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Probability of a given process occurring in a particle collision
In physics, the cross section is a measure related to the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles. For example
Cross_section_(physics)
Topics referred to by the same term
3D Cross section (geology) Cross section (electronics) Radar cross section, measure of detectability Cross section (physics) Absorption cross section Nuclear
Cross_section
Measures the probability of an absorption process
physics, absorption cross section is a measure of the probability of an absorption process. More generally, the term cross section is used in physics
Absorption_cross_section
Aspect of condensed matter physics
Photoionisation cross section in the context of condensed matter physics refers to the probability of a particle (usually an electron) being emitted from
Photoionisation_cross_section
Measure of neutron interaction likelihood
In nuclear physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus
Neutron_cross_section
Probability that a gamma ray interacts with matter
A gamma ray cross section is a measure of the probability that a gamma ray interacts with matter. The total cross section of gamma ray interactions is
Gamma_ray_cross_section
R is the ratio of the hadronic cross section to the muon cross section in electron–positron collisions: R=σ(0)(e+e−→hadrons)σ(e+e−→μ+μ−), where the superscript
R_(cross_section_ratio)
Concept in particle physics
In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider the impinging particles as point particles having negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed
Nuclear_cross_section
Gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium
Atmospheric refraction Attenuation length Attenuator (genetics) Cross section (physics) Electrical impedance Environmental remediation for natural attenuation
Attenuation
Strength of an object's radar echo
Radar cross section (RCS), denoted σ, also called radar signature, is a measure of how detectable an object is by radar. A larger RCS indicates that an
Radar_cross_section
Concept in scattering theory
In physics, and especially scattering theory, the momentum-transfer cross section (sometimes known as the momentum-transport cross section) is an effective
Momentum-transfer cross section
Momentum-transfer_cross_section
In other areas of underwater acoustics, the general physics definition is used. Radar cross-section Target strength Stout, G. E., & Mueller, E. A. (1968)
Backscattering_cross_section
Light or sound absorption in a substance
scattering Computation of radiowave attenuation in the atmosphere Cross section (physics) Grey atmosphere High-energy X-rays Mass attenuation coefficient
Attenuation_coefficient
Product of a number by itself
denominator, and may be expressed with square distance in the numerator) cross section (physics), an area-dimensioned quantity kinetic energy (quadratic dependence
Square_(algebra)
Low energy photon scattering off charged particles
notable feature is that the cross section is independent of the frequency of the photon. The value of the Thomson cross-section of the electron is given
Thomson_scattering
Unit for cross sectional area used in high-energy physics
nuclear physics for expressing the cross sectional area of nuclei and nuclear reactions, today it is also used in all fields of high-energy physics to express
Barn_(unit)
Electron-photon scattering cross section
In particle physics, the Klein–Nishina formula gives the differential cross section (i.e. the "likelihood" and angular distribution) of photons scattered
Klein–Nishina_formula
Nuclear reaction between an electron antineutrino and proton
Titov, O. (2016-01-01). "The inverse beta decay: a study of cross section". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 675 (1) 012003. Bibcode:2016JPhCS.675a2003O
Inverse_beta_decay
Type of mass spectrometry
quantitatively and qualitatively. Accelerator mass spectrometry Cross section (physics) Mass-analyzed ion-kinetic-energy spectrometry Unimolecular ion
Tandem_mass_spectrometry
French physicist
"Hydromagnetic stability of a current-carrying pinch with noncircular cross section". Physics of Fluids. 17 (4). AIP Publishing: 835. Bibcode:1974PhFl...17.
