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Cellular process in B cells
In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which TFH cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the
Affinity_maturation
Protein(s) forming a major part of an organism's immune system
generating antibodies with increased binding affinities is called affinity maturation. Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V(D)J recombination
Antibody
Aspect of immunity
production, germinal center formation and isotype switching, and affinity maturation and memory cell generation. It also refers to the effector functions
Humoral_immunity
Cell of the adaptive immune system
increase or decrease the affinity of the surface receptor for a particular antigen, a progression called affinity maturation. After acquiring these mutations
Memory_B_cell
Type of white blood cell
plasmablasts, have antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center (GC) and produce more
B_cell
not have high affinity for antigen, mutations in the FR that create a more flexible structure may allow for higher affinity maturation. Natural mutations
Framework_region
Lymphoid organs in the mouth and throat
contain lymphoid follicles with germinal centers where B cells undergo affinity maturation. They are covered by stratified squamous epithelium, and the tissue
Tonsil
White blood cell that secretes large volumes of antibodies
undergo a process known as affinity maturation. This process favors, by selection for the ability to bind antigen with higher affinity, the activation and growth
Plasma_cell
Cellular mechanism in B cells
confront it (e.g. microbes). A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM diversifies B cell receptors used to recognize foreign elements
Somatic_hypermutation
Biological drug for the treatment of cancer
and the affinity increased 1-5 million fold to low picomolar values through phage display affinity maturation. To provide the soluble, affinity enhanced
ImmTAC
Protein found in humans
the formation of germinal centers and therefore prohibits antibody affinity maturation, an important process in the adaptive immune system. In 1991, three
CD154
time called affinity maturation. These algorithms focus on the Darwinian attributes of the theory where selection is inspired by the affinity of antigen-antibody
Clonal_selection_algorithm
Lymphatic tissue structure
produce. This phenomenon underscores the process of affinity maturation, whereby greater affinity antibodies are produced and selected for after antigen
Germinal_center
Group of viruses associated with bats
response to pathogens. Some research indicates that bats have limited affinity maturation in their antibody responses to infection, whereas others show they
Bat_virome
Type of antibody
hence prevail. Conversely, antibodies also simultaneously evolve by affinity maturation during the course of an immune response, thereby improving recognition
Neutralizing_antibody
Cell that displays antigen bound by MHC proteins on its surface
activated by a T cell, a B cell can undergo antibody isotype switching, affinity maturation, as well as formation of memory cells. Non-professional antigen presenting
Antigen-presenting_cell
White blood cell
cells undergo affinity maturation, which improves the strength of their antibodies' binding to a specific antigen. B cells, with higher affinity antibodies
Long-lived_plasma_cell
Ability of biomolecules to bind specific ligands
activity can be highly specific is the antibody-antigen system. Affinity maturation typically leads to highly specific interactions, whereas naive antibodies
Chemical_specificity
Organ system in vertebrates complementary to the circulatory system
activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal selection and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the secondary
Lymphatic_system
Biological technique to evolve proteins using bacteriophages
DR, Barbas CF (December 1995). "CDR walking mutagenesis for the affinity maturation of a potent human anti-HIV-1 antibody into the picomolar range".
