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Specification for JavaScript and other programming languages
ECMAScript (/ˈɛkməskrɪpt/; ES) is the standard for the JavaScript language, intended to ensure the interoperability of web pages across different web browsers
ECMAScript
Versions of a JavaScript standard
ECMAScript is a JavaScript standard developed by Ecma International. Since 2015, major versions have been published every June. ECMAScript 2025, the 16th
ECMAScript_version_history
High-level programming language
high-level, often just-in-time–compiled language that conforms to the ECMAScript standard. It has dynamic typing, prototype-based object-orientation, and
JavaScript
a core component of the Node.js runtime system. They are also called ECMAScript engines, after the official name of the specification. With the advent
List_of_JavaScript_engines
JavaScript extension to support XML
ECMAScript for XML (E4X) was an extension to ECMAScript (which includes ActionScript, JavaScript, and JScript) to add native support for Extensible Markup
ECMAScript_for_XML
Data-interchange format
Crockford originally asserted that JSON is a strict subset of JavaScript and ECMAScript, their specification actually allows valid JSON documents that are not
JSON
Defunct browser engine
speed of the ECMAScript (JavaScript) engine. It is proprietary and was only available as a part of the Opera browsers. A succession of ECMAScript engines have
Presto_(browser_engine)
Object-oriented programming language
the scripting language for HyperCard. It is now an implementation of ECMAScript (meaning it is a superset of the syntax and semantics of the language
ActionScript
Programming language and superset of JavaScript
(TypeScript files) back into vanilla ECMAScript 5 code. TypeScript classes were based on the then-proposed ECMAScript 6 class specification to make writing
TypeScript
List of programming languages types and the languages that meet its description
ChucK Cilk Cyclone D Dart DASL – based on Java E ECMAScript AssemblyScript ActionScript ECMAScript for XML JavaScript JScript TypeScript GLSL Go HLSL
List of programming languages by type
List_of_programming_languages_by_type
Mathematical symbol for "greater than"
'spaceship operator', <=>. In ECMAScript and C#, the greater-than sign is used in lambda function expressions. In ECMAScript: const square = x => x * x;
Greater-than_sign
Web standard and API
(former) Justin Fan (former) Related standards CSS Color Module Level 4 HTML DOM ECMAScript Domain GPU computing ECMAScript API Website www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/
WebGPU
Implementation of ECMAScript by Microsoft
JScript is Microsoft's legacy dialect of the ECMAScript standard that is used in Microsoft's Internet Explorer web browser and HTML Applications, and as
JScript
Web browser developed by Google
[update] Chrome has very good support for JavaScript/ECMAScript according to Ecma International's ECMAScript standards conformance Test 262 (version ES5.1 May
Google_Chrome
General-purpose programming language
Acknowledgements document that lists Python first among influencing languages. ECMAScript and JavaScript borrowed iterators and generators from Python. Go is designed
Python_(programming_language)
Software engineering group specializing in ECMAScript for IoT
a software engineering group providing an open-source, cross-platform ECMAScript stack aimed at developing software for Internet of Things products and
Kinoma
JavaScript syntax extension
above covers the conversion from JSX to ECMAScript code. As indicated in the "pragma" section, the ECMAScript code that receives JSX-derived objects are
JSX_(programming)
Container for a set of identifiers
is {Sin(PI / 2)"); ECMAScript (such as JavaScript) provides modules, which are the most common form of namespacing in ECMAScript languages. Modules do
Namespace
Dead code elimination technique
commonly applied to dynamic languages, in practice most commonly JavaScript/ECMAScript. Often contrasted with traditional single-library dead code elimination
Tree_shaking
Conformity test for JavaScript implementations
inclusion in its ECMAScript 262 test suite. Some Sputnik tests however have been found to have issues and do not conform to ECMAScript 5th edition specification
Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)
Sputnik_(JavaScript_conformance_test)
