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Audio companding in communications
(reference/original) 8-bit A-law PCM 8-bit linear PCM Problems playing these files? See media help. An A-law algorithm is a standard companding algorithm, used in European
A-law_algorithm
Audio companding algorithm
µ-law PCM 8-bit linear PCM Problems playing these files? See media help. The μ-law algorithm (sometimes written mu-law, often abbreviated as u-law) is
Mu-law_algorithm
Digital representation of sampled analog signals
quantization levels vary as a function of amplitude (as with the A-law algorithm or the μ-law algorithm). Though PCM is a more general term, it is often
Pulse-code_modulation
An algorithm is a fundamental set of rules or defined procedures that are typically designed and used to be a simpler way to solve a specific problem
List_of_algorithms
Compact encoding of digital data
The earliest algorithms used in speech encoding (and audio data compression in general) were the A-law algorithm and the μ-law algorithm. Early audio
Data_compression
ITU-T recommendation
two different logarithmic companding algorithms: μ-law, which is used primarily in North America and Japan, and A-law, which is in use in most other countries
G.711
Test phrases for voice recording
16 bit integers at 48 ksps, i.e., a bitrate of 768 kb/s 8-bit A-law PCM Recording companded using the A-Law algorithm, 8 bit samples, 384 kb/s OPUS at
Harvard_sentences
Alternative form of government or social ordering
use of algorithms to influence or govern sectors such as law enforcement, transportation, and land registration. The term "government by algorithm" was
Government_by_algorithm
Government regulation
Regulation of algorithms, or algorithmic regulation, is the creation of laws, rules and public sector policies for promotion and regulation of algorithms, particularly
Regulation_of_algorithms
Linear programming algorithm
Karmarkar's algorithm is an algorithm introduced by Narendra Karmarkar in 1984 for solving linear programming problems. It was the first reasonably efficient
Karmarkar's_algorithm
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
Shor's algorithm is a quantum algorithm for finding the prime factors of an integer. It was developed in 1994 by the American mathematician Peter Shor
Shor's_algorithm
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the
Quantum_algorithm
Computer format for representing real numbers
a standard numeric library for performing fixed-point arithmetic on registers of qubits. A-law algorithm Block floating-point scaling Libfixmath - a library
Fixed-point_arithmetic
Technological phenomenon with social implications
Algorithmic bias describes systematic and repeatable harmful tendency in a computerized sociotechnical system to create "unfair" outcomes, such as "privileging"
Algorithmic_bias
Utilization of algorithmic bias for discriminatory purposes
Dubal, a law professor at the University of California College of the Law, San Francisco, in a 2023 publication. In the United States, Algorithmic wage
Algorithmic wage discrimination
Algorithmic_wage_discrimination
Quantum search algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, is a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high
Grover's_algorithm
American computer scientist and businessman
Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law on data privacy and how algorithms are able to influence people's choices and effectively change
Tristan_Harris
Telephone transmission carrier system used outside US
sends and receives an 8-bit PCM sample, usually encoded according to A-law algorithm, 8,000 times per second (8 × 8,000 × 32 = 2,048,000). This is ideal
E-carrier
Vector quantization algorithm minimizing the sum of squared deviations
efficient heuristic algorithms converge quickly to a local optimum. These are usually similar to the expectation–maximization algorithm for mixtures of Gaussian
K-means_clustering
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with algorithms based on mathematical problems termed
Public-key_cryptography
Discrete Fourier transform algorithm
A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), or its inverse (IDFT), of a sequence. A Fourier transform
Fast_Fourier_transform
Algorithm for computing greatest common divisors
In mathematics, the Euclidean algorithm, or Euclid's algorithm, is an efficient method for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers
Euclidean_algorithm
Subset of artificial intelligence
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from
Machine_learning
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
winning). A minimax algorithm is a recursive algorithm for choosing the next move in an n-player game, usually a two-player game. A value is associated
Minimax
Quantum algorithm for solving systems of linear equations
Harrow–Hassidim–Lloyd (HHL) algorithm is a quantum algorithm for obtaining certain limited information about the solution to a system of linear equations
HHL_algorithm
Process by which platform algorithms increase the reach of certain content
Algorithmic amplification is the process by which automated ranking and recommendation systems on digital platforms increase the visibility of certain
Algorithmic_amplification
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
controlled both by the algorithm and, in each instance, by a "key". The key is a secret (ideally known only to the communicants), usually a string of characters
