
Secure_Shell
Protocol in the Internet protocol suite used with IPv6
corresponding to a given link-layer address, similar to Inverse ARP for IPv4. The Secure Neighbor Discovery Protocol (SEND), a security extension of NDP, uses
Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol
Sixth layer of the OSI model of telecommunications
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It is sometimes
Presentation_layer
Smallest message entity exchanged using Internet Protocol version 6
segment of the higher-level transport layer protocol, but may be data for an internet layer (e.g., ICMPv6) or link layer (e.g., OSPF) instead. IPv6 packets
IPv6_packet
Non-profit certificate authority
authority run by the Internet Security Research Group (ISRG) that provides X.509 certificates for Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption without charging
Let's_Encrypt
Data link layer communication protocol
In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communication protocol between two routers directly without any host
Point-to-Point_Protocol
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer. A global area network (GAN) is
Computer_network
Protocol for statefully assigning IPv6 addresses on an IPv6 network
January 2000, modulo 2³²) link-layer address The time component reduces the likelihood of collisions if the same link-layer address is reused on another
DHCPv6
Deprecated technical standard for data access over a cellular network
Transport Layer Security (WTLS), an optional layer, provides a public-key cryptography-based security mechanism similar to the Internet's Transport Layer Security
Wireless_Application_Protocol
Extension of a private network across a public one
analogous to a two-port switch. Bridges and switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model and bridge traffic between two or more network segments
Virtual_private_network
Networking protocol
data link layer protocol defined by DVB. GSE provides means to carry packet oriented protocols such as IP on top of uni-directional physical layers such
Generic_Stream_Encapsulation
Security profile for Real-time Transport Protocol
applications of the key derivation function provides backwards and forward security in the sense that a compromised session key does not compromise other session
Secure Real-time Transport Protocol
Secure_Real-time_Transport_Protocol
Radio standard by ETSI
Convergence layer provides security with encryption and integrity protection of messages end-to-end in the NR+ network. Data link control layer is the message
DECT-2020
Authentication networking protocol
typically uses UDP as the transport layer. As of 2012, RADIUS can also use TCP as the transport layer with TLS for security. The RADIUS protocol is currently
RADIUS
ISBN 978-0-470-17560-6. CCNA Exploration 4.0 5.0 Routing Protocols and Concepts Student Lab Manual. Cisco Press. The ISO model is used for layer names.
List of information technology initialisms
List_of_information_technology_initialisms
Computer communications protocol
50 and 51): Internet Protocol Security L2TP (UDP port 1701): Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol L2TPv3 (IP protocol 115): Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol version 3
Tunneling_protocol
Practice in cryptography
affect the security of past session keys. Forward secrecy protects data on the transport layer of a network that uses common transport layer security protocols
Forward_secrecy
Logical identifier addressing a specific group of devices on a network
addressing can be used in the link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model), such as Ethernet multicast, and at the internet layer (layer 3 for OSI) for Internet Protocol
Multicast_address
United States federal executive department
States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, comparable to interior ministries
United States Department of Homeland Security
United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security
Security exploit
FREAK ("Factoring RSA Export Keys") is a security exploit of a cryptographic weakness in the SSL/TLS protocols introduced decades earlier for compliance
FREAK
Russian military layered clothing system
The Russian all season set of field uniforms (VKPO; formerly VKBO) is a layered clothing system (popularly known as капуста/kapusta "cabbage") manufactured
VKPO_uniform
Computer network management and monitoring protocol
from any available port. When used with Transport Layer Security or Datagram Transport Layer Security, requests are received on port 10161 and notifications
Simple Network Management Protocol
Simple_Network_Management_Protocol
Branch of computer security
cryptographic methods and security protocols. These protocols include Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), succeeded by Transport Layer Security (TLS) for web traffic
Internet_security
Network access security service
NordLayer, formerly known as NordVPN Teams, is a network access security service with applications for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android and iOS
NordLayer
Type of cyber-attack
application-layer attack is different from an entire network attack, and is often used against financial institutions to distract IT and security personnel
Denial-of-service_attack
Surveillance strategy
inactive as of January 2026 (link) "CyberRidge: Harvest-Proof Protection". Retrieved 31 December 2025. "Photonic Layer Security Transmission of 100 Gbit/sec
Harvest_now,_decrypt_later
Communication protocol design method
like in the tunneling protocols. The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data, link encapsulation allows local area networking
Encapsulation_(networking)
Projectile-resistant transparent armor
require such security, such as jewelry stores and embassies, and of military and private vehicles. Bullet-resistant glass is constructed using layers of laminated
Bulletproof_glass
Authentication and encryption system
Application Layer Transport Security (ALTS) is a Google-developed authentication and transport encryption system used for securing remote procedure call
ALTS
Software or hardware-based network security system
firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on configurable security rules. A firewall typically
Firewall_(computing)
Cryptographic attack that forces the use of weaker or no encryption
multiple names: authors list (link) Alashwali, E. S. and Rasmussen, K. (2018). On the Feasibility of Fine-Grained TLS Security Configurations in Web Browsers
Downgrade_attack
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
security (also cybersecurity, digital security, or information technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field of information security.
