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Standards organization for information and communication systems
Ecma International (/ˈɛkmə/) is a nonprofit standards organization for information and communication systems. It acquired its current name in 1994, when
Ecma_International
Specification for JavaScript and other programming languages
standardized by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee in the document ECMA-262, with i18n ("Intl") APIs standardized in the document ECMA-402. ECMAScript
ECMAScript
Family of document file formats
presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions
Office_Open_XML
American computer scientist
"Standard ECMA-335". Ecma-international.org. Retrieved 2009-09-30. ("TC39" seems like a typo, see next ref) https://www.ecma-international.org/about-ecma/areas-of-work/
Sam_Ruby
Versions of a JavaScript standard
ECMAScript is a JavaScript standard developed by Ecma International. Since 2015, major versions have been published every June. ECMAScript 2025, the 16th
ECMAScript_version_history
XML-based document format
XML Paper Specification (XPS). In June 2009, Ecma International adopted it as international standard ECMA-388. It is an XML-based (more precisely XAML-based)
Open_XML_Paper_Specification
Family of file formats
between December 2006 and November 2008, first by the Ecma International consortium, where they became ECMA-376, and subsequently, after a contentious standardization
Office_Open_XML_file_formats
Data-interchange format
first JSON message in April 2001 with Chip Morningstar. The 2017 international standard (ECMA-404 and ISO/IEC 21778:2017) specifies that "JSON" is "pronounced
JSON
Standard libraries of C#, the .NET Framework and Core, and related projects
Standard Profiles". Standard ECMA-335 – Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) (Technical report) (6th ed.). Ecma International. June 2012. p. 437. "IV.5.8
Standard_Libraries_(CLI)
Proposed standard language for software agent communication
or between a human and an AI agent. Ecma International; a standards body which develops and publishes international standards for the information and communication
Agent_Communications_Language
Open specification for runtime environments
developed by Microsoft and standardized by ISO/IEC (ISO/IEC 23271) and Ecma International (ECMA 335) that describes executable code and a runtime environment that
Common Language Infrastructure
Common_Language_Infrastructure
International certificate of vaccination
had not been established. On 12 March 2021, Ecma International announced its intention to create international standards which guard against counterfeiting
International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
International_Certificate_of_Vaccination_or_Prophylaxis
between December 2006 and November 2008, first by the Ecma International consortium (where they became ECMA-376), and subsequently, after a contentious standardization
Standardization of Office Open XML
Standardization_of_Office_Open_XML
International 3D audio standard
ECMA-407 is the world's first approved international 3D audio standard for the unrestricted delivery of channel-based, object-based and scene-based signals
ECMA-407
Former organization for adoption of ultra-wideband
"Standard ECMA-368: High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard". Ecma International. December 2008. "Standard ECMA-369: MAC-PHY Interface for ECMA-368"
WiMedia_Alliance
Programming language
ECMA International formed technical committee TC52 to standardize Dart. ECMA approved the first edition of the Dart language specification as ECMA-408
Dart_(programming_language)
a list of standards published by Ecma International, formerly the European Computer Manufacturers Association. ECMA-205 – Commercially Oriented Functionality
List_of_Ecma_standards
8-bit character encoding
page 919 to ISO-8859-10.[citation needed] It is published by Ecma International as ECMA-144. Differences from ISO-8859-1 have the Unicode code point number
ISO/IEC_8859-10
Browser-based computing platform
the Unicode Consortium, the Internet Engineering Task Force, and Ecma International. It is the umbrella term introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium
Web_platform
Suite of office software
format in favor of Office Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format. Support for Portable Document Format (PDF) and
Microsoft_Office
Topics referred to by the same term
ECMA or Ecma may refer to: Ecma International (formerly European Computer Manufacturers Association), a standards organization for information communication
ECMA
Series of standards for 8-bit character encodings
disbanded. ISO/IEC 8859 parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 were originally Ecma International standard ECMA-94. While the bit patterns of the 95 printable ASCII characters
ISO/IEC_8859
Retired programming language extension for [[XML]] in [[JavaScript]].