Guy_Laval
International System of Units ISO 31 Elert, Glenn. "Special Symbols". The Physics Hypertextbook. Retrieved 4 August 2021. NIST (16 August 2023). "SI Units"
List of common physics notations
List_of_common_physics_notations
Bulgarian research institute
structure of atomic nuclei Neutron interactions and cross sections, physics of the fission Reactor physics, nuclear energy and nuclear safety and security
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
Institute_for_Nuclear_Research_and_Nuclear_Energy
Simulated physics in video games
or more physical objects in the environment cross each other's path. There are two central types of physics simulations: rigid body and soft-body simulators
Game_physics
Cross-phase modulation Cross-recurrence quantification Cross entropy Cross fluid Cross modulation Cross sea Cross section (physics) Crossing (physics)
Index_of_physics_articles_(C)
Narrow cone of hadrons and other particles
particles produced by the hadronization of quarks and gluons in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment. Particles carrying a color charge, i.e. quarks
Jet_(particle_physics)
Highly-polished material in particle physics
positive scattering cross section, and titanium has a negative scattering cross section, and in both elements the absorption cross section is small, which
Neutron_supermirror
Creation of particle-antiparticle pair from a neutral boson
nucleus) is (E¯kpp)tr=12(hν−2mec2) The exact analytic form for the cross section of pair production must be calculated through quantum electrodynamics
Pair_production
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
through nuclear physics-based models and R-matrix theory. The Naval Research Lab's plasma physics formulary gives the total cross section in barns as a
Nuclear_fusion
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the Standard Model
Higgs_boson
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics, is the fundamental physical theory that describes the behavior of matter and of light; the behaviors
Quantum_mechanics
Topics referred to by the same term
or origin of a frame of reference Fiducial cross section, in particle physics experiments, a cross section for the subset of a process in which the distinctive
Fiducial
Physics related to the study, design, building and operation of particle accelerators
Accelerator physics is a branch of applied physics concerned with the physical principles governing the acceleration and controlled motion of charged particles
Accelerator_physics
Academic discipline and occupational field
A typical cross-section drawing of a roadway.
Transportation_engineering
Family of particles of increasing spin
In physics, the pomeron is a Regge trajectory — a family of particles with increasing spin — postulated in 1961 to explain the slowly rising cross section
Pomeron
Branch of particle physics concerning interactions between two photons
Witten, Edward (1977). "Anomalous cross section for photon-photon scattering in gauge theories". Nuclear Physics B. 120 (2). Elsevier BV: 189–202. Bibcode:1977NuPhB
Two-photon_physics
experimental techniques to measure accurate collision cross sections and by generating a large body of cross section data for elastic and inelastic scattering, ionization
Santosh_Kumar_Srivastava
Measurable property of a material or system
H. The observational foundations of physics, Cambridge, 1994. ISBN 0-521-45597-9 Essential Principles of Physics, P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgson, 2nd Edition
Physical_quantity
American physicist (1902–1995)
allowed her to receive her PhD for her thesis on nuclear physics, "Photoelectric Cross Section of the Deuteron". She subsequently took up a teaching position
Katharine_Way
Nuclear reaction between a neutrino and an atomic nucleus
CEvNS can play a role in probing the nuclear physics encoded in the nuclear form factors of the cross-section. In particular, information about the distribution
Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering
Coherent_elastic_neutrino-nucleus_scattering
Pulling force transmitted axially
Traction (mechanics) Hydrostatic pressure Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Section 5.7. Seventh Edition, Brooks/Cole Cengage
Tension_(physics)
Israeli nuclear physicist
differences of protons in 16, 18O from ratios of π+ elastic scattering cross sections. Physics Letters B156, 172. Andivahis, L., Alster, J., et al. (1994). Measurements
Jonas_Alster
Physical quantities used to analyze events include the differential cross section, the flux of the beams (which in turn depends on the number density
Event_(particle_physics)
Scientific subjects
physics, and molecular physics; optics and acoustics; condensed matter physics; high-energy particle physics and nuclear physics; and chaos theory and
Branches_of_physics
Physics research institute in Russia
theoretical physics, high energy physics (particle physics), heavy ion physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear reactions, neutron physics, and information
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research
This article summarizes equations in the theory of nuclear physics and particle physics. The following apply for the nuclear reaction: a + b ↔ R → c in
List of equations in nuclear and particle physics
List_of_equations_in_nuclear_and_particle_physics
Fundamental quantity in physics
In physics, time is defined by its measurement: time is what a clock reads. In classical, non-relativistic physics, it is a scalar quantity (often denoted
Time_in_physics
Ion formation via a photon interacting with a molecule or atom
photoionization cross section of the species – the probability of an ionization event conceptualized as a hypothetical cross-sectional area. This cross section depends
Photoionization
Mass of a substance which passes per unit of time
In physics and engineering, mass flow rate is the rate at which mass of a fluid passes through a surface over time. Its unit is kilogram per second (kg/s)
Mass_flow_rate
Retarding force on a body moving in a fluid
immobile pipe restricts the velocity of the fluid through the pipe. In the physics of sports, drag force is necessary to explain the motion of balls, javelins
Drag_(physics)
Influence that can change motion of an object
In physics, a force is an action that can cause an object to change its velocity or its shape, or to resist other forces, or to cause changes of pressure
Force
Electron-positron scattering
of e+e− collider physics experiments. The accurate measurement of luminosity is necessary for accurate measurements of cross sections. Small-angle Bhabha
Bhabha_scattering
A timeline of atomic and subatomic physics, including particle physics. 430 BCE Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles—calls them
Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics
Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics
American physicist and electrical engineer
the Calculation of the Inductance of Circular Coils of Rectangular Cross Section, Scientific Paper #455, Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards
Frederick_Grover
Particle physics experiment in South Dakota, United States
09144 [physics.ins-det]. Akerib, D.S.; et al. (2020). "The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators
LZ_experiment
Concept in scattering theory
In particle physics, a resonance is the peak located around a certain energy found in differential cross sections of scattering experiments. These peaks
Resonance_(particle_physics)
Smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction
setup. The critical mass of a fissile material depends upon its nuclear cross section, density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surroundings.
