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The descriptive fallacy refers to reasoning which treats a speech act as a proposition, which would be mistaken when the meaning of the statement is not
Descriptive_fallacy
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
asserted by ethical naturalists, who do not deem the naturalistic fallacy a fallacy. The is–ought problem is closely related to the fact–value distinction
Is–ought_problem
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
In metaethics, the naturalistic fallacy is the claim that it is possible to define good in terms of merely described entities, properties, or processes
Naturalistic_fallacy
Form of incorrect argument in natural language
track. The study of fallacies aims at providing an account for evaluating and criticizing arguments. This involves both a descriptive account of what constitutes
Informal_fallacy
Logic error due to ignoring the base rate
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate (e.g., general
Base_rate_fallacy
Logical paradox from vague predicates
The continuum fallacy (also known as the fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, or decision-point fallacy) is an informal fallacy related to the
Sorites_paradox
Statement supporting a conclusion
The Core Fallacies Hurley 2016, pp. 104–106 Hansen 2024, § 1. The Core Fallacies Hurley 2016, pp. 100–104, 106–108 Novaes 2022, § 2.5 Fallacies Hansen 2024
Premise
Type of informal fallacy
The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical
Moralistic_fallacy
Text for clarification; one of four rhetorical modes
Mathematical logic Boolean algebra Set theory Other Logicians Rules of inference Paradoxes Fallacies Logic symbols Category Outline Portal WikiProject changes
Description
Distinction between what is and what ought to be
epistemological distinction between: Statements of fact (positive or descriptive statements), which are based upon reason and observation, and examined
Fact–value_distinction
Branch of applied probability theory
involve fallacies or inaccuracies. One example of a common and erroneous thought process that arises through heuristic thinking is the gambler's fallacy — believing
Decision_theory
English philosopher (1911–1960)
utterances or performatives; and pure performatives vs. half-descriptive vs. descriptive utterances. In How to Do Things With Words (edited by J. O. Urmson
J._L._Austin
Concept in statistics
1016/0001-6918(80)90046-3. Koehler, Jonathan J. (1996). "The base rate fallacy reconsidered: Descriptive, normative, and methodological challenges". Behavioral and
Base_rate
Judging another culture by the values and standards of one's own culture
Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Ideology Semiotic Sociological
Ethnocentrism
Concept that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events
hoc" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general, this fallacy is that: A luck-attracting
Luck
Study of collection and analysis of data
effect and the uncertainty surrounding it. Fallacy of the transposed conditional, aka prosecutor's fallacy: criticisms arise because the hypothesis testing
Statistics
Tool for assisting judgement in uncertainty
1037/0022-3514.35.5.303. Koehler, Jonathan J. (1996). "The base rate fallacy reconsidered: Descriptive, normative, and methodological challenges". Behavioral and
Representativeness_heuristic
Use of statistical arguments to assert falsehoods
shortcomings of simple descriptive statistics (and the value of data plotting before numerical analysis). Deception Ecological fallacy Ethics in mathematics
Misuse_of_statistics
Aphorism in statistics
of that object Pragmatism – Philosophical tradition Reification (fallacy) – Fallacy of treating an abstraction as if it were a real thing Scientific modelling –
All_models_are_wrong
Study of evolution on morality or ethics
has important implications in the fields of descriptive ethics, normative ethics, and metaethics. Descriptive evolutionary ethics consists of biological
Evolutionary_ethics
Stipulative, biased definition of a term
persuasive definition is sometimes called definist fallacy. Examples of persuasive definitions (definist fallacies) include: Democrat – "a leftist who desires
Persuasive_definition
Form of reasoning
arguments, which do not follow a rule of inference, are called formal fallacies. Rules of inference are definitory rules and contrast with strategic rules
Deductive_reasoning
Statement that attaches a meaning to a term
definition Definable set Definitionism Denotation Extensional definition Fallacies of definition Indeterminacy Intensional definition Lexical definition
Definition
Belief that government authority derives from fundamental law
scientist and constitutional scholar David Fellman: Constitutionalism is descriptive of a complicated concept, deeply embedded in historical experience, which
Constitutionalism
