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Strength of an object's radar echo
section (NBRCS) or bistatic normalized radar cross section (BNRCS) may also be defined, similar to the monostatic NRCS. Backscattering cross section Electromagnetic
Radar_cross_section
Backscattering cross section is a property of an object that determines what proportion of incident wave energy is scattered from the object, back in the
Backscattering_cross_section
Analytical technique to determine structure and composition of materials
measuring the backscattering of a beam of high energy ions (typically protons or alpha particles) impinging on a sample. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry
Rutherford_backscattering_spectrometry
Measure of neutron interaction likelihood
neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus. The neutron cross section σ can
Neutron_cross_section
Atomic nuclear process
October 2012. XSPlot an online neutron cross section plotter Thermal Neutron Capture Data Thermal Neutron Cross Sections at the International Atomic Energy
Neutron_capture
Scanning electron microscopy technique
slightly affects the GND density distribution and magnitude. For electron backscattering diffraction microscopy, a flat polished crystalline specimen is usually
Electron backscatter diffraction
Electron_backscatter_diffraction
Electron-photon scattering cross section
particle physics, the Klein–Nishina formula gives the differential cross section (i.e. the "likelihood" and angular distribution) of photons scattered
Klein–Nishina_formula
Obtaining information through non-contact sensors
ground track moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in Sun-synchronous
Remote_sensing
Measure of the reflection coefficient of a sonar target
incident intensity on target σ {\displaystyle \sigma } is the backscattering cross-section Target strength of a sphere with radius a {\displaystyle a}
Target_strength
Neutron backscattering is one of several inelastic neutron scattering techniques. Backscattering from monochromator and analyzer crystals is used to achieve
Neutron_backscattering
Non-destructive elemental analysis technique
elastic collisions, Rutherford backscattering, often repelling the proton at angles close to 180 degrees. The backscatter give information on the sample
Particle-induced X-ray emission
Particle-induced_X-ray_emission
Physical phenomenon
reflection from single crystals (neutron triple-axis spectroscopy, neutron backscattering). Monochromatization is not needed in echo techniques (neutron spin
Neutron_scattering
is 4.965 MeV). Rutherford backscattering (RBS) reactions are elastic (Q = 0), and the interaction (scattering) cross-section σ given by the famous formula
Nuclear_reaction_analysis
work in two ways: by utilizing either the target backscattering or forward scattering. Backscattering bistatic sonar is the sonar in which the bistatic
Bistatic_sonar
Device that emits neutrons
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron_source
American engineer and academic (1928–2017)
Sarabandi, K.; Ulaby, F. T. (1987). "Measuring and modeling the backscattering cross section of a leaf". Radio Science. 22 (6): 1109–1116. doi:10.1029/RS022i006p01109
Thomas_B._A._Senior
Physical interaction of charged particles
directions from one another. At backscattering angles the smaller spin-dependent forces can alter the cross section to a measurable amount. Mathematically
Mott_scattering
NASA earth observation satellite
the roughness of the sea surface based on measurements of radar backscatter cross section, denoted as σ0. σ0 varies with surface wind speed and direction
QuikSCAT
Scattering of an electromagnetic plane wave by a sphere
= 0 {\displaystyle (a_{1}-b_{1})=0} , corresponds to the minimum in backscattering (magnetic and electric dipoles are equal in magnitude and are in phase
Mie_scattering
beam is directed at a sample to be characterized and (as in Rutherford backscattering) there is an elastic nuclear interaction between the ions of the beam
Elastic_recoil_detection
Total distance traveled by neutrons within a volume over a time period
a small sphere of radius R in a time interval, divided by a maximal cross section of the sphere (the great disk area, πR2) and by the duration of the
Neutron_flux
and high-energy ion scattering (HEIS, known in practice as Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, or RBS), differing primarily in the energy range of the
Low-energy_ion_scattering
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
The ideal moderator is of low mass, high scattering cross section, and low absorption cross section. After sufficient impacts, the speed of the neutron
Neutron_moderator
German nuclear research reactor
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
FRM_II
Interferometer using neutron diffraction to make precise measurements
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron_interferometer
Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation
OCLC 869833419. Neutron Activation Analysis web Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross-Sections, IAEA, 1974 Decay Data in MIRD Format from the National Nuclear Data
Neutron_activation
Physical interaction of charged particles
materials science community in an analytical technique called Rutherford backscattering. Electron on nuclei are employed in electron polarimeters and, for coherent
Coulomb_scattering
Military technology to make personnel and material less visible
Bibcode:2017RemS....9.1107G. doi:10.3390/rs9111107. Raizer, Victor (2013). Radar Backscattering From Sea Foam and Spray. 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote
Stealth_technology
Study of motions and interactions of neutrons
polynomial expansion coefficient of order l of the macroscopic scattering cross section. Further, assuming that the neutron speed is energy independent, the
Neutron_transport
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron_reflectometry
Ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons
enough fast neutrons to carry on the chain reaction, due to the lower cross section for higher-energy neutrons, so a neutron moderator must be introduced
Neutron_radiation
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis
Prompt_gamma_neutron_activation_analysis
Multi-disciplinary research facility in Lund, Sweden
(Crystal analyser spectrometer) VESPA (Vibrational spectrometer) MIRACLES (Backscattering spectrometer) The LOKI, BIFROST and ODIN instruments were completed
European_Spallation_Source
Research reactor in Daejeon, South Korea
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor
High-Flux_Advanced_Neutron_Application_Reactor
Internationally financed scientific facility
triple-axis spectrometry Neutron time-of-flight scattering Neutron backscattering Neutron spin echo Neutron imaging Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
Institut_Laue–Langevin
typically cause ionization, the addition of a nuclide with high neutron cross-section allows the detector to respond to neutrons. Nuclides commonly used for
Neutron_detection
Highly-polished material in particle physics
positive scattering cross section, and titanium has a negative scattering cross section, and in both elements the absorption cross section is small, which
Neutron_supermirror
Range of physical processes in physics
multiple scattering are thus known as diffusers. Coherent backscattering, an enhancement of backscattering that occurs when coherent radiation is multiply scattered
Scattering
Neutron scattering technique
normal time-of-flight (TOF) or backscattering spectrometers rely on the huge incoherent neutron scattering cross section of protons. The scattering signal
Neutron_spin_echo
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron_research_facility
Research facility in Oxfordshire, England
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
ISIS_Neutron_and_Muon_Source
Accelerator-based neutron source in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, US
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Spallation_Neutron_Source
Kinetic energy of an unbound neutron
relation. The long wavelength of slow neutrons allows for the large cross section. The precise boundaries of neutron energy ranges are not well defined
Neutron_temperature
Measure of structures from around 20 to 2000 nm in size
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Spin echo small angle neutron scattering
Spin_echo_small_angle_neutron_scattering
neutrons scattered by deuterium. Coon & Henry H. Barschall Elastic Backscattering of (d, d) Neutrons. Manley, J. H., Harold M. Agnew, H. H. Barschall
James_H._Coon
Research nuclear reactor in Australia
360° vertical omega rotation axis, x-y translation tables and a chi-phi cross tilt stage of ±20° range. It can hold a few hundred kilograms in order to
Open-pool Australian lightwater reactor
Open-pool_Australian_lightwater_reactor
Meteorological instrumentation
scatterometers use radio or microwaves to determine the normalized radar cross section (σ0, "sigma zero" or "sigma naught") of a surface. They are often mounted
Scatterometer
Science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime activities
Springer deMoustier, C., (1986), Beyond bathymetry: Mapping acoustic backscattering from the deep seafloor with Sea Beam, JASA Vol 79, pp 316-331 Lusk,
Hydrographic_survey
Analytical techniques involving ion beams
determine the depth profile of damage in single crystals. RBS: Rutherford backscattering is sensitive to heavy elements in a light matrix. This technique is
Ion_beam_analysis
Process constraining a charged particle's path through a crystal
important variation of the Rutherford backscattering ion beam analysis technique, commonly called Rutherford backscattering/channelling (RBS-C). The channelling
Channelling_(physics)
Experiments proving existence of atomic nuclei
primarily small-angle scattering with small but measurable amounts of backscattering. For the purpose of his mathematical calculations he assumed this central
Rutherford scattering experiments
Rutherford_scattering_experiments
