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Type of microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution
Atomic_force_microscopy
Method of measuring the microscopic topography of a material
In microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) or current sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) is a mode in atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Conductive atomic force microscopy
Conductive_atomic_force_microscopy
Type of atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy
Photoconductive_atomic_force_microscopy
Bimodal Atomic Force Microscopy (bimodal AFM) is an advanced atomic force microscopy technique characterized by generating high-spatial resolution maps
Bimodal atomic force microscopy
Bimodal_atomic_force_microscopy
Type of microscopy using a physical probe
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), also known as dynamic force microscopy (DFM), is a mode of atomic force microscopy, which itself is a type
Non-contact atomic force microscopy
Non-contact_atomic_force_microscopy
Branch of microscopy
atomic force microscopy Contact AFM Non-contact AFM Dynamic contact AFM Tapping AFM AFM-IR CFM, chemical force microscopy C-AFM, conductive atomic force
Scanning_probe_microscopy
Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM). It is a combination of acoustic microscopy and atomic force microscopy
Atomic force acoustic microscopy
Atomic_force_acoustic_microscopy
Group of phyllosilicate minerals
J.; Ferrell, T. L. (1992). "Atomic force microscopy of DNA on mica and chemically modified mica". Scanning Microscopy. 6 (4): 911–8. PMID 1295085. "Isinglass
Mica
Needles in the nanometer size range
will be useful in atomic force microscopy (AFM), and can be easily grown in arrays. Such AFM arrays, besides producing near-atomic resolution images of
Nanoneedle
Microscopy technique for piezoelectric materials
Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM) that allows imaging and manipulation of piezoelectric/ferroelectric
Piezoresponse force microscopy
Piezoresponse_force_microscopy
Biological membrane structure
bilayers often require advanced techniques like electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. When phospholipids are exposed to water, they self-assemble
Lipid_bilayer
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a variety of atomic force microscopy, in which a sharp magnetized tip scans a magnetic sample; the tip-sample magnetic
Magnetic_force_microscope
Type of microscope
Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) is a type of dynamic non-contact atomic force microscopy where the electrostatic force is probed. ("Dynamic" here
Electrostatic force microscope
Electrostatic_force_microscope
Ability of porous media to condense liquid from an adsorbed vapor
cause many problems in materials science applications such as atomic-force microscopy and microelectromechanical systems. The Kelvin equation can be
Capillary_condensation
Noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). By raster
Kelvin_probe_force_microscope
Method of identifying and examining fibers used by law enforcement agencies
sample to be in focus at one time. Atomic force microscopy is a method which is carried out using an atomic force microscope, which is an instrument that
Fiber_analysis
Study of material structure and properties
ion microscopy (FIM) Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) X-ray diffraction topography (XRT)
Characterization (materials science)
Characterization_(materials_science)
Field in nanoscience and biomechanics
filaments and microtubules. For a description of atomic force microscopy (AFM), see atomic force microscopy. AFM has been used to study the nanoscale level
Nanobiomechanics
biomolecular materials, DNA-protein interactions, and the applications of atomic force microscopy to biological materials. Hansma earned her bachelor's degree in
Helen_Hansma
Instrument used to physically scan the surface of a sample
invention of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), collectively called scanning probe microscopy (SPM) by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich
Probe_tip
Nanotechnology company in Liestal, Switzerland
Nanosurf worked with NASA's Phoenix Mars mission to provide the atomic force microscopy module for the Mars probe. In 1997, Nanosurf was awarded the "Start-up-Label"
Nanosurf
Objects too small to be seen unaided
view sub-wavelength, nanosized objects. Nanoscale imaging via atomic force microscopy has also been improved to allow a more precise observation of small
Microscopic_scale
Class of devices for nanoscale functionality
the NEMS device. Researchers from Ohio State University used atomic/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM) to examine the effects of nanopatterning on hydrophobicity
Nanoelectromechanical_systems
Technique for creating microscopic structures
medicine, biomedical engineering, micromechanic, microfluidic, atomic force microscopy, optics and telecommunication science. By the arrival of biocompatible
Multiphoton_lithography
German physicist
the qPlus sensor, a new probe for atomic force microscopy and continued experimental and theoretical work on the force microscope at the chair of Professor
Franz_Josef_Giessibl
Chemical compound
scanning tunnelling microscopy. More detailed images were made by IBM researchers in Zurich using non-contact atomic force microscopy in 2012. List of chemical
Olympicene
Material testing procedure that makes a very small mark in a surface