better support within the language. E4X was standardized by Ecma International in the ECMA-357 standard. The first edition was published in June 2004 and
ECMAScript_for_XML
Published standard
(PDF). The Unicode Standard. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-18. ECMA-17 (Ecma International equivalent) BN-76/3101-05 (Polish equivalent)
ISO_2047
Variant of C++ for .NET interoperability
Managed Extensions for C++. In December 2005, Ecma International published C++/CLI specifications as the ECMA-372 standard. The latest supported version
C++/CLI
Technical standard
Encoding Standard and URL Standard. Standards published by Ecma International (formerly ECMA) such as JavaScript (also known as ECMAScript) and JavaScript
Web_standards
Image file format with multiple editions
specification had no official publisher until it was picked up by Ecma International and the ITU-T/ISO/IEC Joint Photographic Experts Group around 2009
JPEG_File_Interchange_Format
Character encodings standard
encodings, first edition published in 1989. It is designated ECMA-128 by Ecma International and TS 5881 as a Turkish standard. It is informally referred
ISO/IEC_8859-9
Spanish software consulting company
Khronos Group". 31 December 2021. "Ecma International welcomes the following new members" (Press release). ECMA International. 2007-06-27. Retrieved 2020-10-03
Igalia
Method of encoding characters in a URI
RFC 1738. "ECMAScript 2017 Language Specification (ECMA-262, 8th edition, June 2017)". Ecma International. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved
Percent-encoding
Formerly ECMA-standard multilingual KOI-8 character encoding version
ISO/IEC 2022. It was defined by the first (1986) edition of ECMA-113, which is the Ecma International standard corresponding to ISO/IEC 8859-5, and as such
ISO-IR-111
Software platform developed by Microsoft
Infrastructure (CLI) and C#. By December 2001, both were ratified as ECMA standards. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) followed in April 2003
.NET_Framework
Family of programming languages
Retrieved May 16, 2025. Ecma International (1986). "ECMA-116: BASIC". Ecma International. Retrieved May 16, 2025. International Organization for Standardization
BASIC
Programming language
developed as an international standard. The effort started at ANSI in January 1974, and was joined in September by a parallel group at ECMA. The first draft
Minimal_BASIC
functions as the physical link layer. QSIG was originally developed by Ecma International, adopted by ETSI and is defined by a set of ISO standard documents
QSIG
Object-oriented programming language
Eiffel language definition is an international standard of the ISO. The standard was developed by ECMA International, which first approved the standard
Eiffel_(programming_language)
High-level programming language
HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995, it is maintained by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee, with related Web APIs maintained by W3C
Outline of the JavaScript programming language
Outline_of_the_JavaScript_programming_language
Datum of integral data type
2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010. "Chapter 8.6.2 on page 12" (PDF). ecma-international.org. VB 6.0 help file "The Integer, Long, and Byte Data Types (VBA)"
Integer_(computer_science)
Binary operator in computer programming
operators". Microsoft Learn. 2023-07-27. "ECMA-334, 3rd edition, June 2005" (PDF). ecma-international.org. Ecma International. June 2005. p. 63. "Conditional expression"
Null_coalescing_operator
Method used for display options on video text terminals
collaborated with the ECMA committee TC 1 to produce nearly identical standards. These two standards were merged into an international standard, ISO 6429
ANSI_escape_code
File system for CD-R and CD-ROM optical discs
9660 (also known as ECMA-119, or on Windows as CDFS) is a file system for optical disc media. The file system is an international standard available from
ISO_9660
International standards development organization
Technology portal Countries in the International Organization for Standardization – Members of ISO Ecma International – Standards organization for information
International Organization for Standardization
International_Organization_for_Standardization
General-purpose programming language