In literary criticism, repeating an idea
Lapalissade – Obvious and comical truism No true Scotsman – Informal logical fallacy Platitude – Trite, prosaic, or cliché truism Fowler, Henry Watson (1 April
Tautology_(language)
Study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature
response: together known as Wimsatt and Beardsley's intentional fallacy and affective fallacy. This emphasis on form and precise attention to "the words themselves"
Literary_criticism
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
Cherry picking – Fallacy of incomplete evidence Condorcet paradox – Self-contradiction of majority rule Ecological fallacy – Formal fallacy in statistical
Simpson's_paradox
Theory of response to surprise events
that in the 19th century, John Stuart Mill used the black swan logical fallacy as a new term to identify falsification. Black swan events were discussed
Black_swan_theory
Type of study based on universal sampling
aggregate data are weakened by the ecological fallacy. Also consider the potential for committing the "atomistic fallacy" where assumptions about aggregated counts
Cross-sectional_study
Concept in psychology
observation by some practitioners in the field has led to the labels of myth and fallacy in the notion that there are stages of grief. Nevertheless, the model's
Five_stages_of_grief
Branch of argumentation theory
parties should observe; systematic violations of these rules are treated as fallacies. The approach integrates insights from critical rationalism, formal dialectics
Pragma-dialectics
Apparent lack of pattern or predictability in events
v t e Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean Arithmetic Arithmetic-Geometric Contraharmonic Cubic Generalized/power
Randomness
Philosophical study of morality
uniqueness by claiming that it is a fallacy to define ethics in terms of natural entities or to infer prescriptive from descriptive statements. The metaethical
Ethics
Proposed description of the scientific method
order to disprove 2. It is a fallacy or error in one's reasoning to seek 3 directly as proof of 2. This formal fallacy is called affirming the consequent
Hypothetico-deductive_model
Simple strategies or mental processes involved in making quick decisions
decision outweighs the expected benefit. This is related to the sunk cost fallacy. Fairness heuristic: Applies to the reaction of an individual to a decision
Heuristic_(psychology)
Techniques to study geometric data
their spatial context. The fallacy is about transferring individual conclusions to spatial units. The ecological fallacy describes errors due to performing
Spatial_analysis
Philosophy concerning self-regarding motivations or behaviour
encompass a range of disparate ideas and can generally be categorized into descriptive or normative forms. That is, they may be interested in either describing
Egoism
Technique of describing someone or something in a word or short phrase
(protoscience).' Society portal Psychology portal Archetype Association fallacy Attributional bias Discrimination Infrahumanisation Labelling theory Loser
Labelling
Meta-ethical view
Moore's open-question argument and his discussion of the naturalistic fallacy remain among the most influential critiques of ethical naturalism. Moore
Ethical_naturalism
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
Mathematical logic Boolean algebra Set theory Other Logicians Rules of inference Paradoxes Fallacies Logic symbols Category Outline Portal WikiProject changes
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Quality of being agreeable to reason
reasoning, such as those on the conjunction fallacy, on the Wason selection task, or the base rate fallacy suffer from methodological and conceptual problems
Rationality
play an important role in preventing mathematics from degenerating into fallacies. well-behaved An object is well-behaved (in contrast with being Pathological)
Glossary of mathematical jargon
Glossary_of_mathematical_jargon
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge. Attributed to American philosopher Edmund Gettier, Gettier-type
Gettier_problem
Bias towards recently acquired information
Attribute substitution Cache language model Confirmation bias Gambler's fallacy List of cognitive biases Recency bias Streetlight effect Esgate, Anthony;
Availability_heuristic
Communication used to influence opinion
manipulative approach, but historically, propaganda had been a neutral descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions, ideologies, or concepts
Propaganda
Method of statistical inference
Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-48638-2. Clayton, Aubrey (August 2021). Bernoulli's Fallacy: Statistical Illogic and the Crisis of Modern Science. Columbia University
Bayesian_inference
Branch of ethics seeking to understand ethical properties
Moore's open question argument against what he considered the naturalistic fallacy was largely responsible for the birth of metaethical research in contemporary