TypeScript-based programming language
(currently using asc, the reference AssemblyScript compiler). Resembling ECMAScript and JavaScript, but with static data types, the language is developed
AssemblyScript
Browser-based computing platform
publication of Web pages. This includes HTML, CSS, SVG, MathML, WAI-ARIA, ECMAScript, WebGL, Web Storage, Indexed Database API, Web Components, WebAssembly
Web_platform
Notation for representing a fixed value in source code
for the Boolean literal "true". In some object-oriented languages (like ECMAScript), objects can also be represented by literals. Methods of this object
Literal (computer programming)
Literal_(computer_programming)
Programming language
virtual machines. Solidity uses ECMAScript-like syntax which makes it familiar for web developers; however unlike ECMAScript it has static typing and variadic
Solidity
Web browser made by Mozilla
XHTML, MathML, SVG 1.1 (full), SVG 2 (partial), CSS (with extensions), ECMAScript (JavaScript), DOM, XSLT, XPath, and APNG (Animated PNG) images with alpha
Firefox
Open XML-based standard vector graphics format
vector graphics format is possible through various means: Scripting: ECMAScript is a primary means of creating animations and interactive user interfaces
SVG_animation
Base-8 numeral representation
Ruby, Tcl as of version 9, PHP as of version 8.1, Rust and ECMAScript as of ECMAScript 6 (the prefix 0 originally stood for base 8 in JavaScript but
Octal
Virtual machine software
language code in a Java-based host application. JavaScript Runtime, an ECMAScript 2023-compliant JavaScript runtime, as well as Node.js. LLVM Runtime is
GraalVM
Area that observes a uniform standard time
5, 2011. "Trail: Date Time (The Java™ Tutorials)". docs.oracle.com. "ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification". ECMA International. June
Time_zone
Data item stored in a browser by a website
HTTP cookies HTTP cookies, Mozilla Developer Network Using cookies via ECMAScript, Mozilla Developer Network How Internet Cookies Work at HowStuffWorks
HTTP_cookie
JavaScript outside of the web browser
support CommonJS. The other major module specification in use is the ECMAScript (ES) modules specification (ES6 modules aka ES2015 modules). CommonJS
CommonJS
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
and Python, and is built into the syntax of others, including Perl and ECMAScript. In the late 2010s, several companies started to offer hardware, FPGA
Regular_expression
Programming language that is in some sense minimal
embeddable implementation of ECMAScript like: Espruino JerryScript QuickJS Boa (JavaScript engine) Derivatives of ECMAScript: Squirrel Lua is a small (C
Lightweight programming language
Lightweight_programming_language
Programming language for automation scripts
Java-like, object-oriented scripting Java, using JBang JavaScript (later: ECMAScript), originally limited to running in a web browser to dynamically modify
Scripting_language
KDE window manager for Wayland and previously X11
configured by scripting using QML or QtScript, both of which are based on ECMAScript. There are many window decorations for KWin, including the current default
KWin
Language used for web documents
interoperability of web programming interfaces by specifying how languages such as ECMAScript should bind these interfaces. Web IDL is an IDL variant with: A number
Web_IDL
Scripting engine
Qt Meta-object Language (QML). The scripting language is based on the ECMAScript standard with a few extensions, such as QObject-style signal and slot
QtScript
Standards organization for information and communication systems
known as ISO 9660) ECMA-130 – CD-ROM "Yellow Book" format ECMA-262 – ECMAScript Language Specification (based on JavaScript) ECMA-334 – C# Language Specification
Ecma_International
American computer scientist
ECMAScript technical committee (ECMAScript TC39); his primary contribution to the group is in driving the effort to add Decimal support to ECMAScript
Sam_Ruby
This page lists notable software that can be classified as a compiler, a compiler generator, an interpreter, translator, a tool foundation, an assembler
List_of_compilers
Javascript API to geolocate devices
location information for a client-side device. It defines a set of objects, ECMAScript standard compliant, that executing in the client application give the
W3C_Geolocation_API