widely distributed in July 2000 and was later approved as an international standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) in 2002 and ISO/IEC (ISO/IEC 23270 and 20619) in 2003
C Sharp (programming language)
C_Sharp_(programming_language)
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
Standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards published by Ecma International (formerly ECMA) The Unicode Standard
World_Wide_Web
Typographic symbol (#)
Retrieved 4 April 2024. "Introduction". ECMA-334 C# language specification (PDF) (7th ed.). Ecma International. December 2023. p. xxiii. Archived (PDF)
Number_sign
Compressed file format for 3D graphics
industrial plant design. The format was later standardized by Ecma International in August 2005 as ECMA-363. The goal is a universal standard for three-dimensional
Universal_3D
Higher-level 7-bit and 8-bit character encoding system
standard in the field of character encoding. It is equivalent to the ECMA standard ECMA-35, the ANSI standard ANSI X3.41 and the Japanese Industrial Standard
ISO/IEC_2022
Consortium DMTF – Distributed Management Task Force Ecma International – Ecma International (previously called ECMA) EKOenergy – EKOenergy Network managed by environmental
List of technical standard organizations
List_of_technical_standard_organizations
Presentation application, part of Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Office
format was published as an open standard, ECMA-376, through Ecma International Technical Committee 45 (TC45). The Ecma 376 standard was approved in December
Microsoft_PowerPoint
Proposed software compatibility standard
displaying short descriptions of redirect targets "Standard ECMA-234" (PDF). Ecma International. December 1995. "SunFLASH Vol 53: Sun Introduces Wabi - Allows
Application Programming Interface for Windows
Application_Programming_Interface_for_Windows
High-level programming language
HTML and CSS. Created by Brendan Eich in 1995, it is maintained by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee, with related Web APIs maintained by W3C
JavaScript
JavaScript outside of the web browser
by multiple implementations. CommonJS is not affiliated with the Ecma International group TC39 working on ECMAScript, but some members of TC39 participate
CommonJS
"Microsoft Open Specification Promise". Microsoft. Retrieved 2008-12-05. "Ecma Office Open XML File Formats overview". Archived from the original on 2006-11-17
Comparison of Office Open XML and OpenDocument
Comparison_of_Office_Open_XML_and_OpenDocument
Web browser by Netscape released in 1994
web include JavaScript, which was submitted as a new standard to Ecma International. The resultant ECMAScript specification allowed JavaScript support
Netscape_Navigator
Special characters in computing signifying the end of a line of text
Language Specification". ECMA International. June 2019. 11.3 Line Terminators. "ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification". ECMA International. June 2018. 11.3 Line
Newline
Punctuation mark with two dots (:)
maint: deprecated archival service (link) ECMA TC39 (June 2022). ECMA-262 (PDF) (13th ed.). Ecma International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July
Colon_(punctuation)
Novel optical disc based on holography
December 9, 2004, at its 88th General Assembly, the standards body Ecma International created Technical Committee 44, dedicated to standardizing HVD formats
Holographic_Versatile_Disc
Programming language for automation scripts
(Unix) Templating language "ECMAScript 2019 Language Specification". Ecma International. Retrieved 2018-04-02. "JBang". jbang.dev. Retrieved 11 September
Scripting_language
XML Paper Specification (XPS). In June 2009, Ecma International adopted it as international standard ECMA-388. The format is intentionally restricted to
Comparison_of_e-book_formats
Object-oriented programming language
Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains
Java_(programming_language)
In software, to have several parent classes
original (PDF) on 2005-10-24. Retrieved 2016-10-21. "Standard ECMA-367". Ecma-international.org. Retrieved 2016-10-21. "State of the Lambda". Cr.openjdk
Multiple_inheritance
International standard for 7-bit ASCII and national modifications
is equivalent to the ECMA standard ECMA-6 and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published
ISO/IEC_646
Optical disc medium for PlayStation Portable