Metaethics
Statistical interpretation with many tests
Related concepts Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Texas sharpshooter fallacy Model selection Look-elsewhere effect Data dredging Birthday problem Miller
Multiple_comparisons_problem
Incorrect or misleading information
Disinformation attack Disinformation research Euromyth Factoid Fallacy List of fallacies False balance Fear, uncertainty, and doubt Flat earth Gossip Junk
Misinformation
other hand, descriptive consistency suggests that trait inferences about a person occur when there are similarities between the descriptive attributes
Implicit_personality_theory
Theory of behavioral economics
fallacy and average auctioneer revenues above current retail price. These findings would also imply that the using prospect theory as a descriptive theory
Prospect_theory
English philosopher (1873–1958)
that term (in all arguments). He named this confusion the naturalistic fallacy. For example, an ethical argument may claim that if an item has certain
G._E._Moore
Meta-ethical view
non-ethical ones (like pleasing and displeasing) committed the "naturalistic fallacy". Moore was a cognitivist, but his case against ethical naturalism steered
Emotivism
Categorisation of people's intelligence based on IQ
"Chapter 1: Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing". In Phelps, Richard F. (ed.). Correcting Fallacies about Educational
IQ_classification
Literary criticism book by Northrop Frye
Jungian, Neo-classical, etc.) as being embodiments of the deterministic fallacy. He is not opposed to these ideologies in particular, but sees the application
Anatomy_of_Criticism
Statistical phenomenon
tests in Massachusetts probably provides another example of the regression fallacy.[citation needed] In 1999, schools were given improvement goals. For each
Regression_toward_the_mean
Study of the scope and nature of logic
while empirical generalizations are descriptive. Violating the definitory rules of logic results in committing fallacies. It has been argued that the almost
Philosophy_of_logic
Metaphysical theory
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Koehler, J.J. (1996). The base rate fallacy reconsidered: descriptive, normative, and methodological challenges. Behavioral and
Exemplification_theory
Sentences used to effect an action
of the form "All Ravens are Black" could on one account be taken as descriptive, in which case an instance of a white raven would contradict it, or alternatively
Norm_(philosophy)
Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
667–73. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90237-j. Cattell RB (May 1995). "The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere". The Psychologist: 207–08. Trofimova
Big_Five_personality_traits
Function of the observed sample results
p-value Holm–Bonferroni method Multiple comparisons problem p-rep p-value fallacy Italicisation, capitalisation and hyphenation of the term vary. For example
P-value
Abuse of members of the same household
Dutton DG (Summer 1994). "Patriarchy and wife assault: the ecological fallacy". Violence & Victims. 9 (2): 167–182. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167. PMID 7696196
Domestic_violence
Data combined from several measurements
inferences and false conclusions which is also termed 'ecological fallacy'. 'Ecological fallacy' means that it is invalid for users to draw conclusions on the
Aggregate_data
Perceiving the world to be more dangerous than it really is
death Fear, uncertainty and doubt For the children (politics) Just-world fallacy Missing white woman syndrome Negativity bias Sensationalism Koerth, Maggie
Mean_world_syndrome
Term for attempting to be seen as effective
substantial. It is often applied to debating techniques that involve fallacies, misdirection and the glossing over of details. It is also used academically
Hand-waving
German psychologist (born 1947)
cognitive fallacies are better understood as adaptive responses to a world of uncertainty, including the conjunction fallacy, the base rate fallacy, and overconfidence
Gerd_Gigerenzer
Bearer of truth values
premises support conclusions in good arguments and how they fail to do so in fallacies. The strongest form of support is found in deductively valid arguments
Proposition
Medieval tribal confederation in northern Britain
the lens of what the cultural historian Gilbert Márkus calls the "Ethnic Fallacy". The people known as "Picts" by outsiders in late antiquity were very
Picts
Atmospheric electrical phenomenon
characteristics of ball lightning. Thermodynamic considerations refute the fallacy that rapid charge neutralisation precludes ball lightning from being a
Ball_lightning
Form of pseudoscientific alternative medicine
1001/archinte.158.20.2215. PMID 9818801. Martin Gardner (1 June 1957). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Courier Corporation. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2
