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Cosmological fine-tuning problem
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe. Measurements
Flatness_problem
Physical theory of the cosmos
that it drives the geometry to flatness. The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a FLRW. The
Big_Bang
Theory of rapid universe expansion
However, the flatness and especially the horizon problem are also solved by inflation theory. The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is a cosmological
Cosmic_inflation
Geometric condition for workpieces and tools
manufacturing and mechanical engineering, flatness is an important geometric condition for workpieces and tools. Flatness is the condition of a surface or derived
Flatness_(manufacturing)
American theoretical physicist and cosmologist
attended a lecture by Robert Dicke about the flatness problem of the universe. Dicke explained how the flatness problem showed that something significant was
Alan_Guth
Archaic conception of Earth's shape
all fiery, ride the air because of their flatness". Xenophanes (c. 500 BC) thought that the Earth was flat, with its upper side touching the air, and
Flat_Earth
Numerical observation in cosmology
contributions from matter and dark energy. Cosmological constant problem Flatness problem Fine-tuned universe O’Raifeartaigh, Cormac; O’Keeffe, Michael;
Cosmic_coincidence_problem
Cosmological fine-tuning problem
decoupling sufficiently to account for the observed isotropy of the CMB. Flatness problem Magnetic monopole Carrigan, Richard A.; Trower, W. Peter (1983). Magnetic
Horizon_problem
Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole
the interior of a black hole might naturally solve the horizon problem and flatness problem in cosmology. Limiting curvature hypothesis, proposed by Valeri
Black_hole_cosmology
Theory or model concerning the origin of the universe
but not quite zero curvature seems unnatural, an issue called the flatness problem. Third, this extrapolation gives poor results when compared to measurements
Cosmogony
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
that the accelerated expansion would also solve the horizon problem and the flatness problem. Additionally, quantum fluctuations during inflation would
Expansion_of_the_universe
Polynomial whose coefficients are all 1 or −1
general { − 1 , 1 } {\displaystyle \{-1,1\}} problem remains open in the peer-reviewed literature; bounded flatness, proved in 2020, is substantially weaker
Littlewood_polynomial
Cosmologist
paper that uses the anthropic principle to provide a solution to the flatness problem. Collins, C. B. (1971), "More qualitative cosmology", Communications
C._B._Collins
American sci-fi television series
3 Body Problem is an American science fiction television series created by David Benioff, D. B. Weiss, and Alexander Woo. It is the third adaptation of
3_Body_Problem_(TV_series)
Adjustment of parameters to fit data in theoretical physics
a fine-tuning problem considered by the scientific community to have a plausible "natural" solution is the cosmological flatness problem, which is solved
Fine-tuning_(physics)
Lorentzian manifold where curvature vanishes at large distances
evaluate functions on a locus in order to verify asymptotic flatness. The notion of asymptotic flatness is extremely useful as a technical condition in the study
Asymptotically_flat_spacetime
Concept in physical cosmology
graceful exit problem using similar principles. Guth, Alan H. (1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys
Graceful_exit_problem
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
nonlinear system is flat, if and only if it is controllable, hence both flatness and controllability are interchangeable terms. The flatness property is useful
Flatness_(systems_theory)
YouTube channel
work has been received positively by critics, with Line Goes Up – The Problem with NFTs as a noted work. Scholar Christina Wurst labeled Folding Ideas
Folding_Ideas
Hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole
Ehrenhaft Flatness problem Gauss's law for magnetism Ginzburg–Landau theory Halbach array Horizon problem Instanton Magnetic monopole problem Meron Soliton
Magnetic_monopole
formally presents the Big Bang horizon problem. 1969 – Robert Dicke formally presents the Big Bang flatness problem. 1970 – Vera Rubin and Kent Ford measure
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
cosmology books C. B. Collins used the anthropic principle to solve the flatness problem Asantha Cooray (1973–) studied dark energy, halo models of large structure
List_of_cosmologists
In algebra, the local criterion for flatness gives conditions one can check to show flatness of a module. Given a commutative ring A, an ideal I and an
Local_criterion_for_flatness
Type of tax
eliminate deductions is fundamental to the flat tax design; deductions dramatically affect the effective "flatness" in the tax rate. Perhaps the single biggest
Flat_tax
Flat surface used as a reference plane
to flatness, rubbing marking blue between pairs of plates to highlight imperfections, and of working plates in sets of three to guarantee flatness by
Surface_plate