Control flow statement that branches according to a Boolean expression
is it present in the many syntactical derivatives of C, such as Java, ECMAScript, and so on. This works because in these languages, any single statement
Conditional (computer programming)
Conditional_(computer_programming)
Secure JavaScript and TypeScript runtime
InfoQ. Retrieved 2020-07-01. "Modules: ECMAScript modules | Node.js v17.6.0 Documentation". "Modules: ECMAScript modules | Node.js v17.6.0 Documentation"
Deno_(software)
American computer scientist
in 2006. He is currently Chief Scientist at Agoric and a member of the ECMAScript (JavaScript) committee. Previous positions include Chief Architect with
Mark_S._Miller
Open-source HTML layout engine
WHATWG HTML Living Standard) IndexedDB JavaScript (ECMAScript ES6 or superior, currently ECMAScript 2025 ES16), implemented in SpiderMonkey MathML RDF
Gecko_(software)
Macintosh scripting language
object-oriented (prototype-based), functional, imperative, scripting Family ECMAScript Developer Late Night Software First appeared May 11, 2001; 25 years ago (2001-05-11)
JavaScript_OSA
Web browser
Sheets v1, CSS v2, W-CSS, Tables, Frames, Forms, JavaScript 1.5, ECMAScript v3, ECMAScript Mobile Profile, HTTP cookies, Basic Authentication, gzip, Multi-Part
Vision_Mobile_Browser
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
then of Netscape, for use within web pages. The standardised version is ECMAScript. To make web pages more interactive, some web applications also use JavaScript
World_Wide_Web
Special characters in computing signifying the end of a line of text
17487/RFC7159. RFC 7159. "ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification". ECMA International. June 2019. 11.3 Line Terminators. "ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification"
Newline
Two-dimensional vector image file format
<animateColor>. Content can be animated by manipulating the DOM using ECMAScript and the scripting language's built-in timers. SVG animation has been designed
SVG
Software for editing HTML
only HTML, but also related technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, or ECMAScript. In some cases, they also manage communication with remote web servers
HTML_editor
Suite and Technical Communication Suite products. It is a dialect of the ECMAScript 3 standard and therefore similar to JavaScript and ActionScript. The toolkit
ExtendScript
User interface markup language
QML Paradigm Multi-paradigm: declarative, reactive, scripting Family ECMAScript Developer Qt Project First appeared 2009; 17 years ago (2009) Stable release
QML
Virtual machine software for ECMAScript
compilation (JIT) support intended to implement the 4th edition of the ECMAScript (ES4) language standard. Tamarin source code originates from ActionScript
Tamarin_(software)
World Wide Web Consortium standard
Recognition (SISR). SISR is based on ECMAScript, and ECMAScript statements inside the SRGS tags build up an ECMAScript semantic result object that is easy
Speech Recognition Grammar Specification
Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification
Technical standard
Ecma International (formerly ECMA) such as JavaScript (also known as ECMAScript) and JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Standards published by the International
Web_standards
DYNAMO DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) E Ease Easy PL/I EASYTRIEVE PLUS ECMAScript Edinburgh IMP EGL Eiffel ELAN Elixir Elm Emacs Lisp Emerald Epigram EPL
List_of_programming_languages
Computer document convention
became known as the "Intermediate DOM". After the standardization of ECMAScript, the W3C DOM Working Group began drafting a standard DOM specification
Document_Object_Model
64-bit computer number format
Strict floating point has been restored in Java 17. As specified by the ECMAScript standard, all floating-point arithmetic in JavaScript shall be done using
Double-precision floating-point format
Double-precision_floating-point_format
Principle in computer system design
developer confusion and software bugs. This was discouraged in ECMAScript 3 and dropped in ECMAScript 5. Some development communities like FreeBSD use POLA as
Principle of least astonishment
Principle_of_least_astonishment
Web programming language
any = 2; let z: boolean = true; The type system in JS++ is sound for ECMAScript and DOM API corner cases, including host objects, dynamic key-value pairs