Phage_display
Disease that damages the myelin sheaths around nerves
entered the CSF and underwent affinity maturation after facing GlialCAM, which led consequently to the production of high-affinity anti-GlialCAM antibodies
Multiple_sclerosis
Method in computational chemistry
ligands in drug discovery, in silico mutagenesis studies and antibody affinity maturation. For the study of reactions it is often necessary to involve a quantum-mechanical
Free-energy_perturbation
Class of rule-based machine learning systems
time called affinity maturation. These algorithms focus on the Darwinian attributes of the theory where selection is inspired by the affinity of antigen–antibody
Artificial_immune_system
American biosynthetic chemist
hypermutation maintains antibody thermodynamic stability during affinity maturation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
Peter_G._Schultz
Kinase that plays a role in B cell development
rearrangement. It also has a role in mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor. BTK contains a PH domain that binds phosphatidylinositol
Bruton's_tyrosine_kinase
Protein engineering method
temperatures or in harsh solvents Improving binding affinity of therapeutic antibodies (Affinity maturation) and the activity of de novo designed enzymes Altering
Directed_evolution
B cell with a cleaved nucleus derived from centroblasts
(January 2007). "Imaging of germinal center selection events during affinity maturation". Science. 315 (5811): 528–31. Bibcode:2007Sci...315..528A. doi:10
Centrocyte
Molecule which triggers an immune response when attached to a carrier
MacKenzie, C.; Hall, J. Christopher (2007-07-01). "Isolation and affinity maturation of hapten-specific antibodies". Biotechnology Advances. 25 (4): 333–352
Hapten
Cellular process
cells through trogocytosis contribute to affinity maturation of T cell response by selecting high-affinity T cell down-modulation of costimulatory molecules
Trogocytosis
Subsystem of the immune system
disease. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adaptive immunity. Affinity maturation Allelic exclusion Anergy Immune response Immune tolerance Immunosuppression
Adaptive_immune_system
Cell migration and chemoattraction Germinal center formation and affinity maturation Egress of lymphocytes from lymphoid tissues Barrier immunity and
Jason_Cyster
‘goldilocks zone’ for affinity will be available for subsequent T helper stimulation, allowing for class switching, affinity maturation and thus, resulting
Immunodominance
Type of mutation on somatic cell
system. A major step in affinity maturation, somatic hypermutation helps B cells produce antibodies with greater antigen affinity. Somatic mutations accumulate
Somatic_mutation
Ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen
differentiation and affinity maturation, so it is able to divide multiple times faster and produce antibodies with much higher affinity (especially IgG)
Immunological_memory
Technology for screening small molecule compounds
oligonucleotide displaying a known binder to the target, thus enabling affinity maturation strategies. Two individual sublibraries can be assembled combinatorially
DNA-encoded_chemical_library
Part of process of immunological B-cell maturation
and under modulation by T cells, and is closely intertwined with affinity maturation. B cells that respond most avidly to antigen are preferentially allowed
Clone_(B-cell)
been used to explore special pathways in the immune system such as affinity maturation and hypermutation in the humoral immune system and tolerance to pathologic
Systems_immunology
of a potent high-affinity human therapeutic antibody via novel application of recombination signal sequence–based affinity maturation". Journal of Biological
Kinetic_exclusion_assay
Antibody isotype
Corinna S Setz, Hassan Jumaa (2021) "Primary Immune Responses and Affinity Maturation Are Controlled by IgD". Front Immunol 2021 Aug 9:12:709240. doi:
Immunoglobulin_D
Language used to describe the human body
lymphocyte activation by antigens, which leads to clonal selection and affinity maturation. Dysfunction of the immune system can cause autoimmune diseases,
Medical_terminology
Immune response by adaptive immune system
faster and bind more strongly with it (i.e., greater affinity of binding) owing to affinity maturation. The soluble antibodies produced by the clone show
Polyclonal_B_cell_response
Design and construction of synthetic systems that perform complex immunological functions
specific manner, or providing integrated signals to B cells to induce affinity maturation and isotype switching during antibody production. Such engineered
Synthetic_immunology
Argentine biochemist (1927–2002)
importance of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin V genes in antibody affinity maturation. In this process, localized mutation of the immunoglobulin genes
César_Milstein
isotype is 7 fold. This implies that bNAbs develop from intense affinity maturation in the germinal centers hence the reason for high sequence variability
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies
Broadly_neutralizing_HIV-1_antibodies
Cell surface proteins, part of the acquired immune system
XX, Li Y, Yin Y, Mo M, Wang Q, Gao W, et al. (September 2011). "Affinity maturation of human CD4 by yeast surface display and crystal structure of a
Major histocompatibility complex
Major_histocompatibility_complex
Type of immune cell involved in germinal center formation and maintenance
of low affinity plasma cell production is formed but this does not lead to germinal center induction nor permit antibody affinity maturation or the differentiation
Follicular_B_helper_T_cells
Cytokine, alarmin, and growth factor
lymphocytes and the affinity maturation of their antibodies, thus allowing the immune system to generate antibodies with a high affinity for antigens. TSLP
Thymic_stromal_lymphopoietin
Protein family
recombination (AKA isotype switching) and somatic hypermutation (AKA affinity maturation). Current studies have indicated that RAG-1 and RAG-2 must work in
Recombination-activating_gene
(2010). "Bacterial Display Enables Efficient and Quantitative Peptide Affinity Maturation". Protein Eng Des Sel. 23 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1093/protein/gzp065.
