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UK student exchange programme
The Turing scheme is a student exchange programme. It was established by the United Kingdom Department for Education in 2021 as a replacement for the
Turing_scheme
2017 British law pardoning formerly illegal sex acts
is named after Alan Turing, the World War II codebreaker and computing pioneer, who was convicted of gross indecency in 1952. Turing received a royal pardon
Alan_Turing_law
List
Turing OS Turing pattern Turing Pharmaceuticals Turing (programming language) Turing reduction Turing Robot, China Turing scheme Turing table Turing tarpit
List of things named after Alan Turing
List_of_things_named_after_Alan_Turing
English computer scientist (1912–1954)
algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father
Alan_Turing
European Commission programme for education, training, youth, and sport
utilise the funds that would have been paid into Erasmus+ to create the Turing scheme, allowing 40,000 students p.a., from age 4 to university age, to gain
Erasmus_Programme
British philanthropic foundation
Guardian. 2020-08-26. Retrieved 2022-04-19. "Nick Maughan: How the Turing Scheme can, with the right investment, inspire the next digital generation"
Nick_Maughan_Foundation
Test to determine whether a user is human
in contrast to the standard Turing test that is administered by a human, CAPTCHAs are sometimes described as reverse Turing tests. Two widely used CAPTCHA
CAPTCHA
Pharmaceutical company
previously named after Alan Turing, the computer scientist. On May 10, 2023, Vyera filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Turing Pharmaceuticals was launched
Vyera_Pharmaceuticals
highest figure to that date. From 2021 students are eligible for the UK Turing scheme, with the government of Gibraltar willing to contribute to costs if
Education_in_Gibraltar
Proof by Alan Turing
Turing's proof is a proof by Alan Turing, first published in November 1936 with the title "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem"
Turing's_proof
American financial investor and businessman (born 1983)
compounded drug. Shkreli founded Turing Pharmaceuticals in February 2015, after his departure from Retrophin. He launched Turing with three drugs in development
Martin_Shkreli
Concept from education policy studies
between Jewish and Arab students. The United Kingdom's post-Brexit Turing Scheme (replacement for Erasmus+) demonstrates limitations of cosmopolitan
Cosmopolitan_nationalism
Israeli cryptographer (born 1952)
computer science. In 2002, Ron Rivest, Len Adleman, and he won the ACM Turing Award. Adi Shamir was born in Tel Aviv. He received a Bachelor of Science
Adi_Shamir
Encoding for a sequence of byte values using 32 printable characters
2020-04-03. "Alan M. Turing (1912 - 1954)". Computer 50. The University of Manchester. Retrieved 17 April 2025. "Alan M. Turing (1912 - 1954)". Digital
Base32
French computer scientist (born 1960)
"Artificial-intelligence pioneers win $1 million Turing Award". washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post. Metz, Cade (2019). "Turing Award Won by 3 Pioneers in Artificial
Yann_LeCun
Concept in computer science
available. The reversible Turing machine (RTM) is a foundational model in reversible computing. An RTM is defined as a Turing machine whose transition
Reversible_computing
Two-dimensional Turing machine with emergent behavior
states of the Turing machine – as if the ant itself has a color that can change. These ants are called turmites, a contraction of "Turing machine termites"
Langton's_ant
commonly found in dynamically typed languages like Scheme; this reconciliation is difficult since Turing-complete macro transformations can break type safety
MacroML
Generalization of ordinary algorithms that compute more than Turing machines
functions not computable by any Turing machine" (Burgin 2005: 107) Super-recursive algorithms are also related to algorithmic schemes, another novel concept from
Super-recursive_algorithm
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing—in so far as not anticipated by Babbage.... Both Turing and von Neumann, of course, also made substantial
Von_Neumann_architecture
2022; constitution secretary Angus Robertson discussing the Erasmus and Turing schemes in France; former business minister Ivan McKee stating in Poland that
International relations of Scotland
International_relations_of_Scotland
Predicted long-term effects of Brexit
Meanwhile, by 2021, the UK's Turing Scheme doubled the number of entrants compared to the similar EU ‘Erasmus’ scheme. The United Kingdom and Republic