JS++
amounts of RAM (as low as 8 kiB). Espruino implements a large amount of the ECMAScript ES5 spec with parts of the ES6 spec where it is useful in an embedded
Espruino
Programming language developed by Microsoft
derived from C. JScript was originally Microsoft's implementation of ECMAScript, which is more commonly known as JavaScript, though it is unrelated to
JScript_.NET
Routine that generates a sequence of values
language Icon (1977) and are now available in Python (2001), C#, Ruby, PHP, ECMAScript (as of ES6/ES2015), and other languages. In CLU and C#, generators are
Generator (computer programming)
Generator_(computer_programming)
Cross-platform programming language
Paradigm Multi-paradigm: object-oriented, functional, generic Family ECMAScript: ActionScript Designed by Nicolas Cannasse Developer Haxe Foundation First appeared
Haxe
Text-based web browser
with queueing Some support for Cascading Style Sheets Some support for ECMAScript by using Mozilla's SpiderMonkey JavaScript engine Editing of text boxes
ELinks
Object-oriented programming language
Pascal Influenced Ada 2005, ArkTS, BeanShell, C#, Chapel, Clojure, Dart, ECMAScript, Fantom, Gambas, Groovy, Hack, Haxe, J#, JavaScript, JS++, Kotlin, PHP
Java_(programming_language)
Type of parallel processing
"SIMD in JavaScript". 01.org. 8 May 2014. "tc39/ecmascript_simd: SIMD numeric type for EcmaScript". GitHub. Ecma TC39. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 8 September
Single instruction, multiple data
Single_instruction,_multiple_data
Google project for sanitizing third party HTML, CSS and JavaScript
principles of object-capabilities. It would take JavaScript (technically, ECMAScript 5 strict mode code), HTML, and CSS input and rewrite it into a safe subset
Caja_project
Topics referred to by the same term
series of IBM computer clones ES register, in x86 computer architecture ECMAScript, popularly known as JavaScript Elasticsearch, a search engine Elementary
ES
Free and open-source web browser
engine. The browser supports modern web browsing, including support for ECMAScript 6 on release, TLS 1.3, NPAPI plugins, classic Firefox add-ons, ALSA on
Basilisk_(web_browser)
programming languages include ALGOL, C, C++, JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript), Smalltalk, Prolog, Common Lisp, Scheme (IEEE standard), ISLISP, Ada
Comparison of programming languages
Comparison_of_programming_languages
Type of internet hyperlink
log in before being provided a link to the content they desire. Using ECMAScript or similar programming along with altering the DOM so as to initiate a
Direct_download_link
Scripting platform developed by Google
the ECMAScript 5 API. In March 2020, Google announced the introduction of the V8 JS runtime, bringing with it full support of modern ECMAScript except
Google_Apps_Script
Programming language
interfaces and dynamic websites. It was later generalized and standardized as ECMAScript. Hyperscript – A scripting language that is designed for readable inline
HyperTalk
Backwards compatible JavaScript compiler
and open-source JavaScript transcompiler that is mainly used to convert ECMAScript 2015+ (ES6+) code into backwards-compatible JavaScript code that can be
Babel_(transcompiler)
JavaScript engine developed in Java
provides a 100% support of ECMAScript 5.1. It was the first JavaScript implementation to achieve 100% pass rate on the ECMAScript 5.1 test suite. With the
Nashorn_(JavaScript_engine)
Web browser designed for use on mobile devices
mobile browsers are full-featured Web browsers capable of HTML, CSS, ECMAScript, as well as mobile technologies such as WML, i-mode HTML, or cHTML. To
Mobile_browser
Value for unrepresentable data
without requiring their implementations to force a certain NaN value. ECMAScript (JavaScript) code treats all NaN as if they are the same value. Java has
NaN
Open-source JavaScript module bundler
recommended approach is to use the import() syntax that conforms to the ECMAScript proposal for dynamic imports. The legacy, webpack-specific approach is
Webpack
JavaScript and WebAssembly engine
compiles this bytecode into machine code. In other words, V8 compiles ECMAScript to native machine code using just-in-time compilation before executing
V8_(JavaScript_engine)
dynamic binding XML LZX XML, ECMAScript Compiled XML, ECMAScript, CSS, XPath MXML ActionScript Compiled XML, ECMAScript, CSS Qt/QML C++, JavaScript (Plus
