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1987 video game
E.O.S.: Earth Orbit Stations is a space station construction and management simulation video game developed by Karl Buiter for Electronic Arts. It was
Earth_Orbit_Stations
Earth-centered orbit above low Earth orbit and below geostationary orbit
A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between 2,000
Medium_Earth_orbit
Range of low orbital altitudes
Very low Earth orbit (VLEO) is a range of geocentric orbits with lowest altitudes (at perigee) below 400 km (250 mi). It is of increasing commercial importance
Very_low_Earth_orbit
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
geostationary orbit, also referred to as a GEO or GSO, is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) in altitude above Earth's equator, 42,164 km
Geostationary_orbit
Geocentric orbit: An orbit around the planet Earth, such as that of the Moon or of artificial satellites. Selenocentric orbit (named after Selene): An orbit around
List_of_orbits
Maintenance of a particular orbit
thruster burns to keep the active craft in the same orbit as its target. For many low Earth orbit satellites, the effects of non-Keplerian forces, i.e
Orbital_station-keeping
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Modular space station in low Earth orbit
International Space Station (ISS) is a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO). It is the product of the International Space Station program and is operated
International_Space_Station
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less
Low_Earth_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
on a spacecraft. Halo orbits exist in any three-body system, e.g., a Sun–Earth–orbiting satellite system or an Earth–Moon–orbiting satellite system. Continuous
Halo_orbit
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
the orbital plane of the two large bodies. There are five Lagrange points for the Sun–Earth system, and five different Lagrange points for the Earth–Moon
Lagrange_point
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
transferred two of its THEMIS spacecraft from Earth orbit to Lunar orbit by way of Earth–Moon L1 and L2 Lissajous orbits. In June 2018, Queqiao, the relay satellite
Lissajous_orbit
Terrestrial radio station for communication with spacecraft
astronomical radio sources. Ground stations may be located either on the surface of the Earth, or in its atmosphere. Earth stations communicate with spacecraft
Ground_station
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
A Molniya orbit (‹See TfM›Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmoɫnʲɪjə] , "Lightning") is a type of satellite orbit designed to provide communications and remote
Molniya_orbit
Proposed low Earth orbit space station
Orbital Reef is a low Earth orbit (LEO) space station under development. It is designed by Blue Origin and Sierra Space for commercial space activities
Orbital_Reef
Satellite designed to observe Earth from orbit
An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy
Earth_observation_satellite
Conceptual artificial ring around the Earth
gravity. For the Earth, the required speed is on the order of 10 km/sec,[citation needed] compared to a typical low Earth orbit orbital speed of 7.9 km/sec
Orbital_ring
Proposed Russian space station
Orbital Service Station, is a proposed Russian orbital space station scheduled to begin construction in 2028. Initially an evolution of the Orbital Piloted
Russian_Orbital_Station
Process that leads to gradual decrease of the distance between two orbiting bodies
bodies in low Earth orbit, the most significant effect is atmospheric drag. Due to atmospheric drag, the lowest altitude above the Earth at which an object
Orbital_decay
Habitable artificial satellite
purpose of maintaining a space station varies depending on the program. Most often space stations have been research stations, but they have also served military
Space_station
Orbital plane that is tipped away from the equator
occupy an inclined orbit around Earth if the orbit exhibits an angle other than 0° to the equatorial plane. This angle is called the orbit's inclination. A
Inclined_orbit
Orbit around Earth
A geocentric orbit, Earth-centered orbit, or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites. In 1997, NASA estimated
Geocentric_orbit
2023 novel by Samantha Harvey
Russia, four men and two women, aboard the International Space Station as they orbit Earth. In addition to detailing the official duties and tasks of the
Orbital_(novel)
Weapons used in space warfare
weapons that can attack space systems in orbit (for example, anti-satellite weapons), attack targets on the earth from space or disable missiles travelling
Space_weapon
NASA program
private commercial space stations (CSSs) in low Earth orbit. NASA must face the planned end of the International Space Station, whose deorbit is planned
Commercial LEO Destinations program
Commercial_LEO_Destinations_program
space stations that have been identified by name in notable published works of fiction and science fiction. A space station (or orbital station) is a
List of fictional space stations
List_of_fictional_space_stations
Chinese modular space station (since 2021)
crewed space station, in low Earth orbit since 2021. Operated by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), it is China's third space station, under the Tiangong
Tiangong_space_station
Orbit of an object around the Moon
spaceflight, a lunar orbit (also known as a selenocentric orbit) is an orbit by an object around Earth's Moon. In general these orbits are not circular.