Computer_security
Version 6 of the Internet Protocol
the IPv6 packet is assumed to be assured by both the link layer or error detection in higher-layer protocols, namely the Transmission Control Protocol
IPv6
Using multiple network connections in parallel to increase capacity and reliability
November 2006 noted that certain 802.1 layers (such as 802.1X security) were positioned in the protocol stack below link aggregation which was defined as an
Link_aggregation
IEEE network security standard
802.1AE (also known as MACsec) is a network security standard that operates at the medium access control layer and defines connectionless data confidentiality
IEEE_802.1AE
Publish-subscribe based messaging protocol
without compromising security (when appropriately configured). Waits for a connection to be established with the server and creates a link between the nodes
MQTT
Type of cryptographic certificate
Delegated credential is a short-lived TLS certificate used to improve security by faster recovery from private key leakage, without increasing the latency
Delegated_credential
ETSI standard for cordless telephony
Part 5: Network (NWK) layer" (PDF). "ETSI EN 300 175-6. Part 6: Identities and addressing" (PDF). "ETSI EN 300 175-7. Part 7: Security features" (PDF). "ETSI
DECT
Network protocol supporting distributed directory information services
support for extensibility, integrated the Simple Authentication and Security Layer, and better aligned the protocol to the 1993 edition of X.500. Further
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol
Autonomous artificial intelligence agent
boundaries. At this layer security and compliance features embedded into all the AI agent stack layers are integrated together. Layer 7: Agent ecosystem
AI_agent
Distributed file system protocol
time of introduction of Version 3, vendor support for TCP as a transport-layer protocol began increasing. While several vendors had already added support
Network_File_System
Computer networking technique
the group. Network assisted multicast may be implemented at the data link layer using one-to-many addressing and switching such as Ethernet multicast
Multicast
Technique for anonymous communication over a computer network
maintain the same link back to the originator, with data again layered, but in reverse such that the final node this time adds the first layer of encryption
Onion_routing
Networking API and protocol
Basic Input/Output System. It provides services related to the session layer of the OSI model, allowing applications on separate computers to communicate
NetBIOS
Field in Ethernet frames indicating which protocol is encapsulated in the payload
the payload of the frame and is used at the receiving end by the data link layer to determine how the payload is processed. The same field is also used
EtherType
Technologies for automatic network connection configuration
was normally required on every device, but this has been pushed up one layer in the hierarchy to the DHCP servers or broadband devices like cable modems
Zero-configuration_networking
Security by granting only essential access
Principle of Least Authority (PoLA), requires that in a particular abstraction layer of a computing environment, every module (such as a process, a user, or
Principle_of_least_privilege
History of web browser protocol support
tracks the implementation of Transport Layer Security protocol versions in major web browsers. Notes Note actual security depends on other factors such as negotiated
Version history for TLS/SSL support in web browsers
Version_history_for_TLS/SSL_support_in_web_browsers
Subnetwork of a system exposed to external world
such as the Internet. The purpose of a DMZ is to add an additional layer of security to an organization's local area network (LAN): an external network
DMZ_(computing)
Wireless communications protocol
consists of three layers: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer. Physical Layer: the core layer of NearLink technology, primarily
NearLink
High-speed interface technology
reasons, OSI's Physical Layer is split into two sub-layers: Layer 1 (the actual physical layer) and Layer 1.5 (the PHY Adapter layer) which abstracts from