Comparison of user interface markup languages
Comparison_of_user_interface_markup_languages
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
following words, primarily associated with Java, were removed from the ECMAScript 5/6 standard: abstract boolean byte char double final float goto int long
JavaScript_syntax
Function in a programming language, which evaluates a string
In some programming languages, eval, short for evaluate, is a function which evaluates a string as though it were an expression in the language, and returns
Eval
Online HTML rendering test
used on highly interactive websites characteristic of Web 2.0, such as ECMAScript and DOM Level 2. A few subtests also concern Scalable Vector Graphics
Acid3
JavaScript engine written in Java
1.80 (January 2025), Rhino supports Java 11 and up, and supports many ECMAScript ES6/ES2015 features. Rhino converts JavaScript scripts into classes. Rhino
Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)
#18: Unicode Regular Expressions". "ECMA-262, 9th edition, June 2018 ECMAScript® 2018 Language Specification". www.ecma-international.org. Retrieved 4
Comparison of regular expression engines
Comparison_of_regular_expression_engines
Markup language and file format
a first-class data type in other languages. The ECMAScript for XML (E4X) extension to the ECMAScript/JavaScript language explicitly defines two specific
XML
Typographical mark (`) (Freestanding grave accent)
a function name by backticks makes it an infix operator. JavaScript: ECMAScript 6 standard introduced a "backtick" character which indicated a string
Backtick
XML-based markup language
supports the ECMAScript datamodel. uSCXML C/C++ interpreter and transformer/compiler with language bindings for Java and C#. Full ECMAScript support via
SCXML
Style of object-oriented programming in which inheritance is based on reusing objects
Some current prototype-oriented languages are JavaScript (and other ECMAScript implementations such as JScript and Flash's ActionScript 1.0), Lua, Cecil
Prototype-based_programming
JavaScript code analysis software
quality and coding style issues. ESLint supports current standards of ECMAScript, and experimental syntax from drafts for future standards. Code using
ESLint
Open-source load testing software
JavaScript interpreter for test scripting purposes. Tests are written in ECMAScript 6 using the Babel transpiler. There is support for HTTP/2, TLS, test assertions
K6_(software)
Collaborative compilation of information about the world's time zones
Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022. "ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification". ecma-international.org (2nd ed
Tz_database
Discontinued multimedia platform used to add animation and interactivity to websites
to begin work on the Tamarin virtual machine that would implement the ECMAScript 4 language standard with the help of the Mozilla community. It was released
Adobe_Flash
Scheme, Self) ActionScript (also under HyperTalk) Haxe Asm.js CoffeeScript ECMAScript JavaScript OSA JScript TypeScript AssemblyScript JOSS CAL TELCOMP FOCAL
Generational list of programming languages
Generational_list_of_programming_languages
High-level programming language
issues ECMAScript – this specification defines and standardizes the JavaScript language, such as its vernacular, syntax, and so on. ECMAScript version
Outline of the JavaScript programming language
Outline_of_the_JavaScript_programming_language
Computer science constructs
concurrent.CompletableFuture JavaScript as of ECMAScript 2015, and via the keywords async and await since ECMAScript 2017 Lucid (dataflow only) Some Lisps Clojure
Futures_and_promises
Organizing code into modules
derivatives that included modules. JavaScript has had native modules since ECMAScript 2015. C++ modules have allowed backwards compatibility with headers (with
Modular_programming
Family of JavaScript sub-languages
required by Chapter 1 of SICP and as specified by ECMAScript 2015. Since the Safari browser is ECMAScript-2015-compliant, including proper tail calls, it
Source_(programming_language)
travel, tourism, insurance
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ECMASCRIPT
ECMASCRIPT
ECMASCRIPT
ECMASCRIPT
ECMASCRIPT
ECMASCRIPT
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travel, tourism, insurance