Chiropractic
Knowledge of the hidden or the paranormal
the nineteenth century and their twentieth-century derivations. In a descriptive sense, it has been used to describe forms of esotericism which developed
Occult
Investigation into an American conservative media company
The company was identified only as "Company-1" in the indictment but descriptive information allowed several media sources to identify it as Tenet. According
2024 Tenet Media investigation
2024_Tenet_Media_investigation
English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)
p. 56.[ISBN missing] Hansen, Hans V.; Pinto, Robert C., eds. (1995). Fallacies: classical and contemporary readings. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania
John_Locke
German polymath (1646–1716)
Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Standards of what ought to be
ought to be the case, such as "you should not smoke". They contrast with descriptive claims about what is the case, such as "you smoked yesterday". Normativity
Normativity
Jewish nationalist movement
two justices', of (Buber's idea) the 'land of two people',37 and of the fallacy of balance and false symmetry between the colonised and the coloniser,
Zionism
Theory that life is meaningless
shortcomings seems to be that it commits the is-ought fallacy: absurdism presents itself as a descriptive claim about the existence and nature of the absurd
Absurdism
Philosophical study of knowledge
epistemic approach to fallacies. Fallacies are faulty arguments based on incorrect reasoning. The epistemic approach to fallacies explains why they are
Epistemology
Interpretation of probability
Steven N. (1999). "Toward evidence-based medical statistics. 1: The p value fallacy". Annals of Internal Medicine. 130 (12): 995–1004. doi:10
Frequentist_probability
Overused, unoriginal phrase or opinion
man Mathematical fallacy In quantificational logic Existential Illicit conversion Proof by example Quantifier shift Syllogistic fallacy Affirmative conclusion
Cliché
hominem to/at the man Provides the term argumentum ad hominem, a logical fallacy in which a person themselves is criticized, when the subject of debate
List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)
Unscientific claims presented as scientific
Gauch (2003), pp. 178 ff, (Deductive Logic, "Fallacies"). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy Vol. 3, "Fallacies" 174 ff, esp. section on "Ignoratio elenchi"
Pseudoscience
Major types of writing and speaking
Exactly the same guidelines that hold for a descriptive or narrative essay can be used for the descriptive or narrative paragraph. That is, such a paragraph
Modes_of_discourse
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
major area of research in mathematics with many interrelated subfields: Descriptive set theory is the study of subsets of the real line and, more generally
Set_theory
Extreme form of authoritarianism and a theoretical concept
the organic theory of the State to Plato, and accusing him of all the fallacies of post–Hegelian and Marxist historicism — the theory that history is
Totalitarianism
Grouping by physical or social qualities
biological groups. In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis
Race_(human_categorization)
Attribution of human traits to non-human entities
Academic debate Pareidolia – Seeing faces in everyday objects Pathetic fallacy – Attribution of human emotion and conduct to non-human things Prosopopoeia –
Anthropomorphism
Subjective attitude that something is true
Unity of opposites Evidence Explanation Explanatory power Fact Fallacy List of fallacies Hypothesis Inquiry Opinion Parsimony (Occam's razor) Premise Propaganda
Belief
Offensive personality types
that Machiavellianism and psychopathy represent the issue of a jangle fallacy, as both constructs are named differently yet describe the same concept
Dark_triad
Concept in epistemology
they wish that things were so. Society portal Argumentum ad populum – Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct Coherentism – Type of epistemology
Consensus_theory_of_truth
Concept about individuals' intent and actions influencing those individuals' future
more specifically refers to a principle of cause and effect, often descriptively called the principle of karma, wherein individuals' intent and actions
Karma
Property of predicates in linguistics and philosophy
used, such as the taxonomy of organisms by Carl von Linné. This is how descriptive (non-exact) sciences do it. Thus, they use natural human cognition (with
Vagueness
Conformity to reality
Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier
Truth
German philosopher (1844–1900)
unfalsifiable beliefs based on naive acceptance of previous notions and fallacies. The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre put Nietzsche in a high place in the
Friedrich_Nietzsche