Cryptography
Lossy audio compression applied to human speech
(LPC) Formant coding Machine learning, i.e. neural vocoder The A-law and μ-law algorithms used in G.711 PCM digital telephony can be seen as an earlier
Speech_coding
quality of service The required coders are: ITU G.711 (both μ-law and a-law algorithm versions) - for V1.0 & 1.5 iLBC - for V1.5 BV16 - for V1.5 In addition
PacketCable
Transparency of decisions by algorithms
Algorithmic transparency is the principle that the factors that influence the decisions made by algorithms should be visible, or transparent, to the people
Algorithmic_transparency
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
content to a would-be interceptor. For technical reasons, an encryption scheme usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm. It is
Encryption
Subset of technologies used in finance
Kirilenko, Andrei A.; Lo, Andrew W. (2013). "Moore's Law versus Murphy's Law: Algorithmic Trading and Its Discontents". Journal of Economic Perspectives
Financial_technology
Responsibility to design fair algorithms
“black box” algorithms that govern our lives has been spreading. New York University’s Information Law Institute hosted a conference on algorithmic accountability
Algorithmic_accountability
Computer representation of real numbers
arithmetic (SLI) Gaussian logarithm Zech's logarithm ITU-T G.711 A-law algorithm μ-law algorithm Slide rule Lee, Samuel C.; Edgar, Albert D. (September 1979)
Logarithmic_number_system
Algorithmic management is a term used to describe certain labor management practices in the contemporary digital economy. In scholarly uses, the term
Algorithmic_management
Free and open-source flashcard program
"memorization"[citation needed] (暗記, anki; Japanese: [aŋʲ.kʲi]). The SM-2 algorithm, created for SuperMemo in the late 1980s, has historically formed the
Anki
Physical simulation to visualize graphs
drawing algorithms are a class of algorithms for drawing graphs in an aesthetically-pleasing way. Their purpose is to position the nodes of a graph in
Force-directed_graph_drawing
Subfield of computer science
computer science, analysis of parallel algorithms is the process of finding the computational complexity of algorithms executed in parallel – the amount of
Analysis of parallel algorithms
Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve cryptography
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Metaheuristic proposed by Xin-She Yang
firefly algorithm is a metaheuristic proposed by Xin-She Yang and inspired by the flashing behavior of fireflies. In pseudocode the algorithm can be stated
Firefly_algorithm
Rate-seeking algorithm
algorithm that uses feedback to multiplicatively decrease the rate of some process, in order to gradually find an acceptable rate. These algorithms find
Exponential_backoff
Statistical principle about ratio of effects to causes
with a power law distribution (also known as a Pareto distribution). In many natural phenomena certain features are distributed according to power law statistics
Pareto_principle
Algorithm for polynomial evaluation
mathematics and computer science, Horner's method (or Horner's scheme) is an algorithm for polynomial evaluation. It is named after William George Horner, although
Horner's_method
Digital identifier derived from the data by an algorithm
computer science, a fingerprinting algorithm is a procedure that maps an arbitrarily large data item (such as a computer file) to a much shorter bit string
Fingerprint_(computing)
Algorithm for computing trigonometric, hyperbolic, logarithmic and exponential functions
CORDIC, short for coordinate rotation digital computer, is a simple and efficient algorithm to calculate trigonometric functions, hyperbolic functions
CORDIC
Video-focused social media platform
mental health concerns, misinformation, offensive content, addictive algorithm, its role during the Gaza war, and, following its 2026 divestiture in
TikTok
Quantum algorithm for eigenvalue estimation
estimation algorithm is a quantum algorithm to estimate the phase corresponding to an eigenvalue of a given unitary operator. Because the eigenvalues of a unitary
Quantum phase estimation algorithm
Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm
Class of algorithms in information theory
Blahut–Arimoto algorithm is often used to refer to a class of algorithms for computing numerically either the information theoretic capacity of a channel, the
Blahut–Arimoto_algorithm
Segrè, the original algorithm was invented by Enrico Fermi and reinvented by Stan Ulam. Moore's Law Newton's first and second laws of mechanics were known
List of examples of Stigler's law
List_of_examples_of_Stigler's_law
Fictional set of rules by Isaac Asimov
The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The Three Laws or Asimov's Laws) are a set of rules devised by science fiction author Isaac Asimov, which
Three_Laws_of_Robotics
Emerging field of law
technology law ("DLT law") (also called blockchain law, Lex Cryptographia or algorithmic legal order) is a loosely defined emerging field of law resulting
Distributed ledger technology law
Distributed_ledger_technology_law
distributive law (GDL) is a generalization of the distributive property which gives rise to a general message passing algorithm. It is a synthesis of
Generalized_distributive_law
Journalistic adage on questions in headlines
