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Amount of charge flowing through a unit cross-sectional area per unit time
current density is the electric current (or the amount of charge per unit time) that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current
Current_density
Physical quantity in electromagnetism
current density is the rate of change of the electric displacement field D, appearing as ∂D/∂t in Maxwell's equations. Displacement current density has
Displacement_current_density
Parameter used in electrochemistry
In electrochemistry, exchange current density is a parameter used in the Tafel equation, Butler–Volmer equation and other electrochemical kinetics expressions
Exchange_current_density
Value for the flow of probability in quantum mechanics
hydrodynamics and electric currents in electromagnetism. As in those fields, the probability current (i.e. the probability current density) is related to the
Probability_current
4D analogue of electric current density
general relativity, the four-current (technically the four-current density) is the four-dimensional analogue of the current density, with the dimension of electric
Four-current
Solenoid creating strong magnetic fields
cross-sectional area of the disc and the current density. The equation for the on-axis magnetic flux density of a Bitter disc becomes much more complex
Bitter_electromagnet
Flow of electric charge
particles. Electronics portal Current density Displacement current (electric) and Magnetic current § Magnetic displacement current Electric shock Electrical
Electric_current
Electric charge per unit length, area or volume
links the rate of change of charge density ρ ( x ) {\displaystyle \rho ({\boldsymbol {x}})} and the current density J ( x ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol
Charge_density
Flow of magnetic monopole charge
current. Magnetic currents produce an electric field analogously to the production of a magnetic field by electric currents. Magnetic current density
Magnetic_current
Vector field describing the density of electric dipole moments in a dielectric material
electromagnetism, polarization density (or electric polarization, or simply polarization) is the vector field that expresses the volumetric density of permanent or induced
Polarization_density
Law of electrical current and voltage
used in electromagnetics and material science: 𝐉=σ𝐄, where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric field
Ohm's_law
Tendency of AC current flow in a conductor's outer layer
tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the
Skin_effect
Current density imaging (CDI) is an extension of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), developed at the University of Toronto. It employs two techniques for
Current_density_imaging
Approximation in plasma physics
non-magnetic forces can be neglected. For a force-free field, the electric current density is either zero or parallel to the magnetic field. When a magnetic field
Force-free_magnetic_field
Electromagnetic effect in physics
defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field. It is a characteristic of the material
Hall_effect
Loops of electric current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic field
experiences a decrease in magnetic flux density d B d t < 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {dB}{dt}}<0} , inducing a second eddy current, this time in a clockwise direction
Eddy_current
Mass per unit volume
volume Densities of the elements (data page) List of elements by density Air density Area density Bulk density Buoyancy Charge density Density current Density
Density
Mass per unit area
The area density (also known as areal density, surface density, superficial density, column density, or density thickness) of a two-dimensional object
Area_density
Physical quantity, density of magnetic moment per volume
of magnetic fields (B, H), electric fields (E, D), charge density (ρ), and current density (J) is described by Maxwell's equations. The role of the magnetization
Magnetization
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
{\displaystyle \rho } the total electric charge density, J {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} } the total current density, ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} the
Maxwell's_equations
Law of classical electromagnetism
magnetic flux density B at position r in 3D-space generated by a filamentary current I (for example due to a wire). A steady (or stationary) current is a continual
Biot–Savart_law
Current crowding (also current crowding effect, or CCE) is a nonuniform distribution of current density through a conductor or semiconductor, especially
Current_crowding
Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
is the electric field at the point x, J(x) is the current density at the point x. The current density is parallel to the electric field by necessity. Conductivity
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Concept in classical electromagnetism
B or H magnetic fields. These two forms use the total current density and free current density, respectively. The B and H fields are related by the constitutive
Ampère's_circuital_law
Energy that is measured by temperature
Physics. Harcourt. p. 20. ISBN 0-03-083993-9. We define the thermal current density j q {\displaystyle {\bf {j}}^{q}} to be a vector parallel to the direction
Thermal_energy
Mathematical concept applicable to physics
corresponding flux density is a flux according to the transport definition. Given a current such as electric current—charge per time, current density would also
Flux
Scientific law regarding conservation of a physical property
the conserved quantity is the mass, with density ρ(r,t) and current density ρu, identical to the momentum density, while u(r, t) is the flow velocity. In
Conservation_law
the cathodic partial current density ic (positive) and the anodic partial current density ia (negative) gives the net current density i: i = ic + ia In the
Partial_current
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
field, 𝐄 the electric field, ρf the free electric charge density, and 𝐉f the free current density. The first of Maxwell's equations is known as Gauss' Law
Magnetic_field
Emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field
the local current density J emitted from the internal electron states in the conduction band of a bulk metal. The emission current density (ECD) J for
Field_electron_emission
Coated wire for construction of coils
(311 °F), 180 °C (356 °F) and 220 °C (428 °F). In practice, maximum current density can vary from 2.5 A/mm2 for a wire isolated from free air to 6 A/mm2
Magnet_wire
Electric current that periodically reverses direction
of a few skin depths. The skin depth is the thickness at which the current density is reduced by 63%. Even at relatively low frequencies used for power
Alternating_current
Infinite dimensional Lie algebra occurring in quantum field theory
relations among the current density operators in quantum field theories define an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra called a current algebra. Mathematically
Current_algebra
Equation characterising electrochemical kinetics
j} : electrode current density, A/m2 (defined as j = I / S {\displaystyle j=I/S} ) j 0 {\displaystyle j_{0}} : exchange current density, A/m2 E {\displaystyle
Butler–Volmer_equation
Electric circuit model in neuroscience
neuroscience, current source density analysis is the practice of placing a microelectrode in proximity to a nerve or a nerve cell to detect current sourcing
Current source density analysis
Current_source_density_analysis
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
three parts niobium and one part tin, was capable of supporting a current density of more than 100,000 amperes per square centimeter in a magnetic field
Superconductivity
Vector field related to displacement current and flux density
elastic strains. The rate of change of D, ∂D/∂t, is the displacement current density. In any material, if there is an inversion center then the charge at
Electric_displacement_field
Measurable property of a material or system
quantities. Sometimes different terms such as current density and flux density, rate, frequency and current, are used interchangeably in the same context;
Physical_quantity
Movement of ions in an electrical field
atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures. As the
Electromigration
Topics referred to by the same term
streams Convection current, flow caused by unstable density variation due to temperature differences Current (mathematics), geometrical current in differential
Current
Electrochemical process for coating with metal
temperature of the electroplating solution, as well as on the operating current density. A higher throwing power of the plating bath results in a more uniform
Electroplating
Flow that is driven by a density difference and gravity
dynamics, a gravity current or density current is a primarily horizontal flow in a gravitational field that is driven by a density difference in a fluid
Gravity_current
Surface of magnetic polarity change
the Sun. A small electrical current with a current density of about 10−10 A/m2 flows within this surface, forming a current sheet confined to this surface
Heliospheric_current_sheet
Force acting on charged particles in electric and magnetic fields
identities, the force density can be reformulated to eliminate explicit reference to the charge and current densities. The force density can then be written
Lorentz_force
Equation describing the transport of some quantity
also called electron current density. Total electron current density is the sum of drift current and diffusion current densities: J n = e n μ n E + e
Continuity_equation
Incoherent light source
effect on current density. As flash duration decreases, the electrical energy becomes concentrated into shorter pulses, so the current density will increase
Flashtube
Cosmological fine-tuning problem
universe. The current density of the universe is observed to be very close to this critical value. Since any departure of the total density from the critical
Flatness_problem
Computational quantum mechanical modelling method to investigate electronic structure
Classical density functional theory uses a similar formalism to calculate the properties of non-uniform classical fluids. Despite the current popularity
Density_functional_theory
where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the charge density, E is the electric field, J is the current density, c is the speed of light, and B is the magnetic
Force_density
Unidirectional flow of electric charge
Direct current (DC) is one-directional flow of electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through
Direct_current
Technique of electroplating
to 150 °F). Temperature is also dependent on the current density, because a higher current density requires a higher temperature. Finally, the whole