hardness, as the contact area is not easily found. Atomic force microscopy or scanning electron microscopy techniques may be utilized to image the indentation
Nanoindentation
Beam anchored at only one end
wet or dry etching technique. Without cantilever transducers, atomic force microscopy would not be possible. A large number of research groups are attempting
Cantilever
Term for chemical syntheses
tunneling microscopy (IM-STM). Prior to this work, there had been no non-biological chemical syntheses that achieved this aim, with only some atomic placement
Mechanosynthesis
Chemical compound
Yoshiaki (2015). "Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature". Nature Communications. 6: 7766. doi:10.1038/ncomms8766
Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
Perylenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride
Class of gels with an organic liquid phase in a crosslinked polymer matrix
enthalpy value means a network made of weaker bonds. There are numerous microscopy methods for defining gel structures which include SEM and TEM. Use of
Organogels
Class of materials
enhance the self-cleaning effect of a superhydrophobic surface. Atomic-force microscopy is used to study the local roughness and mechanical properties
Self-cleaning_surfaces
Imaging Instrument
Voigtländer, Bert (ed.), Scanning Probe Microscopy: Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, NanoScience and Technology, Berlin, Heidelberg:
Scanning_tunneling_microscope
Entity in a chemical reaction
nano-scale microscopy techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a substrate
Substrate_(chemistry)
Method of microscopy which measures chemical bonding between the probe and surface
In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization
Chemical_force_microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), a type of scanning force microscopy, was developed for mapping three-dimensional topographical variations in atomic surfaces
Polymeric_surface
Force of attraction or repulsion between molecules and neighboring particles
models for surface forces and adhesion and their measurement using atomic force microscopy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (10): 12773–12856
Intermolecular_force
Viewing of objects which are too small to be seen with the naked eye
topography can be generated. Ultrasonic force microscopy allows the local mapping of elasticity in atomic force microscopy by the application of ultrasonic vibration
Microscopy
Study of friction, wear, adhesion and lubrication phenomena at the nanoscale
direct and indirect methodologies. Microscopy techniques, including Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), Atomic-Force Microscope (AFM) and Surface Forces
Nanotribology
Set of scientific techniques
can be used to perform force spectroscopy include atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, magnetic tweezers, acoustic force spectroscopy, microneedles
Force_spectroscopy
Main component of Portland cement
development, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. Portland cement clinker (abbreviated k in the European norms)
Cement_clinker
British academic
PhD degree from the University of Nottingham for research using atomic force microscopy to investigate adhesion and mechanics. Following her doctoral research
Molly_Stevens
Wax coating on the plant cuticle
into the two layers is unknown. Recent scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and neutron reflectometry studies on reconstituted
Epicuticular_wax
Chemical compound
hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene. Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene has been imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM) providing the first example of a molecule in which differences
Hexabenzocoronene
Protein used by single-celled organisms
been excessively studied on both mica and glass substrates using Atomic force microscopy and Femtosecond crystallography. All other phototrophic systems
Bacteriorhodopsin
Quasiparticle form phonon and photon coupling
advances in (scattering-type) scanning near-field optical microscopy((s-)SNOM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM) have made it possible to observe the polaritons
Phonon_polariton
South Korean scientific instrument manufacturer
Christoph Gerber achieved the first experimental implementation of atomic force microscopy (AFM). After graduating from Stanford, Dr. Park founded Park Scientific
Park_Systems
Effective force in molecular and colloidal systems
instrumentation including atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers, and hydrodynamic force balance machines. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is commonly used to directly
Depletion_force
Fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy, and is typically used on a standard inverted light microscope. The unique characteristic
Fluidic_force_microscopy
British engineering scientist
desalination, colloid engineering, and nano-engineering applications of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Hilal’s pioneering work has advanced the use of AFM in designing
Nidal_Hilal
Family of methods for parts cleaning and sterilization
via light microscopy, particle counting, scanning electron microscopy, microprobing, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic-force microscopy, and mass
Carbon_dioxide_cleaning
Technique of scanning probe microscopy
resonance (SPR), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (ESTM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the interrogation of various interfacial phenomena
Scanning electrochemical microscopy
Scanning_electrochemical_microscopy