ンズ（旧株式会社ソニーDadcジャパン）". Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. Ecma International (June 2005). "Data Interchange on 60 mm Read-Only ODC—Capacity: 1
Universal_Media_Disc
64-bit computer number format
Floating-Point Semantics". Retrieved 2021-09-12. ECMA-262 ECMAScript Language Specification (PDF) (5th ed.). Ecma International. p. 29, §8.5 The Number Type. Archived
Double-precision floating-point format
Double-precision_floating-point_format
First commercially available variant of Ethernet
available version of Ethernet. The technology was standardized first by Ecma International in early 1982 based on an IEEE draft standard, then by IEEE in 1983
10BASE5
Replacing a number with a simpler value
1017/S0022050709001120. hdl:10230/481. "ECMA-262 ECMAScript Language Specification" (PDF). ecma-international.org. OFCM, 2005: Federal Meteorological
Rounding
Andrew C. (11 January 1985). "Files-11 On-Disk Structure Specification". DEC. ECMA-119 - Volume and file structure of CDROM for information interchange - 4th
Comparison_of_file_systems
Set of device communication protocols
from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2012. "Ecma International: Standard ECMA-340, Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)"
Near-field_communication
Standards organization
ANEC (organisation), the European consumer voice in standardization Ecma International Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements List of EN standards
European Committee for Standardization
European_Committee_for_Standardization
Area that observes a uniform standard time
oracle.com. "ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification". ECMA International. June 2015. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved
Time_zone
Programming language concept
variance validity". Retrieved 16 August 2016. "Section II.9.7". ECMA International Standard ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) (6th ed.). June 2012
Type_variance
Variant of DVD designed with random access in mind
original on 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2020-05-19. Ecma International (June 2005). "ECMA-330" (PDF). ecma-international.org. Retrieved 6 March 2026. The track path
DVD-RAM
Digital container format
XML standards ISO/IEC 29500:2008 and ECMA-376. The ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008 specification and the second edition of ECMA-376 makes a normative reference to
Open_Packaging_Conventions
Technology that allows interactions on a telephone and a computer to be coordinated
(computer telephony integration)?". Scientific American. 1 November 1999. Retrieved 4 March 2026. User Agent CSTA (uaCSTA) - TR/87 - ECMA International
Computer telephony integration
Computer_telephony_integration
Collaborative compilation of information about the world's time zones
March 2022. "ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification". ecma-international.org (2nd ed.). June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 October
Tz_database
ISO 8859 standard character encoding for Cyrillic
Retrieved 2016-12-05. "Code Page Identifiers". 7 January 2021. "ECMA-113 - Ecma International" (PDF). Czyborra, Roman (1998-11-30) [1998-05-25]. "The Cyrillic
ISO/IEC_8859-5
Use of immunity passports for COVID-19 vaccination
essential criteria for an international standard. On 12 March 2021, Ecma International announced its intention to create an international standard which prevents
Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic
Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic
Lossy compression method for reducing the size of digital images
continuous-tone still images. ISO/IEC 10918 consists of the following parts: Ecma International TR/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF); the first
JPEG
527–552). Retrieved December 2, 2008. "Standard ECMA-334, C# Language Specification". ECMA International. pp. Section 12.3 (pp.122–133). Retrieved December
Definite_assignment_analysis
XML-based file format for 3D computer graphics
managed by the Khronos Group O3D: developed by Google U3D: Ecma International standard ECMA-363 VRML: precursor of X3D 3MF: An XML-based format that includes
X3D
Computer control characters
are the range 80HEX–9FHEX and the default C1 set was originally defined in ECMA-48 (harmonized later with ISO 6429). The ISO/IEC 2022 system of specifying
C0_and_C1_control_codes
Digital optical disc data storage format