Lunar_orbit
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
required for station-keeping. By 2018, NASA began considering a near-rectilinear halo orbit for a future lunar mission, and by 2020 an Earth-Moon L2 NRHO
Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit
Spaceflight where spacecraft orbits an astronomical body
trajectory where it could remain in space for at least one orbit. To do this around the Earth, it must be on a free trajectory which has an altitude at
Orbital_spaceflight
Objects intentionally placed into orbit
in orbit or remain in orbit, like Space stations, are artificial satellites as well. The first artificial satellite launched into the Earth's orbit was
Satellite
Configuration of two or more astronomical objects
orbit centered on a position ahead of the position of Earth. This orbit slowly moves further ahead of Earth's orbital position. When Cruithne's orbit
Co-orbital_configuration
Proposed system of reusable manned space vehicles
space stations, built out of standardized space station modules. Those would be emplaced in low Earth orbit, polar Earth orbit, geosationary orbit, and
Space_Transportation_System
space stations generally do not leave their orbit, they do feature thrusters for station keeping. As of 2026, two stations are orbiting Earth with life
List_of_space_stations
NASA scientific research satellites
satellite is a high-density passive laser reflector in a very stable medium Earth orbit (MEO). The spacecraft are aluminum-covered brass spheres with diameters
LAGEOS
Topics referred to by the same term
coupé convertible vehicle made by Volkswagen E.O.S. or Earth Orbit Stations, a space station simulation by Electronic Arts Eos, a fictional world in
Eos_(disambiguation)
Satellite ground station located at Troll in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica
March 2007 and was officially opened on 20 January 2008. The earth station serves low Earth orbit satellites and consists of a 7.3-meter (24 ft) antenna capable
Troll_Satellite_Station
Highly elliptical and highly inclined synchronous orbit
between 0.2 and 0.3. A satellite placed in this orbit spends most of its time over a chosen area of the Earth, a phenomenon known as apogee dwell, which makes
Tundra_orbit
First space station launched and operated by NASA (1973–1979)
Operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation, ten spacewalks, and hundreds of experiments. NASA's station concept had competed
Skylab
Space Station (ISS), there are currently no commercial space stations in operation. This is a list of planned and cancelled commercial space stations. Axiom
List of commercial space stations
List_of_commercial_space_stations
American satellite launched in 1958; oldest manmade object in Earth orbit
1958-002B) is an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth-orbiting satellite to be successfully launched, following Sputnik 1, Sputnik
Vanguard_1
SpaceX satellite Internet constellation
satellites (10,397 operational) in low Earth orbit (LEO) that communicate with user terminals and gateway ground stations connecting the constellation to terrestrial
Starlink
against the direction of the Earth's rotation. Most commercial Earth-observing satellites use retrograde Sun-synchronous orbits to ensure that observations
Artificial satellites in retrograde orbit
Artificial_satellites_in_retrograde_orbit
Quasiperiodic orbit around a Lagrange point
for example, in the Earth–Moon system. Trojan bodies also exhibit libration dynamics. Two varieties of libration point orbits amenable to Lyapunov
Libration_point_orbit
Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes
artificial orbital satellite. In 1961, Soviet Vostok 1 cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space and orbit the Earth, and in 1969
List_of_spaceflight_records
Proposed type of space transportation system
cargo to and from orbit. The design would permit vehicles to travel directly between a planetary surface, such as the Earth's, and orbit, without the use
Space_elevator
2000 video game
with a space station or other spacecraft, and rendezvous with and retrieval of satellites. Users can also build space stations in orbit. The Solar System
Orbiter_(simulator)
Movement around a celestial body that remains below its Karman line
orbit (TAO) is an orbit around a celestial body in which a portion of the orbit intersects with the defined atmosphere. Transatmospheric Earth orbits
Transatmospheric_orbit
Estimate of total change in velocity of a space mission
needed to transfer a heavier communication satellite from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit than for a lighter one, the delta-v required is the same
Delta-v_budget
Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space
energy or velocity to make a full Earth orbit. For orbital spaceflights, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the Earth or around other celestial bodies
Spacecraft
in 1983 for a comet rendezvous mission. Currently in heliocentric orbit. The Sun–Earth L1 is also the point to which the Reboot ISEE-3 mission was attempting
List of objects at Lagrange points
List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points
Third planet from the Sun
minutes). Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Earth is orbited by one
Earth
Cancelled lunar orbital space station