Bacterial_display
Human protein
that CD83 acts as a brake on proliferation. CD83 does not affect affinity maturation of antibodies, but its deficiency enhances immunoglobulin E class
CD83
Proteins engineered to bind to target proteins or peptides
and binders with picomolar affinity have been obtained following affinity maturation. Affibody molecules conjugated to weak electrophiles bind their targets
Affibody_molecule
British immunologist
classic experiments led him propose a role for germinal centres in affinity maturation of antibody responses by a process of hypermutation followed by antigen-mediated
Ian_Calman_Muir_MacLennan
Type of specialized cells
thymus, as a primary lymphoid organ, mediates T cell development and maturation. The thymic microenvironment is established by the TEC network filled
Thymic_epithelial_cell
American immunologist and cancer researcher
immunochemists". He is particularly well known for his studies of affinity maturation of antibodies beginning in the late 1950s while he was at Washington
Herman_Eisen
Biomarker for B cell lineage
important during primary immune response, prior to affinity maturation, amplifying the response of low affinity BCRs to low concentrations of antigen. CD19 has
CD19
American physician (born 1948)
S. M.; Geha, R. S.; Nahm, M. H.; Chaplin, D. D. (1996-08-01). "Affinity maturation without germinal centres in lymphotoxin-alpha-deficient mice". Nature
Moon_Nahm
Israeli researcher
Journal of the American Chemical Society 142 (18), 8203-8210 2020: Affinity Maturation of Macrocyclic Peptide Modulators of Lys48-linked Diubiquitin by
Ashraf_Brik
Antibody isotype
antibody-mediated proteolysis, in which it binds to TRIM21 (the receptor with greatest affinity to IgG in humans) in order to direct marked virions to the proteasome in
Immunoglobulin_G
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA or BCM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17), is a protein that in humans is
B-cell_maturation_antigen
American immunologist
the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. V. Affinity maturation develops in two stages of clonal selection. Journal of Experimental
Garnett_H._Kelsoe
Michael Meyer-Hermann, Gabriel D Victora: Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers. In: Science 351(6277), 2016, S. 1048–1054, doi:10
Michael_Meyer-Hermann
Human protein-coding gene
neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) was first identified in 1973 as the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) before discovery that p75NTR bound
Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor
Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor
Immune cell
which are able to bind MHC class I or II molecules with at least a weak affinity. This eliminates (by a process called "death by neglect") those T cells
Thymocyte
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cells move toward the follicle center to help B cells undergoing affinity maturation in germinal centers. EBI2 expression on CD4+ dendritic cells is a
GPR183
Protein found in humans
of repeat element insertions in the preceding intron. A six-fold affinity maturation then followed during therian evolution, coincident with the onset
Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor
Insulin-like_growth_factor_2_receptor
Dissociative hallucinogenic drug, mostly used recreationally
presynaptic nAChRs and NMDA receptor interactions influence the postsynaptic maturation of glutamatergic synapses and consequently impact synaptic development
Phencyclidine
Type of engineered protein
then employed several affinity maturation strategies to increase affinity to sub-nanomolar levels. They determined increased affinity resulted in increased
Alphabody
Overview of and topical guide to immunology
Mimotope Tumor antigen Antigen-antibody interaction Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V(D)J recombination Artemis
Outline_of_immunology
Variety of white blood cells
granules, which show their affinity for acids by their affinity to coal tar dyes: Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear
Eosinophil
Species of shark
complexity of the female maturation reflect sex differences in reproductive biology. Females undergo seven distinct maturation stages: immature, developing
Greenland_shark
Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens
pressure those B Cells that demonstrated high-affinity receptors and cooperation with T cells (affinity maturation) are recruited and deployed to the bone marrow
MiR-155
Adaptive immune system Adipose tissue macrophages Adoptive immunity Affinity maturation Allele frequency net database Allergen Allergen immunotherapy Allergy
Index_of_immunology_articles
Molecule formed binding antigens to antibodies
Immune complexes are better at inducing DC maturation than an antigen on its own. Again, the low affinity of many FcγR for IgG means that only immune