Predicted_impact_of_Brexit
American computer scientist known for Unix (born 1943)
worked at Google, where he co-developed the Go language. In 1983, he won the Turing Award with his long-term colleague Dennis Ritchie. He is considered one
Ken_Thompson
Canadian computer scientist (born 1955)
Professor since 1988 and Canada Research Chair since 2001. He shared the 2025 Turing Award with Charles H. Bennett for their work in quantum information science
Gilles_Brassard
American cryptographer (born 1947)
of the inventors of the RSA algorithm, for which they won the 2002 ACM Turing Award. He is also the inventor of the symmetric key encryption algorithms
Ron_Rivest
Venezuelan computer scientist
imposibles" y es el único latinoamericano en ganar el Premio Turing". 29 May 2025. ACM Turing Award Citation, retrieved 2010-01-24. Manuel Blum at DBLP Bibliography
Manuel_Blum
not included. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markup languages
List_of_programming_languages
Programming language family
notation for anonymous functions borrowed from Church, one can build a Turing-complete language for algorithms. The first complete Lisp compiler, written
Lisp_(programming_language)
Esoteric programming languages
programming languages, or Turing tarpits, esoteric programming languages designed to be as small as possible but still Turing-complete. Both systems use
Iota_and_Jot
Two-dimensional cellular automaton
universal Turing machine, so the Game of Life is theoretically as powerful as any computer with unlimited memory and no time constraints; it is Turing complete
Conway's_Game_of_Life
Israeli American computer scientist (born 1959)
scientist of Duality Technologies. In 2012, she and Silvio Micali won the ACM Turing Award. Goldwasser was born in New York City and grew up in Tel Aviv. She
Shafi_Goldwasser
Elementary cellular automaton
Wolfram code naming scheme. In 2004, Matthew Cook published a proof that Rule 110 with a particular repeating background pattern is Turing complete, i.e.,
Rule_110
Henry Stewart Pioneering new frontiers by Kevin Ibeh (strath.ac.uk) Why Entrepreneurship? Why Africa? Why Now? Turing scheme should learn from Erasmus
Kevin_Ibeh
Mathematical-logic system based on functions
N]. Lambda calculus is Turing complete, that is, it is a universal model of computation that can be used to simulate any Turing machine. Its namesake,
Lambda_calculus
American scientist (1927–2011)
Stanford University. He received many accolades and honors, such as the 1971 Turing Award for his contributions to the topic of AI, the United States National
John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)
Set of problems in computational complexity theory
"Other models of computation"), the Turing machine is used to define most basic complexity classes. With the Turing machine, instead of using standard
Complexity_class
British theoretical physicist (born 1953)
falsification. Alan Turing's theory of computation, especially as developed in Deutsch's Turing principle, in which the Universal Turing machine is replaced
David_Deutsch
Programming paradigm based on applying and composing functions
Alan Turing proved that the lambda calculus and Turing machines are equivalent models of computation, showing that the lambda calculus is Turing complete
Functional_programming
Delphi, but for Linux) Euclid Concurrent Euclid Turing Turing+ (Turing Plus) Object-Oriented Turing Mesa Modula-2 Modula-3 Oberon (Oberon-1) Go (also
Generational list of programming languages
Generational_list_of_programming_languages
Algorithm for polynomial evaluation
Polynomial evaluation "Horner scheme", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994] Qiu, Jin-Shao. "Horner's Method" (PDF). turing.une.edu.au (in Chinese)
Horner's_method
Award in engineering
Engineering Heritage Awards, formally known as the Engineering Heritage Hallmark Scheme, were established by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) in
Engineering_Heritage_Awards
Italian-American computer scientist (born 1954)
He received the Turing Award for the year 2012 along with Shafi Goldwasser for their work in the field of cryptography. The Turing Award is considered
Silvio_Micali
Software system for statistical models
and robotics tasks. More recently, the probabilistic programming system Turing.jl has been applied in various pharmaceutical and economics applications
Probabilistic_programming
Real number that can be computed within arbitrary precision