Betteridge's law of headlines is an adage that states: "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no." It is based on the assumption
Betteridge's_law_of_headlines
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are currently thought, but not proven, to be secure against a cryptanalytic attack by a quantum
Post-quantum_cryptography
Topics referred to by the same term
reduction algorithm, a polynomial time lattice reduction algorithm Lowest Landau level, wave functions in quantum mechanics Lovász local lemma, a lemma in
LLL
Compression algorithm used for gray-scale fingerprint images
Quantization algorithm (WSQ) is a compression algorithm used for gray-scale fingerprint images. It is based on wavelet theory and has become a standard for
Wavelet_scalar_quantization
Algorithm employed by process and network schedulers in computing
Round-robin (RR) is one of the algorithms employed by process and network schedulers in computing. As the term is generally used, time slices (also known
Round-robin_scheduling
Topics referred to by the same term
(algorithm), a computational algorithm used in astronomy to perform a deconvolution on dirty images Commonwealth Law Enforcement Assistance Network, a
CLEAN
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
1941. Although it is possible to simply ignore the two Gauss's laws in a numerical algorithm (apart from the initial conditions), the imperfect precision
Maxwell's_equations
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
probability of the desired measurement result. Quantum algorithm design involves creating procedures that allow a quantum computer to perform this amplification
Quantum_computing
Deterministic quantum algorithm
The Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm is a deterministic quantum algorithm proposed by David Deutsch and Richard Jozsa in 1992 with improvements by Richard Cleve
Deutsch–Jozsa_algorithm
Digital communications algorithm
the effective quantization step size across the signal. It's not a law, but an algorithm, implementation is typically non-uniform across possible analog
Encoding_law
Volunteer distributed computing project
Electric Sheep is a collaborative volunteer computing project that uses a genetic algorithm to animate and evolve fractal flames. The generated animations
Electric_Sheep
Method of executing orders
Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and
Algorithmic_trading
Digital telecommunications technique
maintain synchronization. (To help this, the μ-law algorithm for digitizing voice signals encodes silence as a continuous stream of 1 bits.) However, when
Modified_AMI_code
Software system
COMPAS statewide, a move that later led to the landmark legal challenge in Loomis v. Wisconsin. The COMPAS software uses an algorithm to assess potential
COMPAS_(software)
Lossy audio coding technique
known characteristics of the auditory system. A classic method is nonlinear PCM, such as the μ-law algorithm. Small signals are digitized with finer granularity
Sub-band_coding
Union law is a system of supranational laws operating within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). Originally referred to as Community law, it
Law_of_the_European_Union
Quantum algorithm
Bernstein–Vazirani algorithm, which solves the Bernstein–Vazirani problem, is a quantum algorithm invented by Ethan Bernstein and Umesh Vazirani in 1997. It is a restricted
Bernstein–Vazirani_algorithm
Set of cryptographic hash functions
SHA-2 (Secure Hash Algorithm 2) is a set of cryptographic hash functions designed by the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and first published
SHA-2
Use of predictive analytics to direct policing
a cover for a corrupted law enforcer to perpetuate heinous crimes against a targeted group of people. Data analytics algorithms also may predict a higher
Predictive_policing
2018 book by Safiya Umoja Noble
Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism is a 2018 book by Safiya Umoja Noble in the fields of information science, machine learning
Algorithms_of_Oppression
US predictive policing company
produced a patented algorithm, which is based on a model used to predict earthquake aftershocks. As of 2020, PredPol's algorithm is the most commonly
Geolitica
Decision-making process conducted with varying degrees of human oversight
data, machines and algorithms to make decisions in a range of contexts, including public administration, business, health, education, law, employment, transport
Automated_decision-making
British Metropolitan Police database of alleged street gang members
Law portal London portal The Gangs Matrix, also known as the Gangs Violence Matrix (GVM), was a database of alleged street gang members created by the
Gangs_Matrix
Principle in statistical learning theory
a family of learning algorithms based on evaluating performance over a known and fixed dataset. The core idea is based on an application of the law of
Empirical_risk_minimization
Cryptographic principle that states everything except the key can be public knowledge
of a new algorithm – it is "brittle". On the other hand, if keeping the algorithm secret is not important, but only the keys used with the algorithm must
Kerckhoffs's_principle
Patent Law Needs a Radical Algorithmectomy, 22 AIPLA Q.J. 167 (1994) (Algorithm Conundrum). Algorithm Conundrum at 178-79. G.W. Computer Law. See G.W
In_re_Schrader
Problem optimization method