Protected CDs". Archived from the original on 5 December 2001. Ecma International. Standard ECMA-130: Data Interchange on Read-only 120 mm Optical Data Disks
Compact_disc
Set of rules defining correctly structured programs
September 2016. "ECMAScript 2020 Language Specification". Ecma International. June 2020. ECMA-262, Edition 3, 7.5.3 Future Reserved Words Yadav, Amitya
JavaScript_syntax
Control flow statement that branches according to a Boolean expression
at the Wayback Machine, Java Language Specification, 3rd Edition. Ecma-international.org Archived 2015-04-12 at the Wayback Machine ECMAScript Language
Conditional (computer programming)
Conditional_(computer_programming)
Community interested in evolving HTML and related technologies
describe interfaces that are intended to be implemented in web browsers. Ecma International Document Object Model HyperText Markup Language "Steering Group Agreement
WHATWG
Information storage method
CDR FAQ "ECMA-394 Multi-Speed Compact Disc Recordable System Description" (PDF). ECMA International. December 2010. Retrieved 2025-07-11. "ECMA-394 Multi-Speed
Absolute_Time_in_Pregroove
Type of text or binary file format
Portable Document Format (PDF) and was later standardized by Ecma International as ECMA-388 (.oxps) PalmDOC (.pdb) — a special version of the PDB record
Document_file_format
Recordable optical disc specification
Retrieved 27 November 2021. "ECMA-394 Multi-Speed Compact Disc Recordable System Description" (PDF). ECMA International. December 2010. Archived (PDF)
CD-R
text, HTML, PDF, Microsoft_Word, LaTeX Office Open XML (OOXML) 2006 Ecma International, ISO/IEC Office suite Office suite OpenDocument Format (ODF) 2005
Comparison of document markup languages
Comparison_of_document_markup_languages
Computer programming principle
Official Python Docs, built-in functions "ECMA-262, 5th edition, December 2009" (PDF). Ecma International. December 2009. Retrieved July 15, 2025. "ECMAScript
Uniform_access_principle
Digital optical disc data storage format
at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 24, 2009 "Standard ECMA-267". Ecma-international.org. Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved October
DVD
Common Language Infrastructure
Infrastructure (CLI), Partitions I–VI (PDF). ECMA International (Standard). Ecma International. June 2012. ECMA‑335 6th Edition. Retrieved March 20, 2026
Virtual_Execution_System
an OSI standard in July 2000. It is currently being maintained by ECMA International. The core of CSTA is a normalized Call Control model. Additional to
Computer-supported telecommunications applications
Computer-supported_telecommunications_applications
Vendor-neutral file system, used in practice for DVDs and other optical discs
Disk Format is a profile of the specifications known as ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167. Normally, authoring software will master a UDF file system in a batch
Universal_Disk_Format
File format for representing 3D interactive vector graphics
managed by the Khronos Group O3D: developed by Google U3D: Ecma International standard ECMA-363 X3D: successor of VRML glTF: created by the Khronos Group
VRML
Data organized by tags but not tables
"Understanding CSV, Tab, and Other Delimited Text File Formats". Ecma International (December 2017). "ECMA-404. The JSON data interchange syntax. 2nd edition". ITU
Semi-structured_data
Classes of data types
docs.python.org. "ECMAScript® 2019 Language Specification". www.ecma-international.org. "Trait Copy in std::marker — Rust". rust-lang.org. "Chapter 24
Value_type_and_reference_type
Removal of unnecessary characters in code without changing its functionality
considerably. In 2024, source maps were standardized by Ecma International's TC39 technical committee as ECMA-426. JavaScript and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
Minification_(programming)
Sans-serif typeface
called “Class B”. In February 1965, ECMA proposed a design for the “Class B” font to ISO, who adopted it as international standard ISO 1073-2 in October 1965
OCR-B
Character encoding of Latin script
by X3L2. Part 1 of Draft International Standard DTS 8859 is based on this joint ANSI/ECMA proposal. […] Adopted as an ECMA Standard by the General Assembly
ISO/IEC_8859-1
travel, tourism, insurance
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
ECMA INTERNATIONAL
travel, tourism, insurance