Academic journal
including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and live-cell imaging. It is published for the Microscopy Society of America
Microscopy_and_Microanalysis
Type of electron microscope
studies are supported by complementary nanoscale techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and its electrical imaging modes. These methods provide insights
Scanning_electron_microscope
Knife in which the edge is made from diamond
plastic. Diamond knives are also used for specimen preparation in atomic force microscopy. There are many styles and types of diamond knives. For the most
Diamond_knife
Highly flammable compound
also used for immobilization of proteins in western blots and atomic force microscopy for its nonspecific affinity for amino acids. Nitrocellulose is
Nitrocellulose
American electrical engineer
University in 1950. Quate is known for his work on acoustic and atomic force microscopy. The scanning acoustic microscope, which Quate invented with colleague
Calvin_Quate
Study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases
scanning-tunneling microscopy (STM) and a family of methods descended from it, including atomic force microscopy (AFM). These microscopies have considerably
Surface_science
mechanical forces and do not apply any external forces to the cell. Atomic force microscopy is an interaction between a tip attached to a flexible cantilever
Cell_biomechanics
Imaging technique
resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is an imaging technique that acquires magnetic resonance images (MRI) at nanometer scales, and possibly at atomic scales
Magnetic resonance force microscopy
Magnetic_resonance_force_microscopy
is a particular type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), which combines the classical atomic force microscopy (AFM) together with electrochemical measurements
Electrochemical_AFM
Viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane
be measured with electron spin resonance, fluorescence, atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy, or deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Membrane_fluidity
Chemical compound
phase, it allows scientists to use DPPC along with DOPC in Atomic Force Microscopy and Atomic Force Spectroscopy. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Application of quantum mechanics and chemistry to biology
may be associated with an anti-inflammatory function. Conductive atomic force microscopy of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) tissue demonstrated evidence
Quantum_biology
Concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural strength
the Wood-Cell Wall Surface in a Cement Environment Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy". Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 35 (7) 04023164. doi:10
Fiber-reinforced_concrete
Type of microscopic technique used for imaging surfaces by tunneling of photons
photoluminescence, absorption, and Raman spectroscopy. Conventional optical microscopy utilizing far-field illumination achieves resolution that is restricted
Photon_scanning_microscopy
Atomic force microscope component manufacturer
market leader for tips for scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The atomic force microscope (AFM) is the defining instrument
NanoWorld
spectroscopic techniques and recently developed computational methods. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in recent years to image and probe the physical
Lipid bilayer characterization
Lipid_bilayer_characterization
Scanning probe lithographic technique
nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe lithography technique where an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is used to directly create patterns on a substrate
Dip-pen_nanolithography
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
virus structure can be mechanically (physically) probed through atomic force microscopy. In general, there are five main morphological virus types: Helical
Virus
British physicist
work on the development of nanoindentation and atom resolution atomic force microscopy. John Pethica was a pupil at St Ambrose College in Hale Barns,
John_Pethica
Technology
Selected Single Atoms by Soft Nanoindentation Using Near Contact Atomic Force Microscopy". Physical Review Letters. 90 (17) 176102. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90q6102O
Molecular_nanotechnology
Interdisciplinary research area
imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small-angle scattering (SAS)
Molecular_biophysics
In microscopy, scanning joule expansion microscopy (SJEM) is a form of scanning probe microscopy heavily based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) that maps
Scanning joule expansion microscopy
Scanning_joule_expansion_microscopy
Technique in fluorescence microscopy
resolution of both electron and atomic force microscopy is even better than STED resolution, but by combining atomic force with STED, Shima et al. were able
STED_microscopy
Materials with granular size 1 to 100 nm
nanoparticles via atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. To measure the elastic modulus; indentation data is obtained via AFM force-displacement curves
Nanomaterials
Methods to isolate and expose cell membranes
monolayers Quick-freeze deep-etch electron microscopy and cryofixation Sonication for atomic force microscopy Single-cell unroofing Sonoporation Lysis Robertson
Cell_unroofing
Natural mummy of a man
from ibex and red deer as well as einkorn wheat. The results of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analysis reveal that he consumed fresh or