Dynamic programming (DP) is both a mathematical optimization method and an algorithmic paradigm. The method was developed by Richard Bellman in the 1950s
Dynamic_programming
Problem in computer science
computer. The quantum algorithm solving Simon's problem, usually called Simon's algorithm, served as the inspiration for Shor's algorithm. Both problems are
Simon's_problem
Laws describing planetary orbits
proportionné à la racine quarrée de ce nombre 1000." (By one of the great laws of Kepler, each planet describes equal areas in equal times; by another law no less
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler's_laws_of_planetary_motion
Internet rage incitement technique
Political actors have employed rage-baiting as a tactic against their opponents, while social media algorithms reward both positive and negative engagement
Rage-baiting
Message-passing system for parallel computers
operations have taken place until a synchronization point. These types of call can often be useful for algorithms in which synchronization would be inconvenient
Message_Passing_Interface
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
To solve a problem, an algorithm is constructed and implemented as a serial stream of instructions. These instructions are executed on a central processing
Parallel_computing
social media law| The Hill NY State Senate Bill 2023-S7694A(nysenate.gov) New York governor signs bill regulating social media algorithms, in a US first |
Online age verification laws by country
Online_age_verification_laws_by_country
Class of reinforcement learning algorithm
In reinforcement learning (RL), a model-free algorithm is an algorithm which does not estimate the transition probability distribution (and the reward
Model-free (reinforcement learning)
Model-free_(reinforcement_learning)
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
algorithms are quantum algorithms that are used to solve optimization problems. Mathematical optimization deals with finding the best solution to a problem
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Algorithm used to generate large numbers of domain names
Domain generation algorithms (DGA) are algorithms seen in various families of malware that are used to periodically generate a large number of domain names
Domain_generation_algorithm
Computational benchmark
that quantum computer and has a superpolynomial speedup over the best known or possible classical algorithm for that task. A notable property of quantum
Quantum_supremacy
Monostable – Moore's law – Morse code – MOS Technology 6501 – MOS Technology 6502 – MOS Technology SID – MOS Technology VIC-II – Mu-law algorithm – Multicoupler
Index_of_electronics_articles
Block cipher
escrow is achieved through the use of a separate mechanism known as the Law Enforcement Access Field (LEAF). The algorithm was initially secret, and was regarded
Skipjack_(cipher)
advertisement to a minor or using data collected from a minor for advertising purposes. The bill prohibits an online platform from: using an algorithm, artificial
Social media age verification laws in the United States
Social_media_age_verification_laws_in_the_United_States
Practice and strategies of increasing online visibility
a search engine that relied on a mathematical algorithm to rate the prominence of web pages. The number calculated by the algorithm, PageRank, is a function
Search_engine_optimization
Mathematical method of assigning a prior probability to a given observation
In algorithmic information theory, algorithmic probability, also known as Solomonoff probability, is a mathematical method of assigning a prior probability
Algorithmic_probability
Encryption device promoted by the NSA in the 1990s
Clipper chip used a data encryption algorithm called Skipjack to transmit information and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange-algorithm to distribute the
Clipper_chip
Very general problem in computer science
especially important in the theory of quantum computing because Shor's algorithms for factoring and finding discrete logarithms in quantum computing are
Hidden_subgroup_problem
Quantum algorithm
In quantum computing, the Brassard–Høyer–Tapp (BHT) algorithm is a quantum algorithm that solves the collision problem. In this problem, one is given n
BHT_algorithm
Theory of perception
Reproductive thinking proceeds algorithmically—a problem solver reproduces a series of steps from memory, knowing that they will lead to a solution—or by trial
Gestalt_psychology
possible to have a legal algorithmic entity, meaning that an algorithm or AI is granted legal personhood. In most countries, the law only recognizes natural
Algorithmic_entities
Quantum algorithm for counting solutions to search problems
Quantum counting algorithm is a quantum algorithm for efficiently counting the number of solutions for a given search problem. The algorithm is based on the
Quantum_counting_algorithm
A LAW-ALGORITHM
A LAW-ALGORITHM
Surname or Lastname
Polish
Polish : from the personal name Lew ‘lion’, adopted as a translation of Leon (see Lyon 2).Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant spelling of Lev.English : topographic name for someone who lived by a hill or burial-mound, Old English hlǣw, or a habitational name from Lew in Oxfordshire, named with this word.Chinese : variant of Liu 1.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English
From the Hill
Male
English
 Short form of English Lewis, LEW means "famous warrior." Compare with another form of Lew.