Type of X-ray absorption spectrometry requiring a synchrotron radiation facility
absorption spectra (XAS) of condensed matter due to the photoabsorption cross section for electronic transitions from an atomic core level to final states
X-ray absorption near edge structure
X-ray_absorption_near_edge_structure
Type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base
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Reversal_film
Material analysis technique
isotope; some light elements like hydrogen show similar scattering cross section as heavy elements like lead. In zero order dynamical theory of diffraction
Small-angle neutron scattering
Small-angle_neutron_scattering
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron_tomography
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron-velocity_selector
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Neutron triple-axis spectrometry
Neutron_triple-axis_spectrometry
Measurement of X-ray absorption of a material as a function of energy
amplitude of the backscattered wave are dependent on the type of atom doing the backscattering and the distance of the backscattering atom from the central
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure
Physics research institute in Russia
an increase in sensitivity enables the study of reactions with lower cross sections that would otherwise be inaccessible. Sergey Dmitriev, director of the
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research
Imaging technique
pp. 221–228. ISBN 0-444-89860-3. Shinji Chiba; Naohiro Tanno (1991). Backscattering Optical Heterodyne Tomography. 14th Laser Sensing Symposium (in Japanese)
Optical_coherence_tomography
Compact astronomical body
inflation from occurring. At the outgoing section of the inner horizon, infalling radiation would backscatter off of the black hole's spacetime curvature
Black_hole
Beam of charged atoms (ions)
spectroscopy of transmitted or backscattered primary ions, e.g. depth profiles can be obtained from Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectra. In difference
Ion_beam
Imaging technique using radiation
body parts stems mostly from the fact that carbon has a very low X-ray cross section compared to calcium. Computed tomography or CT scan (previously known
Radiography
Technology for measuring surface waves on water
interaction with some other physical process as for example the radar cross section of the sea surface. Microwave radars may be used in two different modes;
Wave_radar
Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago
R.; Riganti, A. (2004). "4350–3130 Ma detrital zircons in the Southern Cross Granite–Greenstone Terrane, Western Australia: implications for the early
Hadean
Quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources
of the surrounding material (giving rise to different ratios of the cross sections of Photo- and Compton-effect). The basic principle, however, is as follows:
Gamma_spectroscopy
American nuclear physicist (1916–1972)
J. H., Graves, E. R., Jorgensen, T. & Waldman, B. (1946). Elastic Backscattering of d− d Neutrons. Physical Review. 70(9-10): 602. Barschall, Henry Herman
Elizabeth_Riddle_Graves
Type of cyber-attack
These response packets are known as backscatter. If the attacker is spoofing source addresses randomly, the backscatter response packets from the victim
Denial-of-service_attack
Free neutrons stored in very small traps
JETP Lett. 9 (1969) 23 Steyerl, A. (1969). "Measurements of total cross sections for very slow neutrons with velocities from 100 m/sec to 5 m/sec". Physics
Ultracold_neutrons
Common instruction used by photographers to make their subjects smile
mm equivalent focal length Abbreviations list Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Clipping Color
Say_cheese
Matter ejection from a target due to projectile impact
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Spallation
Scattering of photons off charged particles
facilities scatter laser light off the stored electron beam. This Compton backscattering produces high energy photons in the MeV to GeV range subsequently used
Compton_scattering
Portrayal of sexual subject matter
Victorian era that included fetish and taboo themes such as sadomasochism and 'cross-generational sex' are: My Secret Life (1888–1894) and Forbidden Fruit (1898)
Pornography
Composition technique
bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to flow from section to section. The main reason for observing the rule of thirds is to discourage
Rule_of_thirds
Method used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials
is generally applied to elements with extremely high neutron capture cross-sections; elements which decay too rapidly to be measured by DGNAA; elements
Neutron_activation_analysis
Camera and smartphone benchmarking website
mm equivalent focal length Abbreviations list Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Clipping Color
DxOMark
Application of radar which is used to create two-dimensional images