UniPro
Computer network security technique
DSLAMs. Allowing direct data link layer communication between customer nodes would expose the local network to various security attacks, such as ARP spoofing
Private_VLAN
Implementation of TLS protocols
software portal Transport Layer Security Comparison of TLS implementations Comparison of cryptography libraries GnuTLS Network Security Services OpenSSL "wolfSSL
WolfSSL
Computer network protocol
(SCTP) is a computer networking communications protocol in the transport layer of the Internet protocol suite. Originally intended for Signaling System
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol
Networking hardware that forwards packets based on hardware address
forward data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also forward data at the network layer (layer 3) by additionally incorporating
Network_switch
IEEE standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks
low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). It specifies the physical layer and media access control for LR-WPANs, and is maintained by the IEEE 802
IEEE_802.15.4
Routing protocol for IP networks
the internet layer, which routes packets based solely on their destination IP address. OSPF detects changes in the topology, such as link failures, and
Open_Shortest_Path_First
Group of all devices on the same wireless network
of devices that share physical-layer medium access characteristics (e.g. radio frequency, modulation scheme, security settings) such that they are wirelessly
Service_set_(802.11_network)
Ethernet frame with more than 1500 bytes payload
(IP) MTU, however, are reached only on networks that have a suitable link-layer infrastructure. Large send offload and large receive offload offload per-frame
Jumbo_frame
American cybersecurity company
specialized layer on top of core Google infrastructure, designed for enterprises to privately retain, analyze, and search the massive amounts of security and
Google_Security_Operations
Architectural style for client-server applications
between them, and creating a layered architecture to promote caching to reduce user-perceived latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems
REST
Communications protocol security extension
Opportunistic TLS (Transport Layer Security) refers to extensions in plain text communication protocols, which offer a way to upgrade a plain text connection
Opportunistic_TLS
Communications protocol for message-oriented middleware
authenticated with Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) and encrypted with Transport Layer Security (TLS). RFC 6121, Extensible Messaging and
XMPP
Internet protocol that uses a proxy server
forwarded. The SOCKS protocol operates between the application layer and the transport layer. A SOCKS server accepts incoming client connection on TCP port
SOCKS
Free software TLS/SSL tunneling implementation
connection, and clients can optionally be authenticated via a certificate. If linked against libwrap, it can be configured to act as a proxy–firewall service
Stunnel
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
Male
Yiddish
(לֵייזֶער) Yiddish form of Hebrew Elazar, LAZER means "my God has helped."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname, possibly for a small person, from Middle English pink, penk ‘minnow’ (Old English pinc).English (southeastern) : variant of Pinch.Variant spelling of German Pinck, an indirect occupational name for a blacksmith, an onomatopoeic word imitating the sound of hammering which was perceived as pink(e)pank.German (of Slavic origin) : from a diminutive of Sorbian pien ‘log’, ‘tree stump’, hence probably a nickname for a solid or stubby person.
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Latin Valentinus, BÃLINT means "healthy, strong."
Boy/Male
American, Arabic, Australian, British, Chinese, English, Japanese, Latin
Lake Colony; From the Bank; From the Town by the Pool
Female
English
 English short form of Latin Linnaea, LINN means "twin flower." Compare with other forms of Linn.