Male
Hindi/Indian
(लाल) Hindi name LAL means "to caress, to play."Â
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly southern)
English (chiefly southern) : patronymic from the personal name Law (pet form of Lawrence).Perhaps a reduced form of Scottish or Irish McLeish. Compare McLaws.
Biblical
laws or rites;belonging to law;
Female
Spanish
Spanish form of Greek Sophia, SOFÃA means "wisdom."
Male
English
Middle English short form of English Lawrence, LAW means "of Laurentum."
Male
Scottish
 Pet form of Scottish Gaelic Dà ibhidh, DAW means "beloved." Compare with another form of Daw.
Female
Swedish
Short form of Swedish Linnéa, NÉA means "twinflower."
Male
Chamoru
, jurisprudence; law.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name from Middle English haw, haugh ‘enclosure’ (Old English haga), or a habitational name from a place named with this word such as The Haw in Tirley, Gloucestershire. Compare Haugh 2.English : from a Middle English personal name, probably a back-formation from Hawkin, (see Hawkins).Scottish : habitational name from an unidentified place in lowland Scotland.
Female
Welsh
Welsh unisex name GLAW means "rain."
Male
Thai/Siamese
Thai name A-WUT means "weapon."
Male
Polish
 Polish form of Yiddish Lev, LEW means "lion." Compare with another form of Lew.
Female
Portuguese
Portuguese name GRAÇA means "graceful."
Male
English
Pet form of English Larry, LAZ means "of Laurentum."
Female
Thai/Siamese
Thai name A-GUN means "grape."
Male
English
 English pet form of Hebrew David, DAW means "beloved." Compare with another form of Daw.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a medieval personal name, a variant of Ralph.English : topographic name for someone who lived at a row (a hedgerow or a row of houses), from northern Middle English raw ‘row’, Old English rÄw.
A LAW-ALGORITHM
A LAW-ALGORITHM
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Pearl
Girl/Female
British, Christian, English, Latin
Ancient; Diminutive of Priscilla
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Cheerfully
Surname or Lastname
English and German
English and German : from the Breton personal name Iodoc (Latinized as Jodocus) (see Joyce).
Boy/Male
Arabic, British, Islamic, Malaysian, Muslim, Pakistani, Tamil, Urdu
Distribution
Girl/Female
Indian
Beauty, Beautiful
Female
Hawaiian
Hawaiian form of Latin Maria, MALIA means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Red gem
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Cute; Preety; A Bird; Beautiful Hills
Girl/Female
Greek
A vision.
A LAW-ALGORITHM
A LAW-ALGORITHM
A LAW-ALGORITHM
A LAW-ALGORITHM
A LAW-ALGORITHM
pl.
of Daughter-in-law
n.
A local or subordinate law; a private law or regulation made by a corporation for its own government.
v. t.
To cut with a saw; to separate with a saw; as, to saw timber or marble.
pl.
of Sister-in-law
n.
Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one subject, or emanating from one source; -- including usually the writings pertaining to them, and judicial proceedings under them; as, divine law; English law; Roman law; the law of real property; insurance law.
v. t.
Same as Lawe, v. t.
n.
To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as, to lap a piece of cloth.
superl.
Moderate; not intense; not inflammatory; as, low heat; a low temperature; a low fever.
pl.
of Father-in-law
pl.
of Brother-in-law
n.
In philosophy and physics: A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of God or by some controlling authority; as, the law of gravitation; the laws of motion; the law heredity; the laws of thought; the laws of cause and effect; law of self-preservation.
a.
Abiding the law; waiting for the operation of law for the enforcement of rights; also, abiding by the law; obedient to the law; as, law-abiding people.
n.
Trial by the laws of the land; judicial remedy; litigation; as, to go law.
superl.
Not loud; as, a low voice; a low sound.
a.
Of or pertaining to the laity, as distinct from the clergy; as, a lay person; a lay preacher; a lay brother.
n.
A law.
pl.
of Son-in-law
n.
A law that is less important than a general law or constitutional provision, and subsidiary to it; a rule relating to a matter of detail; as, civic societies often adopt a constitution and by-laws for the government of their members. In this sense the word has probably been influenced by by, meaning secondary or aside.