Ötzi
Accumulation and adhesion of molecules to a surface without penetration
change in refractive index upon protein adsorption. Atomic-force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful microscopy technique used for studying samples at a nanoscale
Protein_adsorption
Hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario
examples Nanometrology Atomic force microscopy Scanning tunneling microscope Electron microscope Super-resolution microscopy Nanotribology Molecular
Gray_goo
Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms
Yoshiaki (2015). "Chemical structure imaging of a single molecule by atomic force microscopy at room temperature". Nature Communications. 6 7766. Bibcode:2015NatCo
Molecule
Substance spread over a surface
characterization methods include transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and Rutherford
Coating
Physical phenomenon
evidence for a liquid layer on the surface of ice. In 1998, using atomic force microscopy, Astrid Döppenschmidt and Hans-Jürgen Butt measured the thickness
Regelation
British-American physicist and biophysicist
He is known for his development of scanning probe microscopy (particularly atomic force microscopy). He co-founded Molecular Imaging Corporation (acquired
Stuart_M._Lindsay
Biological polymers' conformations have been measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using force spectroscopy, single molecules (or pairs of interacting
Single-molecule_experiment
Biological drug delivery modality
visualize structures; atomic force microscopy (AFM) that gives a topographic view of the sample on a substrate; transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that gives
Nanoparticle–biomolecule conjugate
Nanoparticle–biomolecule_conjugate
Design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures
proposed nanoparticle was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Förster resonance energy transfer
DNA_nanotechnology
Companies based in Moscow, Russia
and nano- meter scale. The company is one of the pioneers on the atomic force microscopy market in Russia. The most well-known ATC product in Russia and
Advanced_Technologies_Center
ExxonMobil materials scientist
scientist known for developing synchrotron X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy techniques for polymer research, applying the techniques in service
Andy_H._Tsou
elasticity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and tapping/contact mode atomic force microscopy was also performed on single-walled carbon nanotubes. Young's modulus
Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes
Mechanical_properties_of_carbon_nanotubes
Image processing task
range of fields in scientific imaging including atomic force microscopy, light sheet fluorescence microscopy, and planetary satellite imaging. The most common
Image_destriping
Overview of and topical guide to nanotechnology
molecular motors – Carbon nanotube actuators – Microscopy – Atomic force microscope – Electron microscopy - Scanning tunneling microscope – Scanning probe
Outline_of_nanotechnology
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
order to calculate the strain. Experimentally, methods such as atomic force microscopy can be used to obtain similar data. The internal dynamics of proteins
Protein
Materials scientist and academic
and interfaces) impact device performance. Moons has made use of atomic force microscopy to understand nanoscale features on the surface of her thin films
Ellen_Moons
Toxin found in earthworms
available information about the prepore structure was provided by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The measured prepore height was 90 Å; and the width 118
Lysenin
Connection between physics and engineering
Radiation therapy Microscopy Scanning probe microscopy Atomic force microscopy Scanning tunneling microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Transmission electron
Applied_physics
An extension of the multi-tip STM technique is the upgrade to atomic force microscopy (AFM) operation. For applications in nanoelectronics, most of the
Multi-tip scanning tunneling microscopy
Multi-tip_scanning_tunneling_microscopy
Battery with solid electrodes and a solid electrolyte
materials, advanced nanoscale imaging techniques are often employed. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) enables topographical mapping of solid-state battery materials
Solid-state_battery
Italian condensed matter physicist
understanding amyloid fibril aggregation based on the analysis of atomic force microscopy images. This work introduced a polymer-physics-based methodology
Raffaele_Mezzenga
English mathematical physicist (1900–1977)
shown that the results they obtained had direct application to atomic force microscopy by predicting that non-contact imaging is possible only at small
Beryl_May_Dent
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
Surname or Lastname
Italian
Italian : from the personal name Forte, from Late Latin fortis ‘strong’ (see Fort) or from a short form of a medieval personal name formed with this element, as for example Fortebraccio (‘strong arm’).Slovenian : shortened form of the personal name Fortunat, Latin Fortunatus.English : variant of Fort.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : topographic name for someone who lived near a forge or smithy, Middle English, Old French forge (from Latin fabrica ‘workshop’, a derivative of faber ‘smith’, ‘workman’; compare Lefevre). The surname is thus in most cases a metonymic occupational name for a smith or someone employed by a smith.