Immune_complex
Class of enzymes
gene families, which are different in their primary structure, substrate affinity, responses to effectors, and regulation mechanism. Most of the PDE families
Phosphodiesterase_3
Technique used to study DNA and RNA
mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
Electrophoretic_mobility_shift_assay
Human glycoprotein that binds to androgens and estrogens
hormones enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis. SHBG's production is regulated under the influence
Sex_hormone–binding_globulin
Aspect of T-cell interactions
they express high affinity for self-antigens presented by an MHC molecule or express too low an affinity for self MHC. T cell maturation involves two distinct
MHC_restriction
Chemical compound
Munshi, N. C.; Anderson, K. C. (2014). "Novel afucosylated anti-B cell maturation antigen-monomethyl auristatin F antibody-drug conjugate (GSK2857916) induces
Monomethyl_auristatin_F
Chaperone protein
cocaine abuse, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Much is known about the binding affinity of hundreds of synthetic compounds to the σ1 receptor. An endogenous ligand
Sigma-1_receptor
Type of immune cell
CD4+ T cells have TCRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus. Class II MHC proteins
Helper_T_cell
Epigenetic phenomenon
the maturation phase and achieve pluripotency. Some cells that undergo reprogramming still remain under apoptosis at the beginning of the maturation stage
Reprogramming
Chemical compound
5-dihydroxy-isoleucine, trans-4-hydroxy-proline, which gives its high affinity for RNA polymerase II and III. Early methods to detect alpha-amanitin included
Α-Amanitin
Removal of autoreactive B and T cells before they become immunocompetent
Burnet stated that an auto-reactive lymphocyte would be terminated before maturation in order to prevent further proliferation. Burnet, and others, would then
Clonal_deletion
Group of transport proteins
mutagenesis-driven affinity studies have revealed the second transmembrane region as the determinant of cation affinity, while chloride affinity was determined
Na–K–Cl_cotransporter
Cellular process
phagocytosis simultaneously modifies the kinetics of endosomal trafficking and maturation. As a consequence, external soluble antigens are targeted into the MHC
Cross-presentation
Type of cancer
higher or lower affinity to the specified antigen. Follicular dendritic cells and T cells help to select the B-cells that have a high affinity to the antigen
Germinal center B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Germinal_center_B-cell_like_diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
P55, and mainly CD25) is a protein involved in the assembly of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor, consisting of alpha (IL2RA), beta (IL2RB) and the
IL2RA
Swiss medium-hard Alpine cheese
the production of Gruyère in Switzerland is the affinage (French for "maturation"). According to the AOC, the cellars to mature a Swiss Gruyère must have
Gruyère_cheese
Category of antigens in immunology
released isotype of antibodies in this type of immune reaction is low-affinity immunoglobulin M (IgM). For most protein antigens, the production of antibodies
T_independent_antigen_(TI)
Enzyme
be capable of inserting the iron-sulphur clusters in SDHB during its maturation. The studies suggest that Fe-S cluster insertion precedes SDHA-SDHB dimer
Succinate_dehydrogenase
Chemical compound
legumes, cereals, and grains. Phytic acid and phytate have a strong binding affinity to the dietary minerals calcium, iron, and zinc, inhibiting their absorption
Phytic_acid
Protein complex on the surface of T cells that recognizes antigens
T cells pass through the process of functional avidity maturation with no change in affinity. It is based on the fact that effector and memory (antigen-experienced)
T-cell_receptor
Genus of plants (coniferous trees)
unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defence against squirrel predation. Cone maturation takes one year, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing at the
Cedrus
Formation of neuronal junctions in the nervous system
AMPAR trafficking. Besides this, N-cadherin also plays a role in the maturation and stabilization of synaptic specializations. Lastly, N-cadherins help
Synaptogenesis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
defense, connective tissue maturation, pigment formation, and neurotransmitter biosynthesis. hCTR1 is the principal high-affinity Cu(I) importer in human
High affinity copper uptake protein 1
High_affinity_copper_uptake_protein_1
season advances chronologically from 1983 to 1987, depicting the group’s maturation while they face escalating threats connected to an alternate dimension
List of Stranger Things characters
List_of_Stranger_Things_characters
Process of formation of blood clots