Chrome_plating
Type of semiconductor current
there is a drift current) until the density gradient builds up enough for the diffusion current to exactly balance the drift current. So at equilibrium
Diffusion_current
Electrical breakdown of a gas that results in an ongoing electrical discharge
electric arc is the form of electric discharge with the highest current density. The maximum current through an arc is limited only by the external circuit, not
Electric_arc
Fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano
pyroclastic flow, more broadly known as a pyroclastic density current, is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as
Pyroclastic_flow
Process of electroplating copper
low-current-density areas in the through holes. Temperature: Usually ambient, although some baths may operate as high as 43 °C Cathode current density: 2–20
Copper_electroplating
Object or material which allows the flow of electric charge with little energy loss
measure of the material's ability to oppose electric current. This formula assumes the current density is uniform in the conductor. This is not always the
Electrical_conductor
Difference between a redox reaction's reduction potential and actual potential
experimentally determined by measuring the potential at which a given current density (typically small) is achieved. The four possible polarities of overpotentials
Overpotential
Technology for splitting water molecules
introduced to overcome the issues of partial load, low current density, and low pressure operation currently plaguing the alkaline electrolyzer. It involves
Proton exchange membrane electrolysis
Proton_exchange_membrane_electrolysis
A current filament is an inhomogeneity in the current density distribution lateral to the direction of the current flow (that is, orthogonal to the current
Current_filament
Restoring force on bent magnetic field lines
electrically conducting fluid with a bulk plasma velocity field 𝐯, current density 𝐉, mass density ρ, magnetic field 𝐁, and plasma pressure p can be derived
Magnetic_tension
Use of high-frequency, alternating polarity, electrical current in medical operations
two. Since the concentration of the RF current reduces with distance from the active electrode the current density rapidly (quadratically) decreases. Since
Electrosurgery
Electric charge treated as continuously distributed in space
or less, the main vehicle of conduction is electrons. The emission current density, J, from the cathode, as a function of its thermodynamic temperature
Space_charge
Analogy used to study vector fields
charge density, j {\displaystyle \mathbf {j} } is the current density vector, and σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the current source-sink term. The current source
Sources_and_sinks
Device used to measure plasma
theory is the I–V characteristic of the Debye sheath, that is, the current density flowing to a surface in a plasma as a function of the voltage drop
Langmuir_probe
Quantity in electromagnetism
electric scalar potential ϕ(𝐫,t) due to a current distribution of current density 𝐉(𝐫,t), charge density ρ(𝐫,t), and volume Ω, within which ρ and 𝐉
Magnetic_vector_potential
Rare genetic disorder
negative (DN; >50% reduction of the M-current density), or gain of function effect (GOF; >100% of the M-current density) when co-expressed with wild-type
KCNQ2 developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
KCNQ2_developmental_and_epileptic_encephalopathy
Difference in electric potential between two points in space
per 1 coulomb of charge. The old SI definition for volt used power and current; starting in 1990, the Josephson effect was used, and in 2019 physical
Voltage
Magnetic analog of electric potential valid outside materials
potential is valid in any simply connected region with zero current density, thus if currents are confined to wires or surfaces, piecemeal solutions can
Magnetic_scalar_potential
Type of electromagnet formed by a coil of wire
integral of B (the magnetic flux density vector) around this loop is zero, since it encloses no electrical currents (it can be also assumed that the circuital
Solenoid
Vehicle propulsion using electromagnetic fields
limited by the low electrical conductivity of seawater. Increasing current density is limited by Joule heating and water electrolysis in the vicinity
Magnetohydrodynamic_drive
Wires exhibiting zero resistance
below which the wire becomes a superconductor Critical current density Jc, the maximum current a superconducting wire can carry per unit cross-sectional
Superconducting_wire
Quantity in solid-state physics
concentration of n. The current carried by each electron must be − e v d {\displaystyle -ev_{d}} , so that the total current density due to electrons is given
Electron_mobility
Movement of charge carriers due to the applied electric field
constitutes a current known as "drift current". Drift current density due to the charge carriers such as free electrons and holes is the current passing through
Drift_current
Electromagnetic property of matter
the area integral over the current density J through the closed surface S = ∂V, which is in turn equal to the net current I: −ddt∫VρdV= ∂V 𝐉⋅d𝐒=∫JdScosθ=I
Electric_charge
Branch of physics about magnetism in systems with steady electric currents
effective charge density ρ M {\displaystyle \rho _{M}} . The vector potential method can also be employed with an effective current density J M = ∇ × M .