Any shape with straight sides can be cut from a single sheet of folded paper with one cut
need not be connected). The corresponding problem that the theorem solves is known as the fold-and-cut problem, which asks what shapes can be obtained by
Fold-and-cut_theorem
Models of the universe which deviate from then-current scientific consensus
late 1970s when there were a number of unsolved problems, such as the horizon problem, the flatness problem, and the lack of magnetic monopoles, which challenged
Non-standard_cosmology
Assignment of numbers to points in space
(1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10
Scalar_field
Book by Fred Adams
transparent for the first time. The authors discuss the horizon and flatness problems. The Stelliferous Era, is defined as, "6 < n < 14". This is the current
The_Five_Ages_of_the_Universe
Hypothetical vacuum, less stable than true vacuum
"The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems". Physical Review D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G
False_vacuum
English conspiracy theorist (born 1952)
direction they desire by creating false problems, which allows them to give their desired solution to the problem they created. He also refers to this process
David_Icke
Philosophical thought experiment
multiverse, Boltzmann brain arguments are part of the unsolved measure problem of cosmology. In 1896, the mathematician Ernst Zermelo advanced a theory
Boltzmann_brain
Book by Brian Greene
Guth's inflationary cosmology, which also answers the horizon and flatness problems Greene discusses the cosmological constant, introduced to general
The_Fabric_of_the_Cosmos
Problems in reconstructing a historical and philosophical image of Socrates
In historical scholarship, the Socratic problem (also called Socratic question) concerns attempts at reconstructing a historical and philosophical image
Socratic_problem
Hypothetical inflationary universe model
(1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10
Eternal_inflation
Flash freezing Flash point Flat-field correction Flat lens Flat weighting Flatness (cosmology) Flatness (liquids) Flatness problem Flattening Flavor-changing
Index_of_physics_articles_(F)
Anti-scientific belief
, basketball players Kyrie Irving and Wilson Chandler) advocating for flatness. In the Information Age, the availability of communications technology
Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
Unsolved problem in physics What is dark matter? How was it generated? More unsolved problems in physics In astronomy and cosmology, dark matter is an
Dark_matter
Dynamical realization of cosmic inflation
graceful exit problem of inflation. Guth, Alan H. (15 January 1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Physical
Warm_inflation
Mechanism in physical cosmology
(1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10
Kibble–Zurek_mechanism
Medical condition
consequences of high blood pressure in women are a major public health problem and hypertension is a more important contributory factor in heart attacks
Hypertensive_heart_disease
Drink of espresso coffee with steamed milk
1985 saying "flat white only" during a seasonal problem with milk cows that prevented the milk frothing. However, the origins of the flat white are contentious
Flat_white
Fission Fragment Nuclear Reactor Flame plasma Flare spray Flashtube Flatness problem Flowing-afterglow mass spectrometry Fluid dynamics Fluorescent lamp
List of plasma physics articles
List_of_plasma_physics_articles
Surface of a fluid that is subject to zero parallel shear stress
density so the oil has neutral buoyancy. Flatness refers to the shape of a liquid's free surface. On Earth, the flatness of a liquid is a function of the curvature
Free_surface
Minimalist design style for user interfaces and objects
2022. "Why the Flat Design Trend is Hurting Usability". Vandelay Design. April 7, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2017. "The Problem With Flat Design, According
Flat_design
Cosmological models involving indefinite, self-sustaining cycles
and serves the crucial role of solving the monopole, horizon, and flatness problems. Moreover, the cycles can continue indefinitely into the past and
Cyclic_model
National park in California, United States
acting superintendent. By the late 1890s, sheep grazing was no longer a problem, and the Army made other improvements. However, the cavalry could not intervene
Yosemite_National_Park
Nonpertubative field theoretic approach to quantum gravity
early Universe, possibly leading to a resolution to the horizon and flatness problem of standard cosmology. Furthermore, asymptotic safety provides the
Physics applications of asymptotically safe gravity
Physics_applications_of_asymptotically_safe_gravity
Mathematical puzzle
puzzle came into my mind and I sketched it for him. Here it is. [...] The problem is to draw straight lines to connect these eggs in the smallest possible
Nine_dots_puzzle
Foot arch deformity
where the sole of the foot is rigidly flat even when a person is not standing, often indicates a significant problem in the bones of the affected feet and
Flat_feet
Piston engine with two cylinders in opposing directions
