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Highest attainable density of a substance under given conditions
The maximum density of a substance is the highest attainable density of the substance under given conditions. Almost all known substances undergo thermal
Maximum_density
Metric unit of mass
water (originally at 0 °C, later changed to the temperature of its maximum density, approximately 4 °C). The current definition of a kilogram agrees with
Kilogram
Maximum density of water vapor at given temperature
The saturation vapor density (SVD) is the maximum density of water vapor at a given temperature. The concept is related to saturation vapor pressure (SVP)
Saturation_vapor_density
Type of pattern that does not change from one generation to the next
greater densities can be achieved. For instance, the maximum density still life within an 8×8 square is a regular grid of nine blocks, with density 36/64 = 0
Still life (cellular automaton)
Still_life_(cellular_automaton)
Metric unit of mass
defining temperature (0 °C) was later changed to the temperature of maximum density of water (approximately 4 °C). Subsequent redefinitions agree with
Gram
Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model, given observations
\theta )\,]} , where this expectation is taken with respect to the true density. Maximum-likelihood estimators have no optimum properties for finite samples
Maximum_likelihood_estimation
Mass per unit volume
Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the ratio of a substance's mass to its volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the
Density
Maximum altitude an aircraft can reach
the maximum density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions, as determined by its flight envelope. Service ceiling is the density altitude
Ceiling_(aeronautics)
Ratio of two densities
water reaches its maximum density). In SI units, the density of water is (approximately) 1000 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3, which makes relative density calculations particularly
Relative_density
SI derived unit of volume
of maximum density (3.983 °C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne, which makes its maximum density at
Cubic_metre
Pyrotechnic composition of metal powder and metal oxide
nozzle. Oxygen-balanced iron thermite 2Al + Fe2O3 has theoretical maximum density of 4.175 g/cm3 an adiabatic burn temperature of 3135 K or 2862 °C or
Thermite
Unit of volume
centimetre of water at 3.98 °C (the temperature at which it attains its maximum density) is almost equal to one gram. In internal combustion engines, "cc"
Cubic_centimetre
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
9 °C (28.6 °F)) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above
Water
Unit of volume
of the world's oceans, show that it has a density of 0.999975±0.000001 kg/L at its point of maximum density (3.984 °C) under one standard atmosphere (101
Litre
Method of estimating the parameters of a statistical model
In Bayesian statistics, the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of an unknown quantity is the mode of the posterior density. The MAP can be used to obtain
Maximum a posteriori estimation
Maximum_a_posteriori_estimation
Chemical compound
While in theory not as energetic as octanitrocubane's theoretical maximum density, the heptanitrocubane that has been synthesized so far is a more effective
Heptanitrocubane
Unit of pressure
exerted by a column of water of 1 cm in height at 4 °C (temperature of maximum density) at the standard acceleration of gravity, so that 1 cmH2O (4°C) = 999
Centimetre or millimetre of water
Centimetre_or_millimetre_of_water
A-line, B-line, and C-line are plotted. In addition, the -3/2 rule maximum density line is plotted just above the A-line. The diagram works well for even
Stand density management diagram
Stand_density_management_diagram
Type of router for integrated circuits
appear on both the left and right of a vertical line at that x. The maximum density is a lower bound on the height of the channel. A "cyclic constraint"
Channel_routing
CGS unit of density
density of water is approximately 1 g/cm3, since the gram was originally defined as the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at its maximum density at
Gram_per_cubic_centimetre
definition of a temperature scale. 3. The point of maximum density is also the point where the density depends the least on small changes in temperature
History_of_the_metric_system
limit of maximum stocking. This negatively-sloped line is referred to as the self-thinning line or the maximum-density line. The maximum density line is
Stand_density_index
Overview of Gambian administrative divisions
while the Lower River region was the least populated with 82,361. The maximum density of population was seen in Western with 396.59 persons per km2, while
Subdivisions_of_the_Gambia
Math theorem about sphere packing
Tóth. Fejes Tóth (1953) showed that the problem of determining the maximum density of all arrangements (regular and irregular) could be reduced to a finite
Kepler_conjecture
Soil moisture test
and achieve its maximum dry density. The test is named in honor of Ralph Roscoe Proctor [de], who in 1933 showed that the dry density of a soil for a
Proctor_compaction_test