Critical_mass
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The theory of relativity comprises two physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905
Theory_of_relativity
Light scattering by small particles
"Verification of the Rayleigh scattering cross section". American Journal of Physics. 75 (9): 824–826. arXiv:physics/0702101. Bibcode:2007AmJPh..75..824C
Rayleigh_scattering
reaction instead. An upper limit of 0.50 pb for the cross-section was obtained; this is the same cross-section for the successful 249Cf(48Ca,3n)294Og reaction
Isotopes_of_oganesson
German physicist (1901–1976)
of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which soon thereafter was renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director until it was moved
Werner_Heisenberg
Broad concept generalizing scalars in mathematics and physics
In mathematics and physics, a vector is a generalization of a single number. It may denote a vector quantity, i.e., physical quantity that cannot be expressed
Vector (mathematics and physics)
Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)
Total distance traveled by neutrons within a volume over a time period
The neutron flux is a scalar quantity used in nuclear physics and nuclear reactor physics. It is the total distance travelled by all free neutrons per
Neutron_flux
Hypothetical particles that may constitute dark matter
dark matter today via thermal production requires a self-annihilation cross section of ⟨σv⟩ ≃ 3×10−26 cm3⋅s−1, which is roughly what is expected for a new
Weakly interacting massive particle
Weakly_interacting_massive_particle
theory) is a relationship between the effective cross-sections of absorption and emission of light in the physics of solid-state lasers. It is named after Dean
McCumber_relation
Isotope of plutonium
fissile (but it is fissionable by fast neutrons), and its neutron capture cross section is low. Like the other even isotopes of plutonium it has a significant
Plutonium-242
Measure of a channel flow efficiency
a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as DH=4AP, where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow
Hydraulic_diameter
Camera to record gamma radiation
Modern Medicine, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies Saha, Gopal B. (2006). Physics and radiobiology of nuclear medicine (3rd ed.). New York: Springer. doi:10
Gamma_camera
Type of conserved current
In particle physics, the axial current, also denoted the pseudo-vector or chiral current, is the conserved current associated to the chiral symmetry or
Axial_current
Probability amplitude in quantum scattering theory
cross section σ=∫|f(θ)|2dΩ, can be expanded as σ=∑l=0∞σl,whereσl=4π(2l+1)|fl|2=4πk2(2l+1)sin2δl is the partial cross section. The total cross section
Scattering_amplitude
Potential for two waves to interfere
In physics, coherence expresses the potential for two waves to interfere. Two monochromatic beams from a single source always interfere. Even for wave
Coherence_(physics)
Non-reversible deformation of a solid material in response to applied forces
In physics and materials science, plasticity (also known as plastic deformation) is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation,
Plasticity_(physics)
Journal
Physics World is the membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, one of the largest physical societies in the world. It is an international monthly
Physics_World
Mathematical construct in engineering
the infinitesimal elements of area, dA, in some two-dimensional cross-section. In physics, moment of inertia is strictly the second moment of mass with
Second_moment_of_area
Type of traversable wormhole
motion by some disturbance will follow a geodesic of an equatorial cross section at constant speed, as would also a photon. As a special case of the
Ellis_wormhole
Chemical element with atomic number 118 (Og)
Thompson, W. E.; Ferguson, J. M. (1959). "Cross sections for some (n, p) and (n, α) reactions". Nuclear Physics. 10: 226–234. Bibcode:1959NucPh..10..226K
Oganesson
Principle relating to fluid dynamics
maint: url-status (link) Resnick, R.; Halliday, D. (1960). Physics. John Wiley & Sons. section 18–4. Mulley, Raymond (2004). Flow of Industrial Fluids:
Bernoulli's_principle
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
Schmidt, Karl-Heinz (2005). "Cross sections and fragment distributions from neutrino-induced fission on r-process nuclei". Physics Letters B. 616 (1–2): 48–58
Neutrino
Twisting of an object due to an applied torque
described as an angular deformation, measured by the rotation of a cross-section from its undeformed position. Torque is commonly expressed in newton