direction at right angles to the flight direction and receives the backscattering from the targets which will be transformed to a radar image from the
Imaging_radar
Procedure for detection and localization of an antigen
improvement of the SEM instrumentation by backscattered electron imaging. This is because electron backscattered diffraction patterns provide a clean surface
Immunolabeling
Hexagonal lattice made of carbon atoms
conductors along the boundary. These wires would be protected against backscattering and could carry currents without dissipation. While a single electron
Graphene
Spectroscopic technique
sources, poor sensitivity of the detectors and the weak Raman scattering cross-sections of most materials. Various colored filters and chemical solutions were
Raman_spectroscopy
X-ray optics design that mimics the structure of lobster eyes
is now under consideration. Lobster-eye optics can also be used for backscattering imaging for homeland security, detection of improvised explosive devices
Lobster-eye_optics
Photographic portrait taken after arrest
Retrieved 15 February 2014. https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-768757923/view?sectionId=nla.obj-827987616&searchTerm=Whaling&partId=nla.obj-768758535#page/n
Mug_shot
Substance spread over a surface
microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Various methods of Chromatography are also used
Coating
Photography with a digital camera
mm equivalent focal length Abbreviations list Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Clipping Color
Digital_photography
Photography genre; subjects are portrayed in glamorous poses
Sentinel. Section B, p. J.3. Peterson, Maggie Wolff (September 1994). "The Glamour Side of Photography". North Valley Business Journal. 5 (11). Section 1, p
Glamour_photography
Genre of photography
mm equivalent focal length Abbreviations list Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Clipping Color
Lomography
Alloys with high proportions of several metals
ordering, segregation, and atomic-scale compositional variations. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in SEM can measure grain structures, phase distributions
High-entropy_alloy
ISSN 0168-9002. Mamontov, E.; Herwig, K. W. (2011). "A time-of-flight backscattering spectrometer at the Spallation Neutron Source, BASIS". Review of Scientific
Neutron time-of-flight scattering
Neutron_time-of-flight_scattering
Type of lens
Cross-section of a typical short-focus wide-angle lens.
Wide-angle_lens
Trails created by swift heavy ions penetrating through solids
damage-regions several nanometers in diameter and can be studied by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle
Ion_track
Technical branch of intelligence gathering
deployed. The Agency's missile detection system, Project [deleted] based on backscatter radar is an example. This office will also provide integrated systems
Measurement and signature intelligence
Measurement_and_signature_intelligence
Technique to investigate atomic structures using neutron scattering
source. This is because some low atomic number materials have a higher cross section for neutron interaction than higher atomic weight materials. One major
Neutron_diffraction
Lithographic technique that uses a scanning beam of electrons
(either negative or positive), backscattering calculation errors, dose errors, fogging (long-range reflection of backscattered electrons), outgassing, contamination
Electron-beam_lithography
Nuclear device not intended for power or weapons
neutron scattering Triple-axis spectrometer Time-of-flight spectrometer Backscattering spectrometer Spin-echo spectrometer Other applications Neutron tomography
Research_reactor
Image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface
Murray v Express Newspapers Plc [2008] EWCA Civ 446 Human Rights Act 1998 sections 2 & 3 Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule 1, Part 1, Article 8 Media related
Photograph
Early photographic technique
jerripedia.org. Sarah Kate Gillespie The Early American Daguerreotype: Cross-Currents in Art and Technology p 23 Daniel, Malcolm (October 2004). ""Daguerre
Daguerreotype
Phenomenon in crystallization
where the twin axis is perpendicular to an octahedral face, and the Iron Cross <001>, which is the interpenetration of two pyritohedrons, a subtype of
Crystal_twinning
Length of time when the film or digital sensor inside a camera is exposed to light
mm equivalent focal length Abbreviations list Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Clipping Color
Shutter_speed
American visual media company
mm equivalent focal length Abbreviations list Angle of view Aperture Backscatter Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Clipping Color
Getty_Images
orientations and distances. These factors cause distortions in the backscattered radar cross section (RCS) signal, making conventional decoding methods less effective
Chipless_RFID
travel, tourism, insurance
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
BACKSCATTERING CROSS-SECTION
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