Magnetostatics
Limiting magnetic field strength for superconductivity
relation between the critical field and the critical current – the maximum electric current density that a given superconducting material can carry, before
Critical_field
Electricity-induced chemical reaction
by the electron-transfer step. Experiments show that the electrical current density can be larger than that from 1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Its
Electrolysis_of_water
Sedimentary structures in sandstone beds deposited by high-density turbidity currents
structures in turbidite sandstone beds that are deposited by high-density turbidity currents. It is intended to complement, not replace, the better-known Bouma
Lowe_sequence
Measurement of population size per unit area or unit volume
plant density. Population density is population divided by total land area, sometimes including seas and oceans, as appropriate. Low densities may cause
Population_density
Theorem in physics showing the conservation of energy for the electromagnetic field
is perpendicular to v). Where ρ is the volume charge density and J = ρv is the current density at the point and time where v is the velocity of the charge
Poynting's_theorem
Fundamental physical law – electric charge is continuously conserved in space and time
by a continuity equation between charge density ρ ( x ) {\displaystyle \rho (\mathbf {x} )} and current density J ( x ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} (\mathbf
Charge_conservation
Magnetically induced effect in AC conductors
This "current crowding" effect causes the current to occupy a smaller effective cross-sectional area of the conductor, increasing current density and AC
Proximity effect (electromagnetism)
Proximity_effect_(electromagnetism)
Technique of brain electric stimulation therapy
determine the current density at which overt brain damage occurs in rats. It was found that in cathodal stimulation, a current density of 142.9 A/m2 delivering
Transcranial direct-current stimulation
Transcranial_direct-current_stimulation
Chemical reaction
of the two, though PEM has recently began to grow due to the higher current density that can be achieved in PEM electrolysis. The HER process is more efficient
Hydrogen_evolution_reaction
Electric and magnetic fields produced by moving charged objects
charge density, which is a function of time and position, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, μ0 is the vacuum permeability, and J is the current density vector
Electromagnetic_field
Measure of directional electromagnetic energy flux
\cdot \mathbf {E} ,} where Jf is the current density of free charges and u is the electromagnetic energy density for linear, nondispersive materials,
Poynting_vector
Electromagnetic equations describing superconductors
{\displaystyle {\mathbf {j} }_{\rm {s}}} is the (superconducting) current density, E and B are respectively the electric and magnetic fields within the
London_equations
Surface coating
will slowly rise. The process takes minutes to hours depending on the current density and the intended thickness of the plating. Nickel electroplating was
Nickel_electroplating
Spatially localized group of electrically charged particles travelling in same direction
in various ways. For example, the current and beam size can be combined into the current density, and the current and energy (or beam voltage V) can
Charged_particle_beam
Chemical technique
in environments whereby the current density in the freely corroding state is significantly higher than the current density in the passive state over a
Anodic_protection
Process of electroplating zinc onto steel
oz/gal) provides superior plate distribution from high current density to low current density or throwing power when compared to any acidic baths such
Electrogalvanization
stand's development. Stand density management diagrams are used in forest management and designed to use a current stand's density to project its future yield
Stand density management diagram
Stand_density_management_diagram
Method of analyzing electrochemical reactions
{\displaystyle j} : electrode current density, A/m2 (defined as j = I/S) j 0 {\displaystyle j_{0}} : exchange current density, A/m2 E {\displaystyle E} :
Voltammetry
Physical field surrounding an electric charge
where 𝐉 is the current density, μ0 is the vacuum permeability, and ε0 is the vacuum permittivity. Both the electric current density and the partial derivative
Electric_field
Type of electron gun
diameter, more coherent and with up to three orders of magnitude greater current density or brightness than can be achieved with conventional thermionic emitters
Field_emission_gun
Model of electrical conduction
\mathbf {p} (t)\rangle }{\tau }},} and a linear relationship between current density J and electric field E, J = n q 2 τ m E . {\displaystyle \mathbf {J}
Drude_model
Warm-water current west of North America
water density on the shelf. Due to the baroclinic density field, the Alaska current is highly sheared vertically, and the cross-current density gradient
Alaska_Current
Relative importance of certain frequencies in a composite signal
is finite, one may compute the energy spectral density. More commonly used is the power spectral density (PSD, or simply power spectrum), which applies
Spectral_density
Expression of the ionic flux across a cell membrane
The Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz flux equation (or GHK flux equation or GHK current density equation) describes the ionic flux across a cell membrane as a function
Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz flux equation
Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz_flux_equation
Theorem in electromagnetism
radiation problem with given current density sources, electric current density J 1 {\displaystyle J_{1}} and magnetic current density M 1 {\displaystyle M_{1}}
Surface_equivalence_principle
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