activation, adhesion and aggregation of platelets, as well as deposition and maturation of fibrin. Coagulation results in hemostasis, the cessation of blood loss
Coagulation
Glutametergic neuronal junction that is typically inactive
that dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1), an Ig superfamily member, is involved in the maturation of synapses, essentially "awakening"
Silent_synapse
Synthetic protein
pharmacological activity of IGF-1 as an agonist of the IGF-1 receptor, has very low affinity for the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs), and has improved
IGF-1_LR3
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
thymosin β4 can promote migration of cells, formation of blood vessels, maturation of stem cells, survival of various cell types and lowering of the production
Thymosin_beta-4
AFFINITY MATURATION
AFFINITY MATURATION
Girl/Female
Muslim
Immortality, Eternity, Infinity
Girl/Female
Indian
Beyond Infinity
Boy/Male
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Superior to Infinity; A Lamp
Boy/Male
Indian, Sikh
Lamp; Happiness; Proud; Superior to Infinity
Boy/Male
Indian, Sikh
Affectionate; Pure Water; Superior to Infinity; A Lamp
Girl/Female
Indian, Modern
Infinity
Boy/Male
Hindu
The victor of infinity, Lord Vishnu, Ever victorious Lord
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian, Sanskrit
Infinity Life
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sikh, Telugu
The Victor of Infinity; Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Indian
Infinity
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada
Infinity
Girl/Female
Indian
Affinity
Boy/Male
Indian, Telugu
Intelegent; Better than Infinity
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Without Any Remainder; Whole; Entire; Infinity; Never Ends
Boy/Male
Hindu
The victor of infinity, Lord Vishnu, Ever victorious Lord
Girl/Female
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
The Great Sound of Infinity
Girl/Female
Indian, Tamil
Infinity
Girl/Female
Indian
Immortality, Eternity, Infinity
Girl/Female
Tamil
Atchya | அதà¯à®šà¯à®¯à®¾
Infinity
Atchya | அதà¯à®šà¯à®¯à®¾
Boy/Male
Indian, Kannada
Infinity in Success
AFFINITY MATURATION
AFFINITY MATURATION
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Friend of Religion
Boy/Male
Welsh
Son of Rhys.
Surname or Lastname
English or Irish
English or Irish : probably a variant of Hafford, which is itself a variant of Harford or Hereford.
Boy/Male
Muslim
To help
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Heaviest; Greatest
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Aura
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sandipani | ஸாஂதீபநீ
Sage, He was the tutor of Krishna and balarama
Boy/Male
Latin English French
Frenchman. Famous Bearer: movie producer Francis Ford Coppola.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sriharini | à®·à¯à®°à¯€à®¹à®°à®¿à®¨à¯€
Padmanabhans wife, Goddess Lakshmi, A girl who is always Happy
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish (County Limerick)
English and Irish (County Limerick) : variant of Shire.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : metonymic occupational name for a Talmudic teacher, from Yiddish shier ‘lesson of the Talmud’.Americanized spelling of German Schier.
AFFINITY MATURATION
AFFINITY MATURATION
AFFINITY MATURATION
AFFINITY MATURATION
AFFINITY MATURATION
n.
Similarity of origin; affinity.
n.
That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective affinity or attraction.
n.
Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages.
n.
That part of a line, or of a plane, or of space, which is infinitely distant. In modern geometry, parallel lines or planes are sometimes treated as lines or planes meeting at infinity.
n.
A relation between species or highe/ groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of structure, and indicating community of origin.
n.
Aptness to unite; conformity; affinity; harmony; correspondence.
n.
Relationship by birth or marriage; consanguinity; affinity; kin.
n.
Spiritual relationship or affinity; gossiprede; special intimacy.
a.
Joined in affinity or by any tie.
pl.
of Affinity
a.
Of the nature of affinity.
n.
Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife's blood relations, or between a wife and her husband's blood relations); -- in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; -- followed by with, to, or between.
v. t.
To tend to by affinity or disposition.
a.
Closely connected, as by affinity.
n.
Nearness of blood; kindred; affinity.
n.
Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, or knowledge; as, the infinity of God and his perfections.
a.
Having a general affinity to ranunculaceous plants.
n.
Companionship; acquaintance.
n.
Endless or indefinite number; great multitude; as an infinity of beauties.
n.
A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also, the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction.