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Probability that a gamma ray interacts with matter
A gamma ray cross section is a measure of the probability that a gamma ray interacts with matter. The total cross section of gamma ray interactions is
Gamma_ray_cross_section
Topics referred to by the same term
cross section Nuclear cross section Neutron cross section Photoionisation cross section Gamma ray cross section Cross Section (album), 1956 musical album
Cross_section
Aspect of condensed matter physics
be possible. Gamma ray cross section ARPES Synchrotron radiation Cross section (physics) Absorption cross section Nuclear cross section Dallmeyer, A.;
Photoionisation_cross_section
Probability of a given process occurring in a particle collision
coefficient Neutron cross section Nuclear cross section Gamma ray cross section Partial wave analysis Particle detector Radar cross section Rutherford scattering
Cross_section_(physics)
Concept in particle physics
cross sections for transmutations by gamma-ray absorption are in the region of 0.001 barn. Nuclear cross sections are used in determining the nuclear reaction
Nuclear_cross_section
Quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the qualitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation
Gamma_spectroscopy
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol γ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from high-energy interactions like the
Gamma_ray
Limits may be placed on the annihilation cross section of WIMPs based on analysis of either gamma-rays or cosmic rays. The VERITAS, MAGIC, Fermi, and H.E.S
Indirect detection of dark matter
Indirect_detection_of_dark_matter
Particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy is a form of nuclear reaction analysis, one of the ion beam analysis thin-film analytical techniques
Particle-induced gamma emission
Particle-induced_gamma_emission
Atomic nuclear process
state, and quickly decays to the ground state of 198Au by the emission of gamma rays (𝛾). In this process, the mass number increases by one. This is written
Neutron_capture
Measure of neutron interaction likelihood
element. Those that undergo gamma or X-ray emission do not cause a change in element or isotope. The scattering cross section can be further subdivided
Neutron_cross_section
Electron-photon scattering cross section
Compton scattering of high energy photons (e.g. x-rays and gamma-rays), showing that the total cross section and expected deflection angle decrease with increasing
Klein–Nishina_formula
Fission of a nucleus via absorption of a gamma ray
conducted with much higher energy gamma rays, finding that the photofission cross section varies little for gamma radiation in the ~1 GeV range. Baldwin
Photofission
Gamma ray Imaging method
Gamma ray tomography (GRT) is a non-invasive imaging technique primarily used to characterize multiphase flows within industrial processes. Utilizing
Gamma_ray_tomography
Branch of particle physics concerning interactions between two photons
be created. Photon–photon interactions limit the spectrum of observed gamma-ray photons at moderate cosmological distances to a photon energy below around
Two-photon_physics
Device that narrows or straightens a beam of particles or waves
specific direction (i.e., make collimated light or parallel rays), or to cause the spatial cross section of the beam to become smaller (beam limiting device)
Collimator
Camera to record gamma radiation
injected, inhaled, or ingested radionuclides emitting gamma rays. Scintigraphy ("scint") is the use of gamma cameras to capture emitted radiation from internal
Gamma_camera
identification device (RID or RIID) is a small, lightweight, portable gamma-ray spectrometer used for the detection and identification of radioactive
Radionuclide identification device
Radionuclide_identification_device
magnitude higher than conventional X-rays used for X-ray crystallography (and well into gamma-ray energies over 120 keV). They are produced at modern synchrotron
High-energy_X-rays
Nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique
tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera (that is, scintigraphy)
Single-photon emission computed tomography
Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography
Isotope of plutonium
one of the larger contributors to nuclear waste radioactivity. 242Pu's gamma ray emissions are also weaker than those of the other isotopes. As the direct
Plutonium-242
Theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons
background photons γ C M B , {\displaystyle \gamma _{\rm {CMB}},} relatively blueshifted by the speed of the cosmic rays, to produce pions through the Δ {\displaystyle
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin_limit
Diagnostic imaging test in nuclear medicine
internally, travels to a specific organ or tissue, and emits gamma rays, which are then captured by a gamma camera, an external detector that forms two-dimensional
Scintigraphy
(TRD) is a particle detector using the Lorentz factor ( γ {\displaystyle \gamma } )-dependent threshold of transition radiation in a stratified material
Transition_radiation_detector
Institute of Technology Experimental confirmation of neutrinos
coincident gamma rays (γ) are detectable. The neutron can be detected by its capture by an appropriate nucleus, releasing a third gamma ray. The coincidence
Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment
Cowan–Reines_neutrino_experiment
Property of materials