understatement as in "I am not unaware of your difficulties." Logical fallacy – misconceptions resulting from faulty reasoning. Logos – rhetorical appeals
Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms
Comparisons related to Nazism
reasons since Hitler's rise to power. Some Nazi comparisons are logical fallacies, such as reductio ad Hitlerum. Godwin's law asserts that a Nazi analogy
Nazi_analogies
Awareness of facts, or competency
difficulty for this view is how to demonstrate that it does not involve the fallacy of circular reasoning. If two beliefs mutually support each other then
Knowledge
Politics based on one's identity
understood identity politics as being fundamentally reformist and based on a fallacy of coherent communities. One of the major challenges in providing quality
Identity_politics
Branch of academic disciplines
sellers seeking to take advantage of the burgeoning book trade developed descriptive catalogs of their wares for distribution – a practice was adopted and
Library and information science
Library_and_information_science
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
idealization. As myths are beliefs, they are subject to the narrative fallacy, as pointed out by Taleb. Philosophers Robert Nola and Howard Sankey, in
Scientific_method
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
Boy/Male
Muslim
Worthy of description
Boy/Male
Muslim
Description of a lion, Brave
Boy/Male
Indian
Description of a lion
Girl/Female
Indian
Worthy of description
Boy/Male
Muslim
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Description of a Lion
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Description
Boy/Male
Muslim
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Indian
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Indian
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Indian
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vritant | வà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à®¾à®‚த
Description, Narration of An event
Vritant | வà¯à®°à¯€à®¤à®¾à®‚த
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Description of a Lion
Girl/Female
Muslim
Worthy of description
Boy/Male
Indian
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Muslim
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Muslim
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Muslim
Description of a lion
Boy/Male
Indian
Worthy of description
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
Female
Finnish
Finnish pet form of Dutch/Finnish Marja, MARJATTA means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
King of the Saints
Boy/Male
Tamil
Purajit | பà¯à®°à®¾à®œà®¿à®¤
Lord Shiva
Biblical
God's redemption
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : variant spelling of Hayes.
Boy/Male
Australian, Hawaiian, Hebrew
Origin
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English body, Old English bodig ‘body’, ‘trunk’, presumably denoting a corpulent person. In Middle English the word was also used in the sense ‘individual’, ‘person’.English : occupational name for a messenger, Middle English bode (Old English boda; compare Bothe), with the spelling altered to preserve a disyllabic pronunciation. This development can be clearly traced in Sussex.French : variant of Bodin.Hungarian (Bódy) : variant of Bódi (see Bodi).
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Lord's Support
Male
Greek
(ΟνησίφοÏος) Greek name ONESIPHOROS means "bringer of profit." In the bible, this is the name of a Christian praised by Paul for his courage and kindness.
Boy/Male
Tamil
First power, Unparalleled
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
DESCRIPTIVE FALLACY
a.
Descriptive of idols.
n.
A description of seaweeds.
a.
Not descriptive.
n.
A description of climates.
a.
Consisting in, or acquired by, immemorial or long-continued use and enjoyment; as, a prescriptive right of title; pleading the continuance and authority of long custom.
n.
Description; sort.
n.
The act of describing; a delineation by marks or signs.
a.
That delineates; descriptive; drawing the outline; delineating.
a.
Tending to describe; having the quality of representing; containing description; as, a descriptive figure; a descriptive phrase; a descriptive narration; a story descriptive of the age.
n.
A sketch or account of anything in words; a portraiture or representation in language; an enumeration of the essential qualities of a thing or species.
n.
An appellation or title; a descriptive name.
n.
Description of fossils.
n.
A description of baths.
n.
A class to which a certain representation is applicable; kind; sort.
a.
Pertaining to, or answering the purpose of, a rescript; hence, deciding; settling; determining.
n.
An alphabetical descriptive list of anything.
a.
Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription.
a.
Attached or annexed to the glebe or estate and transferable with it.
n.
The description of joints.
a.
Descriptive.