Male
Hungarian
Pet form of Hungarian Tamás, TOMI means "twin."
Girl/Female
British, English
Force
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
River Crossing; A Shallow Place Used to Cross a River; Stream; Surname
Male
Japanese
(富) Japanese name TOMIO means "treasured man."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Force; Might
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Parsi
Destructive Force
Boy/Male
Biblical
Force.
Girl/Female
Indian
Force to move forward, Force
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Ford 1 and 2. This is a very common spelling in Ireland.Norwegian : habitational name from any of numerous farmsteads named Førde (there are eleven on the west coast), from Old Norse fyrði, dative of fjórðr ‘fjord’.
Surname or Lastname
English (Somerset and Avon)
English (Somerset and Avon) : variant of Fosse.Americanized form of French Fortier.
Biblical
violence, force
Girl/Female
Hindi
Vital force.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Force
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Force.Perhaps an altered form of Dutch Voorhees.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Force to move forward, Force
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Fosse. There has been some confusion with northwestern English force in the sense of ‘waterfall’, it is possible that the surname may also have arisen as a topographic name for someone living by a waterfall.French : topographic name for someone who lived by a fortress or stronghold, Old French force, Late Latin fortia, a derivative of fortis ‘strong’ (see Fort). There are several places named with this word (for example in Aude, and baronial lands in the Dordogne), and it may also be a habitational name from any of these.
Boy/Male
English
A shallow place used to cross a river or stream. Surname.
Boy/Male
Indian
God of force
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
True Friend
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, German
Anne's Son; Son of Ann and Son of the Divine
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Nice Smell
Girl/Female
French
Brave.
Female
Spanish
Spanish pet form of Portuguese/Spanish Francisca, PAQUITA means "French."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Pinnock.
Surname or Lastname
English (York)
English (York) : perhaps a variant of Beaver.Dutch : unexplained. Perhaps a variant of Bauer.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Love
Male
Hungarian
Hungarian form of Hebrew Adam, ÃDÃM means "earth" or "red."
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Part of an Era; End of an Era
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
ATOMIC FORCE-MICROSCOPY
n.
One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory.
a.
Unaccented; as, an atonic syllable.
n.
Any action between two bodies which changes, or tends to change, their relative condition as to rest or motion; or, more generally, which changes, or tends to change, any physical relation between them, whether mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic, or of any other kind; as, the force of gravity; cohesive force; centrifugal force.
n.
To provide with forces; to reenforce; to strengthen by soldiers; to man; to garrison.
a.
Done or produced with force or great labor, or by extraordinary exertion; hurried; strained; produced by unnatural effort or pressure; as, a forced style; a forced laugh.
a.
Alt. of Atomical
n.
To allow the force of; to value; to care for.
n.
To compel, as by strength of evidence; as, to force conviction on the mind.
a.
Aeolian, 1; as, the Aeolic dialect; the Aeolic mode.
v. i.
To make a difficult matter of anything; to labor; to hesitate; hence, to force of, to make much account of; to regard.
a.
Containing two atoms.
imp. & p. p.
of Force
n.
To exert to the utmost; to urge; hence, to strain; to urge to excessive, unnatural, or untimely action; to produce by unnatural effort; as, to force a consient or metaphor; to force a laugh; to force fruits.
n.
The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic.
a.
Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as, an atonic disease.
v. t.
To stuff; to lard; to farce.
n.
An Adonic verse.
n.
The solid piston of a force pump; the instrument by which water is forced in a pump.
n.
To put in force; to cause to be executed; to make binding; to enforce.
v. i.
To be of force, importance, or weight; to matter.