The Lunar Gateway was a planned modular space station that would have been assembled in orbit around the Moon as part of the Artemis program. Derived
Lunar_Gateway
Technology development overview
types of orbits, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, Sun-synchronous orbit, polar orbit, highly elliptical orbit, Lagrange-point
Outline of artificial satellites
Outline_of_artificial_satellites
Curved path of an object around a point
orbit of Earth per sidereal day (relative to the stars, not the Sun). High Earth orbit: Geocentric orbits above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit 35
Orbit
Distance from center of Earth to center of Moon
or Earth–Moon characteristic distance, is a unit of measure in astronomy. More technically, it is the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit. The
Lunar_distance
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
simple atmospheric drag is another complicating factor for objects in low Earth orbit. These rules of thumb are decidedly inaccurate when describing two or
Orbital_mechanics
Proposed momentum exchange tether
that aims to reduce the cost of placing payloads into low Earth orbit. A heavy orbiting station is connected to a cable which extends down towards the upper
Skyhook_(structure)
Movement during spaceflight
an orbital maneuver (otherwise known as a burn) is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far from Earth, in
Orbital_maneuver
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
track the satellite. However, most form satellite constellations in low Earth orbit, where ground antennas must track the satellites and switch between them
Communications_satellite
Spaceflight where the spacecraft does not go into orbit
velocity to go into low Earth orbit, and then de-orbit before completing their first full orbit, are not considered sub-orbital. Examples of this include
Sub-orbital_spaceflight
Event during which a spacecraft can be viewed from a specified ground location
Doppler shifting for Earth-orbiting satellites. Satellites in geosynchronous orbit may be continuously visible from a single ground station, whereas satellites
Orbital_pass
Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches its rotational period
example, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth, although there is some variability because the Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular. Usually, only the
Tidal_locking
Soviet/Russian space station (1986–2001)
Мир, IPA: [ˈmʲir]; lit. 'peace' or 'world') was a space station operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, first by the Soviet Union and later by
Mir
Planned private space station
commercial space stations Haven-1 Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) Orbital Reef – Proposed low Earth orbit space station Starlab Space Station – Planned
Axiom_Station
Theoretical satellite collision cascade
1978. It describes a situation in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) becomes so high due to space pollution that collisions between
Kessler_syndrome
American aerospace company (1982-2015)
were satellites and launch vehicles, including low Earth orbit (LEO), geosynchronous Earth orbit and planetary spacecraft for communications, remote
Orbital_Sciences_Corporation
Orbit in which natural drifting has been minimized
long-term stable orbit that minimizes the use of station-keeping propellant. For spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, changes to orbital parameters are
Frozen_orbit
1968 photograph of Earth from lunar orbit
Earthrise is a photograph of Earth taken from lunar orbit by American astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968, during the Apollo 8 mission. Nature
Earthrise
Circular areosynchronous orbit in the Martian equatorial plane
An areostationary orbit, areosynchronous equatorial orbit (AEO), or Mars geostationary orbit is a circular areosynchronous orbit (ASO) approximately
Areostationary_orbit
American space technology company
a longer-term goal of as many as 50,000 reflector satellites in low Earth orbit by 2035. On July 9, 2026, the FCC authorized the construction, launch
Reflect_Orbital
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. It orbits Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometers (238,854 mi). Because the Moon follows an
Moon
Flight into or through outer space
spacecraft such as satellites in orbit around Earth, but also includes space probes for flights beyond Earth orbit. Such spaceflights operate either
Spaceflight
Russian concept for an orbital human mission to Mars
Mars Piloted Orbital Station (or Marspost) is a Russian concept for an orbital human mission to Mars, with several proposed configurations, including
Mars_Piloted_Orbital_Station
Parameter in the gravitational two-body problem
two-body problem, the specific orbital energy ε {\displaystyle \varepsilon } (or specific vis-viva energy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant quotient
Specific_orbital_energy
Radio horn antenna in Maine, US
Andover Earth Station was one of the first satellite earth stations, located at Andover in the US state of Maine. It was built by AT&T in 1961 to communicate
Andover_Earth_Station
Commercial orbital communications network
The Near Earth Network (NEN, formerly GN or Ground Network) provides orbital communications support for near-Earth orbiting customer platforms via various