Female
French
French feminine form of Roman Cælinus, CÉLINE means "heaven."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a washerman, Anglo-Norman French laver (an agent derivative of Old French laver ‘to wash’, Latin lavare).English : habitational name from High, Little or Magdalen Laver in Essex, named from Old English lagu ‘flood’, ‘water’ + fær ‘passage’, ‘crossing’.English : topographic name for someone living where bulrushes or irises grew, Old English lǣfer.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(लीना) Hindi name LINA means "absorbed in; merged." Compare with other forms of Lina.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Finch.German (Rhineland) : variant of Fink.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of three places in Essex – Layer Breton, Layer de la Haye, and Layer Marney – all named from a river name, Leire, or from Leire in Leicestershire, also named from an identical river name. The river name is of Celtic origin and is probably the base of the tribal name Ligore, found in the place name Leicester.English : nickname or status name from Anglo-Norman French le eyr ‘the heir’. Compare Ayer.English : occupational name for a stone layer, Middle English leyer; the job of the layer was to position the stones worked by the masons.German : habitational name for someone from any of the various placed named Lay, in the Rhineland and Bavaria.
Female
Swedish
 Short form of Swedish Linnéa, LINN means "twin flower." Compare with other forms of Linn.
Boy/Male
English
From the bank.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Link
Female
Welsh
 Welsh name LINN means "lake" or "waterfall." Compare with other forms of Linn.
Surname or Lastname
Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic)
Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : ornamental name from Yiddish fayer ‘fire’ or Yiddishized form of Feuer.English : variant of Fair.
Male
Italian
Italian and Spanish form of Latin Linus, LINO means either "a cry of grief"Â or "flax, linen."
Female
Welsh
 Variant spelling of Welsh Linn, LIN means "lake" or "waterfall." Compare with another form of Lin.
Female
Vietnamese
Vietnamese name LINH means "spring."
Surname or Lastname
German
German : from Middle High German lins(e) ‘lentil’, presumably a metonymic occupational nickname for a grower of lentils.German : from a short form of a Germanic personal name formed with Old High German lint ‘snake’ or linta ‘linden tree’, ‘shield’.English (Staffordshire) : unexplained. Possibly a variant of Lynes.Latvian : possibly from lins ‘flax’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the medieval female personal name Line, a reduced form of Cateline (see Catlin) and of various other names, such as Emmeline and Adeline, containing the Anglo-Norman French diminutive suffix -line (originally a double diminutive, composed of the elements -el and -in).French (Liné) : metonymic occupational name for a linen weaver or a linen merchant, from an Old French adjective liné ‘made of linen’.
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English
Red Head
Boy/Male
Hindu
Pillana grovi ni darinchina vadu who is none other than Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Australian, Hebrew
Immigrant to a New Home
Boy/Male
Italian Latin Spanish American
Savior.
Girl/Female
British, English
Small Stream
Female
Arthurian
, bright, clear, or, famous.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian, Kannada, Tamil
King; King of Kings or Emperor
Boy/Male
Hindu
Name of Lord Perumal
Boy/Male
Tamil
King
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
A Creeper with Fragrant Flowers; Small Fragrant Flower
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
LINK LAYER-SECURITY
n.
That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.
v. t.
To cause (the eyes) to wink.
n.
A lawyer.
v. i. & t.
To become lank; to make lank.
a.
Resembling the garden pink in color; of the color called pink (see 6th Pink, 2); as, a pink dress; pink ribbons.
v. t.
To mark with a line or lines; to cover with lines; as, to line a copy book.
n.
A series or succession of ancestors or descendants of a given person; a family or race; as, the ascending or descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a line of kings.
a.
Produced prematurely; as, a slink calf.
v. t.
To read or repeat line by line; as, to line out a hymn.
n.
The middle layer of a pericarp which consists of three distinct or dissimilar layers.
v. t.
To form into a line; to align; as, to line troops.
v. t.
To connect or unite with a link or as with a link; to join; to attach; to unite; to couple.
n.
A hole or low place in land or rock, where waters sink and are lost; -- called also sink hole.
n.
A layer or seam, or a horizontal stratum between layers; as, a bed of coal, iron, etc.
n.
Anything doubled and closed like a link; as, a link of horsehair.
n.
The fronds of certain marine algae used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; -- called also sloke, or sloakan.
n.
A measuring line or cord.
n.
Lager beer.
v. i.
To wink; to blink.
n.
The equator; -- usually called the line, or equinoctial line; as, to cross the line.