with integral kick-starter, which posed a design problem for motorcycles with transversely-mounted flat-twin engines. This gearbox could be relatively easily
Flat-twin_engine
combustion, Emmons problem describes the flame structure which develops inside the boundary layer, created by a flowing oxidizer stream on flat fuel (solid or
Emmons_problem
Paradox in probability theory
theory, which are also known as the two children problem, Mr. Smith's children and the Mrs. Smith problem. The initial formulation of the question dates
Boy_or_girl_paradox
Breed of cat
Retrieved 16 June 2025. Understanding Cat Behavior: The Complete Feline Problem Solver Roger Tabor (2003). P 33. Do cats always land on their feet Gina
Ragdoll
Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 470–399 BC)
of his philosophy nearly impossible, a situation known as the Socratic problem. Socrates was a polarizing figure in Athenian society. In 399 BC, he was
Socrates
Coastal wetlands where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers
Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats or, in Ireland, slob or slobs, are coastal wetlands that form in intertidal areas where sediments have
Mudflat
Horizontally opposed 6-cylinder piston engine
valve-gear). 1967 Porsche 911R 2006 Porsche Cayman S Problems playing these files? See media help. The flat-six engine is often associated with the Porsche
Flat-six_engine
a flat plate is a classical fluid dynamics problem. There is no exact solution to it. When a fluid flow at the speed of sound over a thin sharp flat plate
Supersonic flow over a flat plate
Supersonic_flow_over_a_flat_plate
Calculating loan repayments based only on the amount initially loaned
educated people sometimes have trouble understanding this system. The problem is that the flat rate gives an impression of a lower rate than it actually is."
Flat_rate_(finance)
Mathematical problem in operations research
In operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal
Cutting_stock_problem
1983 novella by Ernst Jünger
Aladdin's Problem (German: Aladins Problem) is a 1983 novella by the German writer Ernst Jünger. It tells the story of an East German former army officer
Aladdin's_Problem
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
have not been found. These problems are resolved by a brief period of cosmic inflation, which drives the universe to flatness, smooths out anisotropies
Physical_cosmology
Type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base
launched, Agfa having overcome earlier difficulties with color sensitivity problems. This film had the dye couplers incorporated into the emulsion, making
Reversal_film
Type of website edited collaboratively
"KingdomOfFrance", and displayed as "Kingdom Of France". To avoid this problem, the syntax of wiki markup gained free links (called wikilinks), wherein
Wiki
Statement of infinite regress
expression of the problem of infinite regress. The saying alludes to the mythological idea of a World Turtle that supports a flat Earth on its back.
Turtles_all_the_way_down
Hypothetical field that may have driven cosmic inflation
1981). "Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems". Physical Review D. 23 (2): 347–356. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G
Inflaton
crease pattern can be folded to a flat model, and if so, how to fold it; this is an NP-complete problem. Related problems when the creases are orthogonal
Mathematics_of_paper_folding
English musician (born 1944)
Dave.[citation needed] According to Ray, their problems began during the time Mick and Dave shared a flat in London for a short period in early 1965. Ultimately
Mick_Avory
Construct all metric spaces where lines resemble those on a sphere
In mathematics, Hilbert's fourth problem in the 1900 list of Hilbert's problems is a foundational question in geometry. In one statement derived from the
Hilbert's_fourth_problem
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
If species were fixed and distinct from one another, there would be no problem, but evolutionary processes cause species to change. This obliges taxonomists
Species
Electric pickup truck
criticized for its production quality issues, unusual appearance, and safety problems. In response to its disappointing sales, multiple news publications have
Tesla_Cybertruck
Concept in cosmology
problem in physics Why is the vacuum energy density much smaller than a zero-point energy suggested by quantum field theory? More unsolved problems in
Cosmological_constant_problem
Convex shape with one stable and one unstable position of equilibrium
World Expo 2010 in Shanghai, China. If analyzed quantitatively in terms of flatness and thickness, the discovered mono-monostatic bodies are the most sphere-like
Gömböc
Body part
intense and debilitating. Other common sources of back pain include disc problems, such as degenerative disc disease or a lumbar disc herniation, many types
Human_back
Film by Tony Scott
Sragow similarly called it "A minor horror movie with a major modern-movie problem: director Tony Scott develops so many ingenious ways to illustrate his
The_Hunger_(1983_film)
Welsh actress, comedian and author (born 1980)