Near_Earth_Network
Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)
2013. The MOM probe spent about a month in Earth orbit, where it made a series of seven apogee-raising orbital maneuver before trans-Mars injection on 30
Mars_Orbiter_Mission
Diagrammatic representation of Sun's position over a period of time
the change in the Sun's declination due to the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation as it orbits around the Sun. The east–west component results from the
Analemma
Angle between the orbital plane of a satellite and the vector to the sun
In orbital mechanics, the beta angle ( β {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\beta }}} ) is the angle between a satellite's orbital plane around Earth and the
Beta_angle
Soviet space station (1971)
also known as DOS-1 (Durable Orbital Station 1), was the world's first space station. It was launched into low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on April
Salyut_1
American human spaceflight program
and Saturn V boosters. These included a crewed lunar base, an Earth-orbiting space station, the so-called Grand Tour of the Outer Solar System, and the
Apollo_Applications_Program
Temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft
A parking orbit is a temporary orbit used during the launch of a spacecraft. A launch vehicle follows a trajectory to the parking orbit, then coasts for
Parking_orbit
Proposed Russian space station
a 2009–2017 proposed third-generation Russian modular space station for low Earth orbit. The concept was to use OPSEK to assemble components of crewed
Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex
Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex
Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth. Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit
List_of_space_telescopes
Phases of Earth as seen from the Moon
orbital positions of the Moon around Earth and of Earth around the Sun shift. The most prominent feature in the Moon's sky, after the Sun, is Earth.
Earth_phase
Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO) Program of NASA refers to the six satellites launched by the United States that were in use from September 1964
Orbiting Geophysical Observatory
Orbiting_Geophysical_Observatory
Chinese space station (2011–2018)
yīhào; lit. 'Heavenly Palace 1') was China's first prototype space station. It orbited Earth from September 2011 to April 2018. During development, it was
Tiangong-1
Cache of propellant used to refuel spacecraft
An orbital propellant depot is a cache of propellant that is placed in orbit around Earth or another body to allow spacecraft or the transfer stage of
Orbital_propellant_depot
Series of orbital maneuvers
(/ˈrɒndeɪvuː/) is a set of orbital maneuvers during which two spacecraft, one of which is often a space station, arrive at the same orbit and approach to a very
Space_rendezvous
Planned commercial space station
Starlab is a low Earth orbit (LEO) commercial space station currently under development by Starlab Space, a joint venture between the U.S. company Voyager
Starlab_(space_station)
are currently two space stations in orbit around Earth, the International Space Station and the Chinese Tiangong space station. Crewed spacecraft are designed
List_of_crewed_spacecraft
Estimation of orbits of objects
Operations Center gathers observations of all objects in Earth orbit. The observations are used in new orbit determination calculations that maintain the overall
Orbit_determination
Designation of part of the Saturn V rocket
permanent heliocentric orbit in November 1969, but is now believed instead to have gone into an unstable high Earth orbit which left Earth's proximity in 1971
J002E3
European space-based solar observatory
difficult to do from Earth. These observations are important in investigating how the Sun creates and controls its heliosphere. Solar Orbiter makes observations
Solar_Orbiter
Near-Earth asteroid
to orbit the object for nine months before retrieving samples from the surface and returning them to Earth in 2027. The object's Earth-like orbit, proximity
469219_Kamoʻoalewa
Proposed commercial orbital space station
The Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station is a proposed orbital space station intended for commercial clients. The station was initially proposed
Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station
Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station
human-made object to ever leave Earth's orbit and circle around the Sun, where it remained to this day. Lunar orbit Circumlunar trajectory List of minor
List of extraterrestrial orbiters
List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters
Global climate cycles
cycles are dominant. The Earth's orbit varies between nearly circular and mildly elliptical (its eccentricity varies). When the orbit is more elongated, there
Milankovitch_cycles
contribution to commercial space station programmes, future – ESA intends to use the services of low Earth orbit commercial space stations like Haven-1 or Starlab
List of European Space Agency programmes and missions
List_of_European_Space_Agency_programmes_and_missions
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EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
EARTH ORBIT-STATIONS
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