Gödel numbers correspond to Turing machines that produce computable reals. In order to produce a computable real, a Turing machine must compute a total
Computable_number
Algorithm operating on grammar-like rules
equivalent to some Turing machine, and vice versa – any Turing machine is equivalent to some normal algorithm. A version of the Church–Turing thesis formulated
Markov_algorithm
The history of the programming language Scheme begins with the development of earlier members of the Lisp family of languages during the second half of
History of the Scheme programming language
History_of_the_Scheme_programming_language
British Liberal Democrat politician
West on Manchester City Council. He is best known for Alan Turing's pardon, and the Alan Turing law which granted a posthumous pardon to more than 49,000
John_Leech_(politician)
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
the braiding of anyons in a 2D lattice. A quantum Turing machine is the quantum analog of a Turing machine. All of these models of computation—quantum
Quantum_computing
Physical components of a computer
language similar to assembly language. In 1936, Alan Turing developed the concept of the universal Turing machine to model any type of computer, demonstrating
Computer_hardware
Abstract machine used in a formal logic and theoretical computer science
Counter machines with two counters are Turing complete: they can simulate any appropriately-encoded Turing machine. Counter machines with only a single
Counter_machine
1965:291) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:118) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:116) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:117) Turing 1937 in (Davis 1967:138) Turing 1937 in
History of the Church–Turing thesis
History_of_the_Church–Turing_thesis
Attempts to formalize the concept of algorithms
functions calculated by a person with paper and pencil, and (2) the Turing machine or its Turing equivalents—the primitive register-machine or "counter-machine"
Algorithm_characterizations
Programming language with Arabic keywords
conditionals, looping, list manipulation, and basic arithmetic expressions. It is Turing-complete, and the Fibonacci sequence and Conway's Game of Life have been
Qalb_(programming_language)
Antiparasitic drug
Daraprim, in March 2015. In August 2015, the rights were bought by Turing Pharmaceuticals. Turing subsequently became infamous for a price hike controversy when
Pyrimethamine
Form of encryption that allows computation on ciphertexts
"Encrypt-Everything-Everywhere (E3)". GitHub. Retrieved 27 July 2019. Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (2019-11-01). "SHEEP, a Homomorphic Encryption Evaluation
Homomorphic_encryption
American actor (born 1959)
film And the Band Played On (1993), Sullivan Groff on Weeds (2007), Ivan Turing in Proof (2015), and Dr. Martin Brenner on Netflix's Stranger Things (2016–2017;
Matthew_Modine
Mathematical system
under Turing jump, Turing reducibility, and Turing join. The subscript 0 in ACA0 indicates that not every instance of the induction axiom scheme is included
Second-order_arithmetic
Hypothesized risk to human existence
August 2025. Turing, Alan (1951). Intelligent machinery, a heretical theory (Speech). Lecture given to '51 Society'. Manchester: The Turing Digital Archive
Existential risk from artificial intelligence
Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence
Cryptography algorithm
(authenticated encryption with associated data) schemes. For example, EAX mode is a double-pass AEAD scheme while OCB mode is single-pass. Galois/counter
Block cipher mode of operation
Block_cipher_mode_of_operation
Decryption of World War II cipher
keyboard, Alan Turing reviewed decrypted messages and determined that the word eins ("one") appeared in 90% of messages.[citation needed] Turing automated
Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma
Information held in the state of a quantum system
translated into an equivalent computation involving a Turing machine. This is known as the Church–Turing thesis. Soon enough, the first computers were made
Quantum_information
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
yet proven to be solvable in polynomial time (P) using only a classical Turing-complete computer. Much public-key cryptanalysis concerns designing algorithms
Cryptography
Public collegiate university in England
Jawaharlal Nehru, Isaac Newton, Salman Rushdie, Bertrand Russell, Alan Turing, Ludwig Wittgenstein, William Wordsworth, and 194 Olympic medal-winning
University_of_Cambridge
Contractual transaction on a decentralized platform