form of X-rays, gamma rays, and bremsstrahlung. The values of mass attenuation coefficients, based on proper values of photon cross section, are dependent
Mass_attenuation_coefficient
Metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99
body by medical equipment (gamma cameras). It is well suited to the role, because it emits readily detectable gamma rays with a photon energy of 140
Technetium-99m
et al. (2007). "Thermal neutron capture cross-sections of Zirconium-91 and Zirconium-93 by prompt gamma-ray spectroscopy". Journal of Nuclear Science
Isotopes_of_zirconium
Category of elements in spent nuclear fuel
Tetsuo; Nicolaou, Giorgos; Papaioannou, Dimitri (April 2004). "Neutron and Gamma Ray Source Evaluation of LWR High Burn-up UO2 and MOX Spent Fuels". Journal
Minor_actinide
Particle physics experiment in South Dakota, United States
(LAB) loaded with gadolinium for more efficient neutron capture. If a gamma ray or neutron scatters once inside the TPC but then exits, it will likely
LZ_experiment
{\displaystyle d{\big (}\gamma (t),\gamma (t'){\big )}={\big |}t-t'{\big |}.} Equivalently, a ray is an isometry from the "canonical ray" (the set [ 0 , ∞ )
Busemann_function
Agency of the Philippine government
nationwide is at work. Nuclear Materials Research Section The Nuclear Materials Research Facility uses gamma ray spectrometers to observe particles found in
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
Philippine_Nuclear_Research_Institute
Method of eliminating background events in particle physics
a gamma ray, it must have scattered out of the main detector before depositing all of its energy, so the Ge reading is ignored. The cross section for
Electronic_anticoincidence
Isotope of uranium
branching ratio to 208Tl (β−, 3.053 min), 99.75% chance to emit 2.6 MeV gamma ray 208Pb (stable) This makes manual handling in a glove box with only light
Uranium-232
Harmful high-frequency radiation
waves are on the high-energy portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays, X-rays, and the higher energy ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum
Ionizing_radiation
Metastable excited state of a nuclide
gamma rays by decay through a series of internal energy levels within the nucleus, and it is thought that by learning the triggering cross sections with
Nuclear_isomer
Production assessment of boreholes drilled for oil or gas
water-based muds, the gamma ray and SP logs are often run together. They comprise a check on each other and can indicate unusual shale sections which may either
Formation_evaluation
Device measuring ionizing radiation
Semiconductor detectors find broad application for radiation protection, gamma and X-ray spectrometry, and as particle detectors. In semiconductor detectors
Semiconductor_detector
Measure for the energy lost by ions per traversed distance
Compton effect, another gamma quantum of lower energy proceeds). Gamma ray absorption therefore obeys an exponential law (see Gamma rays); the absorption is
Linear_energy_transfer
Cascade of atmospheric subatomic particles
fields high-energy gamma rays will undergo pair-production of electrons and positrons, and electrons and positrons will produce gamma rays by radiation. Work
Air_shower_(physics)
Electromagnetic radiation due to deceleration of charged particles
Bremsstrahlung also contributes to phenomena underlying some terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. However, the term is frequently used in the more narrow sense
Bremsstrahlung
Passive radiation detection device
criticized for their inability to distinguish gamma rays originating from nuclear sources from gamma rays originating from a large variety of benign cargo
Radiation_portal_monitor
Possible large cosmic structure
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall (HCB) or simply the Great Wall or the Great Gamma-Ray Burst Wall is a putative galaxy filament that, if confirmed, would be
Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall
Hercules–Corona_Borealis_Great_Wall
Imaging technique using radiation
Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an
Radiography
Creation of particle-antiparticle pair from a neutral boson
{1}{2}}(h\nu -2\,m_{\text{e}}c^{2})} The exact analytic form for the cross section of pair production must be calculated through quantum electrodynamics
Pair_production
Chinese physicist (1902–1998)
scattering of gamma rays in lead by pair production in 1930, without knowing that positrons were involved in the anomalously high scattering cross-section. When
Chung-Yao_Chao
Non-destructive elemental analysis technique
elements in a wide range of samples. A related technique, particle-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) can be used to detect some light elements. Additionally
Particle-induced X-ray emission
Particle-induced_X-ray_emission
beta decay (β−), producing stable 134Ba after emitting on average 2.23 gamma ray photons (mean energy 0.698 MeV). Caesium-135 is a mildly radioactive isotope
Isotopes_of_caesium
Method used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials
preparation. Due to the penetrating nature of incident neutrons and resultant gamma rays, the technique provides a true bulk analysis. As different radioisotopes
Neutron_activation_analysis
NASA space telescope launched in 1999
the Great Observatories, along with the Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (2003–2020).
Chandra_X-ray_Observatory
Form of electromagnetic radiation
X-ray is a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than those of ultraviolet rays and longer than those of gamma rays.
X-ray
1957 measurement of the neutrino helicity
Compton scattering cross section is maximal when the spin of the incoming photon is opposite that of the electron. For gamma rays predominantly of one
Goldhaber_experiment
Probability amplitude in quantum scattering theory
)={\frac {k}{4\pi }}\int f(\gamma )f(\gamma ')\,d\Omega ''} where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } and γ ′ {\displaystyle \gamma '} are the angles between n
Scattering_amplitude
Viewer – A browser-based application for visualizing well logs such as gamma-ray, caliper, and spectral logs. Users can upload LAS files and view multiple
Log_ASCII_standard
these neutrons and emit prompt gamma rays which are measured with a gamma ray spectrometer. The energies of these gamma rays identify the neutron-capturing
Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis
Prompt_gamma_neutron_activation_analysis
Topics referred to by the same term
(unit) (R), a unit of measurement for ionizing radiation such as X-ray and gamma rays Rydberg constant (R∞, RH), a physical constant relating to energy
R_(disambiguation)
Type of non-destructive testing
[citation needed] Industrial Radiography uses either X-rays, produced with X-ray generators, or gamma rays generated by the natural radioactivity of sealed
Industrial_radiography
Material which glows when excited by ionizing radiation
exploration, X-ray security, nuclear cameras, computed tomography and gas exploration. Other applications of scintillators include CT scanners and gamma cameras
Scintillator
Disintegration of atomic nuclei from high-energy EM radiation
is a nuclear process in which an atomic nucleus absorbs a high-energy gamma ray, enters an excited state, and immediately decays by emitting a subatomic
Photodisintegration
Scattering of photons off charged particles
gamma rays and high energy X-rays with atoms in living beings and is applied in radiation therapy. Compton scattering is an important effect in gamma
Compton_scattering
Branch of astronomy that uses X-ray observation
south solar pole in June 1994 and crossed the ecliptic equator in February 1995. The solar X-ray and cosmic gamma-ray burst experiment (GRB) had 3 main
X-ray_astronomy
Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation
entering excited states. The excited nucleus decays immediately by emitting gamma rays, or particles such as beta particles, alpha particles, fission products
Neutron_activation
Low-yield thermonuclear weapon
and boron-10 has a high absorption cross section for thermal neutrons and a low production yield of gamma rays when it absorbs a neutron. The Soviet
Neutron_bomb
neutrons and background gamma rays difficult. Also, both natural Cd and Hg have relatively large thermal-neutron (n,γ) cross sections of 2444 b and 369.8
Neutron_detection
Spectroscopic technique
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the very topmost 50–60 atoms, 5–10 nm
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy
American physicist and radar engineer (1915 to 1982)
982–994. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.57.982. Lawson, J. L. (1949). "88-Mev Gamma-Ray Cross Sections". Physical Review. 75 (3): 433–435. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.433
James_L._Lawson
Electromagnetic radiation
Crab Nebula and its associated pulsar are archetypal. Pulsed emission gamma-ray radiation from the Crab has recently been observed up to ≥25 GeV, probably
Synchrotron_radiation
Imaging by sections or sectioning using a penetrative wave
Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave. The method is used in radiology, archaeology, biology, atmospheric
Tomography
Ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons
largely ionizing, for example when neutron absorption results in gamma emission and the gamma ray (photon) subsequently removes an electron from an atom, or
Neutron_radiation
Radioactive isotope of Americium
_{2}^{4}\alpha ^{2+}+\ \gamma ~59.5~keV} } Here americium acts as the alpha source, and beryllium produces neutrons owing to its large cross-section for the (α,n)
Americium-241
Range of safety measures
Bremsstrahlung x-rays, and hence low atomic number materials are recommended. Also, using a material with a high neutron activation cross section to shield neutrons
Radiation_protection
Austrian physicist
1954 with a thesis "On the attenuation of the angular correlation of gamma rays resulting from the decay of the 181Ta nucleus by time varying fields in
Helmut_Paul
South Pole experiment designed to detect the Cherenkov emission
neutrino-nucleon cross sections at energies above those accessible with existing accelerators. Such an experiment also has sensitivity to neutrinos from gamma ray bursts
Radio Ice Cherenkov Experiment
Radio_Ice_Cherenkov_Experiment
one of the larger contributors to nuclear waste radioactivity. 242Pu's gamma ray emissions are also weaker than those of the other isotopes. 243Pu has
Isotopes_of_plutonium
Physical law about electrical discharge in gases
{\displaystyle V_{\text{B}}={\frac {Bpd}{\ln(Apd)-\ln \left[\ln \left(1+{\frac {1}{\gamma _{\text{se}}}}\right)\right]}}} where V B {\displaystyle V_{\text{B}}} is
Paschen's_law
Constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere
In Aranda traditions of central Australia, the four Cross stars are the talon of an eagle and Gamma Centauri as its leg. Various peoples in the East Indies
Crux
American physicist
radiation analogues of the optical laser, now known as the gamma-ray laser, or Gamma-Ray Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (GRASER).
George_C._Baldwin
2015 detection made by LIGO interferometers
collapse it triggers a gamma-ray burst. Loeb suggests that the 0.4 second delay is the time it took the gamma-ray burst to cross the star, relative to
First observation of gravitational waves
First_observation_of_gravitational_waves
Type of scattering resonance
creates the asymmetric line-shape. Fano showed that the total scattering cross-section σ {\displaystyle \sigma } assumes the following form, σ ≈ ( q Γ r e
Fano_resonance
Isotope of plutonium
period. This decay has a Q-value of only 20.8 keV, and does not emit gamma rays. The longer spent nuclear fuel waits before reprocessing, the more 241Pu
Plutonium-241
methods widely used in medicine such as X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and gamma ray tomography, and ultra-sound tomography, new
Industrial_process_imaging
Model of optics describing light as geometric rays
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction
Geometrical_optics
American mathematician
logging system using neutron capture gamma rays. U.S. Patent No. 3,244,882. Production of chemistry-dependent gamma ray and thermal neutron logs corrected
Nancy_Farley_Wood
American test pilot, astronaut and engineer (1946–2014)
aboard the Shuttle Atlantis deployed the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory for the purpose of exploring gamma ray sources throughout the universe. The crew and
Steven_R._Nagel
Branch of particle physics
observe a wide range of cosmic particles including neutrinos, gamma rays and cosmic rays at the highest energies. They are also searching for dark matter
Astroparticle_physics
Kingdom) Flag of Dominica – a gamma cross Flag of the Dominican Republic – a cross Flag of the Dominican Republic – a cross (government/state flag only
List of national flags by design
List_of_national_flags_by_design
Neutrino detector at the South Pole
neutrinos from point sources, gamma-ray bursts, and neutralino annihilation in the Sun, with implications for WIMP–proton cross section. A shadowing effect from
IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
radioactive. Three of the most common types of decay are alpha, beta, and gamma decay. The weak force is the mechanism that is responsible for beta decay
Radioactive_decay
Method to assess condition of piles
2025-08-08. Price, K. (May 1971). "Checking of cast-in-place concrete piles by gamma ray scattering". Ground Engineering: 70–76. Levy, J.F. (1970). "Sonic pulse
Pile_integrity_test
Radioisotope of iodine
little damage outside the cell which contains the isotope atom. The X-rays and gamma rays are of low enough energy to deliver a higher radiation dose selectively
Iodine-125
Detailed record of borehole contents
gamma ray log, measuring the natural radioactivity, was introduced by Well Surveys Inc. in 1939, and the WSI neutron log came in 1941. The gamma ray log
Well_logging
Light or sound absorption in a substance
of: X-rays or gamma rays, where it is denoted μ and measured in cm−1; neutrons and nuclear reactors, where it is called macroscopic cross section (although
Attenuation_coefficient
Device used to regulate the power of a nuclear reactor
Cobalt-59 is also used as an absorber for winning of cobalt-60 for use as a gamma ray source. Control rods can also be constructed as thick turnable rods with
Control_rod
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma rays or positrons can provide diagnostic information about internal anatomy
Radionuclide
American medical imaging equipment company
X-ray exposures made from different angles around the body are combined by computer to present a cross-sectional picture on the screen of a cathode-ray
Technicare
NASA/ESA solar probe launched in 1990
a gamma-ray instrument, Ulysses was an important part of the InterPlanetary Network (IPN). The IPN detects gamma ray bursts (GRBs); since gamma rays cannot
Ulysses_(spacecraft)
Division of astronomy & physics
the middle of this spectrum. High-energy astronomy includes X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and extreme UV astronomy. In addition to using electromagnetic
Observational_astronomy
Radiation emitted by charged particles deflected by magnetic field
Bibcode:2016PhT....69a..70M. doi:10.1063/pt.3.3060. Dogiel, V. A. (March 1992). "Gamma-ray astronomy". Contemporary Physics. 33 (2): 91–109. Bibcode:1992ConPh..33
Cyclotron_radiation
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy effect
\sigma _{IS}} is referred to as the cross-relaxation rate, and γ I {\displaystyle \gamma _{I}} and γ S {\displaystyle \gamma _{S}} are the magnetogyric ratios
Nuclear_Overhauser_effect
such events. In the remainder of cases, a 159 keV gamma ray is emitted, which is well-suited for gamma imaging. Excited 125Te resulting from electron capture
Isotopes_of_iodine
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GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
GAMMA RAY-CROSS-SECTION
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