Fuel oils of a tar-like consistency
nitrogen or organometals. HFO is characterized by a maximum density of 1010 kg/m3 at 15 °C, and a maximum viscosity of 700 mm2/s (cSt) at 50 °C according
Heavy_fuel_oil
Predecessor to the kilogram
standard in 1799 to water's most stable density point: the temperature at which water reaches maximum density, which was measured at the time as 4 °C
Grave_(unit)
Layering of a body of water due to density variations
relatively distinct and stable layers by density. It occurs in all water bodies where there is stable density variation with depth. Stratification is a
Stratification_(water)
Chemical compound
EVA-coated FOX-7 granules pressed into pellets of 92% theoretical maximum density were found to have a detonation velocity of 7730 m/s, compared to 7630 m/s
FOX-7
Highly connected subgraph
finding a subgraph of maximum density. In 1984, Andrew V. Goldberg developed a polynomial time algorithm to find the maximum density subgraph using a max
Dense_subgraph
Packing method for objects
cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal lattices have maximum densities equal to this upper limit, which can occur through the process of
Random_close_pack
Amount of charge flowing through a unit cross-sectional area per unit time
density is the electric current (or the amount of charge per unit time) that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section. The current density
Current_density
Study of light-sensitive materials
saturation known as density. Since density is a logarithm we must take the ratio of the anti-logarithms of the maximum and minimum densities in the image in
Sensitometry
Function related to statistics and probability theory
asymptotic normality of the maximum likelihood estimator, additional assumptions are made about the probability densities that form the basis of a particular
Likelihood_function
governments to grant nearly any request for a density bonus. SB 1818 (2004) increased the maximum density bonus for certain affordable housing projects
California_Density_Bonus_Law
Process in geotechnical engineering to increase soil density
Among various properties, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content are vital and specify the required density to be compacted in the field
Soil_compaction
Maximum weight of a craft at which takeoff is permitted
The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) or maximum gross takeoff weight (MGTOW) or maximum takeoff mass (MTOM) of an aircraft, also known as the maximum structural
Maximum_takeoff_weight
varying composition, so that the maximum density (at the bottom) is higher than that of the solid, and the minimum density is lower. If a small sample of
Particle_mass_density
Photographic tone reversal due to overexposure
that required to produce the maximum density of which the material is capable) no longer increases the developed density but reduces it, so that the brightest
Solarization_(photography)
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
leads to a minimum bit cost, i.e., minimum equivalent design rule (or maximum density), for a given number of layers; this minimum bit cost layer number
Flash_memory
British physician, chemist and lecturer
his name to "Hope's Experiment", which shows that water reaches its maximum density at 4 °C (39 °F). In 1815 Hope was elected as president of the Royal
Thomas_Charles_Hope
Body of freshwater that mixes twice a year
the lake is near 4 °C (the temperature of maximum density), and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from
Dimictic_lake
Small pit in the retina of the eye responsible for all central vision
lower density of blue cones at the center of the fovea. The maximum density of blue cones occurs in a ring about the fovea. Consequently, the maximum acuity
Fovea_centralis
Type of photographic print
waxed or varnished will produce images that appear to have greater maximum density than silver prints. A decreased susceptibility to deterioration compared
Platinum_print
Perception of image sharpness that is unrelated to actual resolution
producing an S-shaped distribution over a width W between maximum density D1 and minimum density D2 – steeper transitions yield higher acutance. Summing
Acutance
Relative importance of certain frequencies in a composite signal
spectral density is usually estimated using Fourier transform methods (such as the Welch method), but other techniques such as the maximum entropy method
Spectral_density
Longest recorded life span
Maximum life span (or, for humans, maximum reported age at death) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have
Maximum_life_span
Principle in Bayesian statistics
the principle of maximum entropy. One of the main applications of the maximum entropy principle is in discrete and continuous density estimation. Similar
Principle_of_maximum_entropy
Device for scanning photographic film
minimum and maximum density as Δ D ≡ D m a x − D m i n {\displaystyle \Delta D\equiv D_{max}-D_{min}} . The relationships between density, contrast ratio
Film_scanner
Highly corrosive mineral acid
has a maximum of 2% water and a maximum of 0.5% dissolved NO2. Anhydrous nitric acid is a colorless, low-viscosity (mobile) liquid with a density of 1
Nitric_acid
Ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material
shown below: The 74% packing efficiency of the FCC and HCP is the maximum density possible in unit cells constructed of spheres of only one size. Interstitial
Crystal_structure
Separation of water in a lake into distinct layers
is not as dense as the water in the hypolimnion. The temperature of maximum density for fresh water is 4 °C (39 °F). In temperate regions where lake water
Lake_stratification
Screen resolution measured in pixels per length
pixels per centimetre (ppcm or pixels/cm) are measurements of the pixel density of an electronic image device, such as a computer monitor or a television
Pixel_density
Substance that can explode
average density of the loaded charge can be obtained that is within 80–99% of the theoretical maximum density of the explosive. High load density can reduce
Explosive
near-optimal approximate maximum matchings in dynamic graphs, for which the time per operation depends on the maximum density for this problem rather than
Ruzsa–Szemerédi_problem
Third planet from the Sun
causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is atmospheric circulation
Earth
Global warming about 55 million years ago
thermal maximum (PETM), alternatively Eocene thermal maximum 1 (ETM1) and formerly known as the Initial Eocene or Late Paleocene thermal maximum, was a
Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Paleocene–Eocene_thermal_maximum
In statistics a quasi-maximum likelihood estimate (QMLE), also known as a pseudo-likelihood estimate or a composite likelihood estimate, is an estimate
Quasi-maximum likelihood estimate
Quasi-maximum_likelihood_estimate
Apparatus for trapping and cooling neutral atoms
less than 100 micropascals (10−9 bar)}. The minimum temperature and maximum density of a cloud in a magneto-optical trap is limited by the spontaneously
Magneto-optical_trap
American urban planning process
necessary for project approval, maximum density requirements are more often used instead, focusing on either a maximum number of units per acre or a minimum
Planned_unit_development
Computer storage measure
density: length (linear density) of track, area of the surface (areal density), or in a given volume (volumetric density). Generally, higher density is
Density_(computer_storage)
Ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere
describing the variation of the electron density from bottom of the ionosphere to the altitude of maximum density than in describing the total electron content
Ionosphere
Energy per volume
In physics, energy density is the quotient between the amount of energy stored in a given system or contained in a given region of space and the volume
Energy_density
maintained flight at or above 55,000 feet for three hours, reaching a maximum density altitude of 57,300 feet during the mission. Later that spring, the
General_Atomics_Altus
Concept in statistics and wave theory
maximum (FWHM) is the difference between the two values of the independent variable at which the dependent variable is equal to half of its maximum value
Full_width_at_half_maximum
Lattice in 8-dimensional space with special properties
A 1935 paper of Hans Frederick Blichfeldt proved that this is the maximum density that can be achieved by a lattice packing in 8 dimensions. Furthermore
E8_lattice
Stem of woody plants, and main structural component of trees
measurements are the total width of the ring and the maximum density of the latewood. Higher latewood densities and ring widths correspond to higher average summer
Trunk_(botany)
Aerodynamic phenomenon
aerospace engineering, the max q, or maximum dynamic pressure, of an aerospace vehicle's atmospheric flight is the maximum difference between the fluid dynamics
Max_q
Uniform distribution on an interval
than that it is contained in the distribution's support. The probability density function of the continuous uniform distribution is f ( x ) = { 1 b − a
Continuous uniform distribution
Continuous_uniform_distribution
Method to provide a measured amount of ink
the cells, cell volume, and line screen. A 60 degree angle ensures maximum density in a given space. Lower volume makes for less ink. Low line numbers
Anilox
American computational chemist
low temperatures), TIP5P accurately reproduces the density maximum at 4 °C, with an average density error of 0.006 g/cm3 from -37.5 to 62.5 °C at 1 atm
William_L._Jorgensen
matching: In the Maximum Density Knapsack variant there is an initial weight w 0 {\displaystyle w_{0}} , and we maximize the density of selected items
List_of_knapsack_problems
Diffraction pattern in optics
(f/5.7) approximates the resolution achieved by the human eye. The maximum density of cones in the human fovea is approximately 170,000 per square millimeter
Airy_disk
3215 ≈ 0.2747 {\displaystyle {\frac {883}{3215}}\approx 0.2747} . The maximum density of a letter a in an infinite ternary square-free word is equal to 255
Square-free_word
Chemical compound
determination with plastic bonded formulations at high theoretical maximum density exceed the predicted detonation pressures but fall a little short with
TEX_(explosive)
Study of interactions between travellers and infrastructure
densities are the critical density (kc) and jam density (kj). The maximum density achievable under free flow is kc, while kj is the maximum density achieved
Traffic_flow
Comparison of a wide range of molar concentrations
"The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30
Orders of magnitude (molar concentration)
Orders_of_magnitude_(molar_concentration)
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
E_{n}/E=(D/d)^{3.4}} where D is the density, E is Young's modulus and d is the maximum density of iron. Sintering is static when a metal powder under certain external
Sintering
Molecular interface between a surface and a fluid
Bikerman introduced an alternative approach which is to include a maximum density in the continuum thermodynamic assumptions, including an over-crowding
Double layer (surface science)
Double_layer_(surface_science)
Chemical compound
could achieve a detonation velocity of approximately 10,100 m/s at its maximum density, along with a detonation pressure approaching 50 GPa. These values
NTB_(explosive)
Species of amphibian
to 91,000 individuals/ha, almost 5 times its maximum density in its native Puerto Rico. Higher densities in its invaded range are likely bolstered by
Common_coquí
Line of computer servers
design that is designed for maximum system expansion, while the DL (Density Line) line of servers consists of powerful, density-optimized servers designed
ProLiant
Hydrodynamic feature
convergence, waters mix and sink when they reach the temperature of maximum density, roughly 4 degrees Celsius for freshwater, a process known as cabbeling
Thermal_bar
Power per volume
Power density is the amount of power (time rate of energy transfer) per unit volume. It is typically measured in watts per cubic meter (W/m³) and represents
Power_density
Matter and radiation in the space between the star systems in a galaxy
expanding the local ISM. The visible spiral arms are the regions of maximum density, and the compression often triggers star formation in molecular clouds
Interstellar_medium
Estimate of an unobservable underlying probability density function
In statistics, probability density estimation or simply density estimation is the construction of an estimate, based on observed data, of an unobservable
Density_estimation
Hybrid lemon
juice. The planting scheme must have a maximum density of 400–500 plants per hectare or 850 in the case of high-density dynamic planting. Growers can use conventional
Siracusa_lemon
Hungarian mathematician (1915–2005)
described some highlights of his early work; e.g. having shown that the maximum density of a packing of repeated symmetric convex bodies occurs with a lattice
László_Fejes_Tóth
Total aircraft weight during flight or ground operation
the authorised maximum weight limits may be less as limited by centre of gravity, fuel density, and fuel loading limits. The maximum taxi weight (MTW)
Aircraft_gross_weight
Two-dimensional shape
Karl Reinhardt in 1934 and conjectured by him to have the lowest maximum packing density of the plane of all centrally symmetric convex shapes. It was also
Smoothed_octagon
{\displaystyle J\neq \{\}} Determine the time interval I {\displaystyle I} of maximum density Δ I {\displaystyle \Delta _{I}} . In I {\displaystyle I} process the
YDS_algorithm
Chemical(s) which convert a latent image on photographic film to a visible image
processing to increase the apparent film speed by reducing the Dmax, or maximum density. The first developer is the most critical step in Process E-6. The
Photographic_developer
Large inland body of relatively still water
improved upon by Hutchinson and Löffler. As the density of water varies with temperature, with a maximum at +4 degrees Celsius, thermal stratification is
Lake
Topics referred to by the same term
barrier to advancement of a qualified person Ceiling (aeronautics), the maximum density altitude an aircraft can reach under a set of conditions Price ceiling
Ceiling_(disambiguation)
Retrieved January 7, 2020. "The Final Days". IMDb. 29 October 1989. "Maximum Density". Agent Elvis. Season 1. Episode 5. March 17, 2023. Brummer, Justin
Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon
Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon
1016/0196-6774(90)90010-C. Bezdek, András; Kuperberg, Włodzimierz (1990). "Maximum density space packing with congruent circular cylinders of infinite length"
List of shapes with known packing constant
List_of_shapes_with_known_packing_constant
Probability distribution
^{2})} is the one with maximum entropy. To see this, let X {\displaystyle X} be a continuous random variable with probability density f ( x ) {\displaystyle
Normal_distribution
Type of kiln furniture
strength-to-weight ratio. Because industrial kilns are optimised for maximum density, saggars are designed to be "self-nesting." This allows manufacturers
Saggar
Exotic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom bound to a positronium atom
proton is larger than the dihydrogen molecule, at 2.31 a0 with the maximum density at 2.8 a0. Due to its short lifetime, establishing the chemistry of
Positronium_hydride
Probability distribution
probability distribution on the unit circle whose density is uniform for all angles. The probability density function (pdf) of the circular uniform distribution
Circular_uniform_distribution
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