and proposed a stronger version based on the Solidity language, which is Turing complete. Since then, various cryptocurrencies have supported programming
Smart_contract
Complexity class
polynomial-time non-deterministic Turing machine. The problem is #P-hard, meaning that every other problem in #P has a polynomial-time Turing reduction or polynomial-time
♯P-complete
logic that enabled the invention of the digital-binary computer by Alan Turing" - "began with Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift Zuse, Konrad (28 September
Timeline of programming languages
Timeline_of_programming_languages
Class of problems solvable in polynomial time
It contains all decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a polynomial amount of computation time, or polynomial time
P_(complexity)
English programmer, venture capitalist, and writer (born 1964)
machine language." It was used by Graham to illustrate a comparison, beyond Turing completeness, of programming language power, and more specifically to illustrate
Paul_Graham_(programmer)
AI research laboratory
DeepMind introduced neural Turing machines (neural networks that can access external memory like a conventional Turing machine). The company has created
Google_DeepMind
Whimsical, four-line biographical poem
Turing, one of the founders of computing, was the subject of a clerihew written by the pupils of his alma mater, Sherborne School in England: Turing Must
Clerihew
First electronic general-purpose digital computer
of these features, but ENIAC was the first to have them all. ENIAC was Turing-complete and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through
ENIAC
in Technology International Hall of Fame inductees Timeline of computing Turing Award Women in computing Mario Tokoro, ed. (2010). "9". e: From Understanding
List of pioneers in computer science
List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science
Proposed design of bank notes
A quantum money scheme is a quantum cryptographic protocol that creates and verifies banknotes that are resistant to forgery. It is based on the principle
Quantum_money
Topics referred to by the same term
SI unit for electric charge equal to 1012 coulombs Tonnes of Carbon (tC) Turing complete .tc, the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turks
TC
One of the first computers built in the United Kingdom
designed by Alan Turing, who left NPL before construction of the Pilot ACE was completed. Pilot ACE was built to be a cut-down version of Turing's full ACE design
Pilot_ACE
Brand of GPUs by Nvidia
series with RTX 2080 Ti, 2080, and 2070 that will use the Turing architecture. The first Turing cards were slated to ship to consumers on September 20,
GeForce
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
schemes have been broken, notably the Rainbow signature. This includes cryptographic systems such as Lamport signatures, the Merkle signature scheme,
Post-quantum_cryptography
Function in mathematical logic
strings, which is necessary when considering models of computation such as Turing machines that manipulate strings rather than numbers.[citation needed] Gödel
Gödel_numbering
Property of some cryptosystems
and a challenger. For schemes based on computational security, the adversary is modeled by a probabilistic polynomial time Turing machine, meaning that
Ciphertext indistinguishability
Ciphertext_indistinguishability
Template that specifies one or more axioms
Type Ultraproduct Validity Computability theory Church encoding Church–Turing thesis Computably enumerable Computable function Computable set Decision
Axiom_schema
Branch of computer science
the actor model including first-class continuations. Backus, at the 1977 Turing Award lecture, assailed the current state of industrial languages and proposed
Programming_language_theory
Process of converting plaintext to ciphertext
techniques to compute encrypted data; these techniques are general and Turing complete but incur high computational and/or communication costs. In response
Encryption
Process in quantum computing
errors arising from decoherence and other sources of quantum noise. QEC schemes that employ codewords stabilized by a set of commuting operators are known
Quantum_error_correction
American computer scientist (1932–2020)
Frances E. (2006). 2006 Turing Award Lecture. ACM. Retrieved October 5, 2013. Perelman, Deborah (February 27, 2007). "Turing Award Anoints First Female
Frances_Allen
a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide. Both Janoff and Apple deny any homage to Turing in the design of the
Marketing_of_Apple_Inc.
British stored-program computer, 1949
Manchester Automatic Digital Machine, or MADM. In 1936, mathematician Alan Turing published a definition of a theoretical "universal computing machine", a
Manchester_Mark_1
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
implementing quality of service priority schemes allowing selected traffic to bypass congestion. Priority schemes do not solve network congestion by themselves
Computer_network
2024 European Union regulation
(31 July 2024). "The EU AI Act: National Security Implications". The Alan Turing Institute | Center for Emerging Technology and Security. Retrieved 29 November
Artificial_Intelligence_Act
2015 Ethereum ETH, Ξ Vitalik Buterin Ethash C++, Go PoW, PoS Supports Turing-complete smart contracts. 2015 Ethereum Classic ETC EtcHash/Thanos PoW An
List_of_cryptocurrencies
Branch of computational complexity theory
weight-k satisfying assignment to the formula. Short Turing machine problem. Input: nondeterministic Turing machine M, a string x, an integer k. Output: Whether
Parameterized_complexity
Input to a cryptographic primitive
is crucial for some encryption schemes to achieve semantic security, a property whereby repeated usage of the scheme under the same key does not allow
Initialization_vector
Indoor arena in Manchester, England
space of any indoor venue in the city. Oak View Group is developing the scheme in partnership with City Football Group. Co-op Live was first approved in
Co-op_Live
Proof in set theory
of proofs, including the first of Gödel's incompleteness theorems and Turing's answer to the Entscheidungsproblem. Diagonalization arguments are often
Cantor's_diagonal_argument
described by computer scientist Alan Turing, who set out the idea in his seminal 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers. Turing reformulated Kurt Gödel's 1931 results
History_of_computing_hardware
Simple Turing complete logic
the mathematical theory of algorithms because it is an extremely simple Turing complete language. It can be likened to a reduced version of the untyped
SKI_combinator_calculus
Discrete model of computation
automata; his research assistant Matthew Cook showed that one of these rules is Turing-complete. The primary classifications of cellular automata, as outlined
Cellular_automaton
Field of knowledge
but it was proved only in 1994 by Andrew Wiles, who used tools including scheme theory from algebraic geometry, category theory, and homological algebra
Mathematics
that originated in the 1930s with the study of computable functions and Turing degrees. The field has since expanded to include the study of generalized
List of inventions and discoveries by women
List_of_inventions_and_discoveries_by_women
Use of AI in government areas
consciousness The bitter lesson Chinese room Friendly AI Ethics Existential risk Turing test Uncanny valley Human–AI interaction History Timeline Progress AI winter
Artificial intelligence in government
Artificial_intelligence_in_government
American multinational technology company
tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide. On August 27, 1999, Apple officially dropped the rainbow scheme and began to
Apple_Inc.
TURING SCHEME
TURING SCHEME
Female
English
Elaborated form of English Tara, TARINA means "hill."
Girl/Female
Indian
Lively, Entertainer, From a stream or a Spring, The Spring season, The Spring season
Boy/Male
Muslim
Loving, Caring, Daring
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Loving Caring, Daring
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the personal name Hugh.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places in Oxfordshire and West Sussex named Goring, from Old English GÄringas ‘people of GÄra’, a short form of the various compound names with the first element gÄr ‘spear’.German (Göring) : see Goering.
Surname or Lastname
English (Kent)
English (Kent) : unexplained.Possibly an altered spelling of the German surname Dulling, which is likewise unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Dear 1.German (Döring) : see Doering.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Bengali, British, Christian, English, Indian
Springtime; Spring Season; Rapid Movement
Surname or Lastname
English
English : ethnic name from Old French Lohereng ‘man from Lorraine’ (see Lorraine).
Boy/Male
Indian
Loving, Caring, Daring
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Thought
Surname or Lastname
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from Middle High German hærinc ‘herring’, German Hering, a nickname for someone supposedly resembling a herring or a metonymic occupational name for a fish seller. In some cases the Jewish surname is ornamental.English : variant spelling of Herring.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Dear 1.German : probably a variant of Döring (see Doering).
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from an Anglo-Norman French form of the Old Norse personal name þórfinnr, composed of the elements þórr, the name of the god of thunder in Scandinavian mythology (see Thor) + the ethnic name Finnr ‘Finn’. This may have absorbed another name, Turpius, Turpinus (from Latin turpis ‘ugly’, ‘base’), one of the self-abasing names adopted as a mark of humility by the early Christians. It was borne by the archbishop of Rheims in the Charlemagne legend.A Turpin of unknown geographic origin is documented in Montreal in 1681.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin. Early examples, as for example William Spring (Yorkshire 1280), all point to a personal name or nickname, perhaps going back to an Old English byname derived from the verb springan ‘to jump or leap’ (see Springer 1). Alternatively, it could be a topographic name from Middle English spring ‘young wood’, ‘spring’. Compare Springer. Reaney derives the surname from the word denoting the season, although the word is not attested in this sense until the 16th century, the usual Middle English word being lenten. Compare Lenz. The surname has also been established in Ireland (County Kerry) for several centuries.German : from Middle High German sprinc, Middle Low German sprink ‘spring’, ‘well’, hence a topographic name for someone who lived by a spring or well, or habitational name from Springe near Hannover.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Springer.John Spring emigrated from England and settled in Watertown, MA, in 1634.
Female
English
English name derived from the season name, "spring," (Mar. 21 thru Jun. 21), derived from the verb spring, "to burst forth," from Proto-Indo-European *sprengh-, SPRING means "rapid movement."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Darling.
Male
Welsh
Welsh name derived from the element aur, EURIG means "gold."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps be a nickname from Middle English daring ‘trembling’, ‘crouching or transfixed with fear’.
TURING SCHEME
TURING SCHEME
Girl/Female
Muslim
Friendly, Affable
Boy/Male
Irish American
Famous bearer: 6th century Irish St. Declan.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Elegance
Girl/Female
Indian
Friend of Cloud
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Aimery, AYMERY means "home-ruler."Â
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Beautiful; Jewel
Girl/Female
Muslim
Spring season (Vasanth Ritu), Leader, Insightful
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Mercy for All
Boy/Male
Indian
Truth of Pure Gold
Boy/Male
Welsh
Battle disolver. Also a Arranges the battle.
TURING SCHEME
TURING SCHEME
TURING SCHEME
TURING SCHEME
TURING SCHEME
n.
An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as, the airing of linen, or of a room.
n.
A hole made by boring.
n.
The chips or fragments made by boring.
n.
The pieces, or chips, detached in the process of turning from the material turned.
n.
The act or state of that which curls; as, the curling of smoke when it rises; the curling of a ringlet; also, the act or process of one who curls something, as hair, or the brim of hats.
prep.
In the time of; as long as the action or existence of; as, during life; during the space of a year.
n.
A variety of the domestic pigeon remarkable for its habit of tumbling, or turning somersaults, during its flight.
a.
Consuming; intense; inflaming; exciting; vehement; powerful; as, burning zeal.
n.
Alt. of Goring cloth
n.
An instrument turning on a center, for boring holes. See Bit, n., 3.
a.
Bold; fearless; adventurous; as, daring spirits.
n.
The act or process of one who, or that which, bores; as, the boring of cannon; the boring of piles and ship timbers by certain marine mollusks.
n.
A series of tubes; tubes, collectively; a length or piece of a tube; material for tubes; as, leather tubing.
n.
Boldness; fearlessness; adventurousness; also, a daring act.
n.
A line for hauling the reef cringle to the yard; -- also called reef earing.
n.
A tiring-room.
n.
A line used to fasten the upper corners of a sail to the yard or gaff; -- also called head earing.
n.
An obscure road; a way turning from the main road.