studio-based filming because, after attending A&E in extreme pain, the problem was found to be caused by gallstones. Wix was immediately admitted to hospital
Katy_Wix
American domestic terrorist (1942–2023)
1964). "Advanced Problem 5210". American Mathematical Monthly. 71 (6): 689. doi:10.2307/2312349. JSTOR 2312349. A challenge problem in abstract algebra
Ted_Kaczynski
Electronic display technology
continued problems and the system was never released commercially. Dennis Gabor, better known as the inventor of holography, patented a flat-screen CRT
Flat-panel_display
Mexican breed of dog
1–8. Chihuahua (long and smooth coat): Hydrocephalus. Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire: The International
Chihuahua_(dog_breed)
Economic concept that describes an excess of competition
"China's 'Involuted' Generation". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-11-26. "The Problem of Involution in China – Michigan Journal of Economics". 2025-11-17. Retrieved
Neijuan
Menuetto: Allegretto – Trio IV. Allegro moderato Performed by Paul Pitman Problems playing these files? See media help. The sonata has four movements: Allegro
Piano Sonata in E-flat major, D 568 (Schubert)
Piano_Sonata_in_E-flat_major,_D_568_(Schubert)
Composition for piano by Frédéric Chopin
Impromptu No. 3 in G♭ major, Op. 51 Performed by Frank Lévy Problems playing this file? See media help. Frédéric Chopin's Impromptu No. 3 in G♭ major,
Impromptu_No._3_(Chopin)
Ecossaise in E-flat A piano solo by Ludwig van Beethoven played in the key of E♭ major. Problems playing this file? See media help. E-flat major E♭ A list
List_of_E-flat_instruments
Salt flat in Bolivia
exceptionally rich in lithium. The large area, clear skies, and exceptional flatness of the surface make the Salar ideal for calibrating the altimeters of Earth
Salar_de_Uyuni
Housing estate in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
council found it difficult to find tenants for the flats. Park Hill renovation Despite the problems, the complex remained structurally sound, unlike many
Park_Hill,_Sheffield
Non-orientable surface with one edge
developable Möbius band and the attribution of the geometric problem to a variational problem"". Journal of Elasticity. 119 (1–2): 3–6. arXiv:1408.3034.
Möbius_strip
Composition for piano by Frederic Chopin
Goldstein on an 1851 Erard piano Ballade No. 3 Performed by Donald Betts Problems playing these files? See media help. The form of the ballade is an arch:
Ballade_No._3_(Chopin)
Self-starting process that is supposed to proceed without external input
not rely other flat reference surfaces or other precision instruments, and thus solves the problem of how to create a better precise flat surface. Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping
Fuel flow restrictor retro-fitted to Merlin engines
restrictor was later refined to a simplified flat brass washer. While not completely solving the problem, the restrictor, along with modifications to
Miss_Shilling's_orifice
Japanese physicist (born 1945)
"The Inflatsonary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems". Phys. Rev. D. 23 (2): 347. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23..347G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD
Katsuhiko_Sato_(physicist)
1st episode of Moon Knight
"The Goldfish Problem" is the first episode of the American television miniseries Moon Knight, based on Marvel Comics featuring the character Moon Knight
The_Goldfish_Problem
Austrian physicist (1887–1961)
unified field theory. In his book, What Is Life?, Schrödinger addressed the problems of genetics, looking at the phenomenon of life from the point of view of
Erwin_Schrödinger
Philosophical study of being
for instance, that the entities in the collection touch one another. The problem of material constitution asks whether or in what sense a whole should be
Ontology
Medical condition
is a rare congenital disorder that occurs in the human fetus in which the flat bones in the cranial vault are either completely or partially absent. The
Acrania
2002 film by Tom Brady
foreigner working as a gardener, her parents tell her about their marital problems and she helps them rekindle their sex life, while watching her younger
The_Hot_Chick
Self-contained housing unit occupying part of a building
households. Also, even the same type of flat in the same complex is not all of the same price. Due to problems such as the right to sunlight and prospects
Apartment
Architectural structure in Glasgow City, Scotland
work, the dampness problem was not solved. In early 1993 the council found that £15–20 million needed to be spent to make the flats habitable and the remaining
Hutchesontown_C
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
Einstein, Albert (1931). "Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" [On the cosmological problem of the general theory of relativity].
Albert_Einstein
Directional planes
University Press, ISBN 0-521-59787-0 Murray R Spiegel, (1987), Theory and Problems of Theoretical Mechanics, Singapore, Mcgraw Hill's: Schaum's, ISBN 0-07-084357-0
Vertical_and_horizontal
travel, tourism, insurance
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