Torsion_(mechanics)
Particular length or distance determined with the precision of a few orders of magnitude
In physics, length scale is a particular length or distance determined with the precision of at most a few orders of magnitude. The concept of length
Length_scale
Mechanical, toroid gasket that seals an interface
gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a round cross-section, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between
O-ring
Directional planes
field. arXiv:1206.3857 [physics.class-ph] (or arXiv:1206.3857v1 [physics.class-ph] for this version) Salters Hornerns Advanced Physics Project, As Student
Vertical_and_horizontal
Rate of change of acceleration with time
a jolt in physics?". Physics Network. Retrieved May 11, 2025. "What is the term used for the third derivative of position?". Usenet Physics FAQ. Retrieved
Jerk_(physics)
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
Atomic Physics". Physics Today. 56 (12): 53. Bibcode:2003PhT....56l..53F. doi:10.1063/1.1650229. Fraser, Ronald G. J. (March 1927). "The effective cross section
Spin_(physics)
Aspect of accelerator physics
physics. Named after its implementation by the CERN-Rome collaboration in the early 1970s, it is an important tool to measure the total cross section
Roman_pot
Branch of particle physics
Astroparticle physics, also called particle astrophysics, is a branch of particle physics that studies elementary particles of astrophysical origin and
Astroparticle_physics
made an important contribution to the field of physics. Five women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded annually since 1901 by the Royal Swedish
Women_in_physics
Proposed Chinese electron–positron collider
Higgs Bosons. One target is to be able to measure the ZH production cross-section σ(ZH) to 0.5% accuracy. Other goals include the measurement of the Higgs
Circular Electron Positron Collider
Circular_Electron_Positron_Collider
Prediction in nuclear physics
In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known
Island_of_stability
Theory of subatomic structure
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called
String_theory
French physicist (1852–1908)
was a French experimental physicist who shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Marie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity. He also
Henri_Becquerel
which had to do with the cross-sections of neutrons. After being renamed the Sigma Center, the group was moved to the Reactor Physics Division of the Nuclear
National_Nuclear_Data_Center
U.S. atomic bomb type used at Nagasaki, 1945
definitive text about Fat Man; illustrations from which are used in the Physics Package section above. Portals: Nuclear technology History of science
Fat_Man
Formula used to calculate nuclear chain reaction growth rate
and absorption thermal cross sections for fuel, respectively. ΣaF and Σa are the macroscopic absorption thermal cross sections in fuel and in total, respectively
Four_factor_formula
Geometric object that has length and direction
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector or simply a vector (sometimes called a geometric vector or spatial vector) is a geometric
Euclidean_vector
One of nine detector experiments at CERN
The TOTEM experiment (TOTal Elastic and diffractive cross section Measurement) is one of the nine detector experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider
TOTEM_experiment
Application of computational physics
(programmed) way: from the Lagrangian expression describing the physics model up to the cross-sections values and to the event generator software. Particle accelerators
Automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay
Automatic_calculation_of_particle_interaction_or_decay
List compiling of particle accelerators used for particle physics experiments
physics experiments. Some early particle accelerators that more properly did nuclear physics, but existed prior to the separation of particle physics
List of accelerators in particle physics
List_of_accelerators_in_particle_physics
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
degrees of neutron absorption cross section: AGX graphite from National Carbon Company with 6.68 mb (millibarns) cross section, US graphite from United States
Nuclear_graphite
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of
Nuclear_physics
experiment to synthesize tennessine using the reaction above. The expected cross-section was of the order of 2 pb. The expected evaporation residues, 293Ts and
Isotopes_of_tennessine
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