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constraints. A surface is implemented as a simplicial complex. The user defines an initial surface in a datafile. The Evolver evolves the surface toward minimal
Surface_Evolver
Series of personal computers, tablets and interactive whiteboards by Microsoft
models (Surface RT and Surface 2) ran on ARM32, and a select handful of models starting with the Surface Pro X in 2019 run on ARM64. The Surface line has
Microsoft_Surface
Mathematical concept
to be the only embedded minimal surfaces that could be formed by puncturing a compact surface. The Costa surface evolves from a torus, which is deformed
Costa's_minimal_surface
Surface that locally minimizes its area
Schwarz minimal surface Soap bubble Surface Evolver Stretched grid method Tensile structure Triply periodic minimal surface Weaire–Phelan structure Meeks,
Minimal_surface
Parabolic partial differential equation
Riemannian manifold (for example, smooth surfaces in 3-dimensional Euclidean space). Intuitively, a family of surfaces evolves under mean curvature flow if the
Mean_curvature_flow
BOINC based volunteer computing project researching microgravity and microfluidics
microgravity and microfluidics problems at Purdue University, using the Surface Evolver program. The project's purpose is to develop better methods for the
UFluids@Home
Three-dimensional packing problem
well as simulation. Many simulations have been carried out using the Surface Evolver to investigate dry structure or the hard sphere model for the wet limit
Sphere_packing_in_a_cylinder
Math research center at the University of Minnesota
Other notable software developed at the Center included: Surface Evolver, to explore minimal surfaces. SnapPea, a hyperbolic 3-manifold analyzer. Richard McGehee
Geometry_Center
Ability of cell membranes to deform elastically
Deformation of Spherical Vesicle Studied by Perturbation Theory and Surface Evolver, Int J Mod Phys B 15 (2001) 2977-2991. [3] Y. Zhang, X. Zhou, J. J
Elasticity_of_cell_membranes
Third planet from the Sun
being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its ocean, which covers
Earth
Ground-launched missile designed to attack aerial targets
A surface-to-air missile (SAM), also known as a ground-to-air missile (GTAM) or surface-to-air guided weapon (SAGW), is a missile designed to be launched
Surface-to-air_missile
Tendency of a liquid surface to shrink to reduce surface area
Surface tension is the energy per unit area due to having a surface in a liquid. It has the dimension of force per unit length, or energy per unit area
Surface_tension
Medium-range surface-to-air missile
The RIM-162 Evolved SeaSparrow Missile (ESSM) is a development of the RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile used to protect ships from attacking missiles and aircraft
RIM-162_ESSM
Family of Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces, http://www.susqu.edu/brakke/evolver/examples/periodic/cpfamily.html Archived 2015-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
Neovius_surface
Surface-tension values Surface Evolver Surface Science Reports Surface Water Simulation Modelling Programme Surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) Surface charge
Index_of_physics_articles_(S)
US Navy guided-missile destroyer class
computing, and sensors over time as threats evolve. The Future Surface Combatant has evolved into the Large Surface Combatant, which became the DDG(X). The
Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer
Process of removing material from two workpieces
Lapping is a machining process in which two surfaces are rubbed together with an abrasive between them, by hand movement or using a machine. Lapping often
Lapping
Solid mechanics theory
hardening materials, the yield surface evolves with increasing plastic strain and the elastic limit changes. The evolving yield surface has the form f ( σ , ε
Flow_plasticity_theory
Type of mining in which the soil/rock above mineral deposits is removed
Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying
Surface_mining
Road covered with durable surface material
A road surface (British English) or pavement (North American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular
Road_surface
Brazilian family of missiles
all-weather, over-the-horizon anti-ship, surface-to-air, air-to-surface and land-attack missiles, that evolved into a broad range of weapons from an early-2000s
MANSUP_(missile_family)
Organ found in humans and other animals
mediastinum. The back surface of the heart lies near the vertebral column, and the front surface, known as the sternocostal surface, sits behind the sternum
Heart
Fourth planet from the Sun
tenuous atmosphere that is primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). At the average surface level the atmospheric pressure is a few thousandths of Earth's, atmospheric
Mars
Biological membrane that separates the interior of a cell from its outside environment
and serve as transporters, and peripheral proteins that attach to the surface of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with
Cell_membrane
Global climate phenomenon
manifests as fluctuations in sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The warming phase of the sea surface temperature is known as "El Niño"
El_Niño–Southern_Oscillation
Microsoft Surface foldable device
Surface Neo is an unreleased dual-touchscreen 2-in-1 PC that was unveiled by Microsoft on October 2, 2019. Slated to be part of the Microsoft Surface
Surface_Neo
Organisms on the ocean's surface
Organisms that live freely at the ocean surface, termed neuston, include keystone organisms like the golden seaweed Sargassum that makes up the Sargasso
Ocean_surface_ecosystem
Salt lake above the tide line, where evaporite deposits accumulate
result, the Earth’s surface in such regions tends to mimic the shape and slope of the underlying water table. The resultant surfaces evolve into vast, flat
Sabkha
2015 video game
September 12, 2015. Yoon, Andrew (February 11, 2014). "Evolve preview: scratching the surface of Turtle Rock's 4v1 monster game". Shacknews. Archived
Evolve_(video_game)
the Martian surface. The study evolved from telescopic and remote-sensing techniques developed by astronomers to study planetary surfaces. However, it
Martian_surface
below the surfaces of celestial bodies, has criticized science which only focuses on the surface and not below in its search of life as surface chauvinism
Planetary_chauvinism
Family of computer mice by Microsoft
mouse, the device has evolved over a number of years, including special editions designed to coordinate with the company's Surface family of computers.
Arc_Mouse
measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere. Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedded in three-dimensional
Willmore_energy
lacking surfaces. Planetary surfaces and surface life are of particular interest to humans as it is the primary habitat of the species, which has evolved to
Planetary_surface
Family of short-range to long-range surface to air missile systems
Hisar (Fortress) is a family of short and high to medium air defense surface-to-air missile systems being developed by Roketsan and Aselsan since 2007
Hisar_(missile_family)
Franco-Italian surface-to-air missile family
and Aster 30 are a Franco-Italian family of all-weather, vertical launch surface-to-air missiles. The name "Aster" stands for "Aérospatiale Terminale",
Aster_(missile_family)
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
The photic zone starts at the surface and is defined as "the depth at which light intensity is only 1% of the surface value" (approximately 200 m in
Ocean
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
as the largest and most massive in relation to its parent planet. Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's, about half that of Mars, and the
Moon
Lowering of body temperature due to the passing flow of lower-temperature air
surface and the fluid surrounding it and the velocity of that fluid with respect to the surface. As heat is initially transferred from a warm surface
Wind_chill
Failed NASA impactor mission to Mars (1999)
instrument on board, the Evolved Water Experiment. The upper part of the probe, or aftbody, was designed to remain on the surface in order to transmit data
Deep_Space_2
Most forward-facing of the three main regions making up the os coxa
pubic crest a pubic tubercle at the lateral end of the pubic crest three surfaces (anterior, posterior and medial). The body forms the wide, strong, middle
Pubis
Geologic feature
Salt surface structures are extensions of salt tectonics that form at the Earth's surface when either diapirs or salt sheets pierce through the overlying
Salt_surface_structures
Class of American littoral combat ships
to 32 VLS cells, each holding four RIM-162D Evolved Sea Sparrow missiles or one SM-2 missile. For surface warfare, the 2.2-inch (57 mm) gun could be replaced
Freedom-class littoral combat ship
Freedom-class_littoral_combat_ship
Short-term state of the atmosphere
incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands
Weather
Norwegian surface-to-air missile system
NASAMS (National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System, also known as Norwegian Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile System) is a short- to medium-range ground-based
NASAMS
Sci-fi books and stories by Hugh Howey (2011–2015)
threatened with extinction. Nuclear detonations have scourged the Earth's surface, and it will not be safe to resettle for 500 years. The shelter consists
Silo_(series)
Study of irreversible deformation of rock
hardening rocks, the yield surface evolves with increasing plastic strain and the elastic limit changes. The evolving yield surface has the form f ( σ , ε
Rock_mass_plasticity
Surface waves generated by wind on open water
water wave, is a surface wave that occurs on the free surface of bodies of water as a result of the wind blowing over the water's surface. The contact distance
Wind_wave
Largest moon of Jupiter
moon, Titan, it is larger than the planet Mercury, but has somewhat less surface gravity than Mercury, Io, or Earth's Moon due to its lower density compared
Ganymede_(moon)
Gas layer surrounding Earth
mixture (commonly referred to as air) surrounding the Earth's planetary surface, which is retained by gravity. Like the atmospheres of other planets, Earth's
Atmosphere_of_Earth
2001 video game
Halo: Combat Evolved is a 2001 first-person shooter game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The game was released on November
Halo:_Combat_Evolved
Frigate class being built for the Royal Navy
what was then known as the Future Surface Combatant (FSC). By March 2010 however, this procurement programme had evolved to become the Global Combat Ship
Type_26_frigate
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
764 times that of the Sun, if it were at the center of the Solar System, its surface would lie beyond the asteroid belt and it would engulf the orbits of Mercury
Betelgeuse
Proposed quasi-local mass in general relativity
quasi-local mass in general relativity associated with a closed spacelike 2-surface in spacetime. It was introduced by Stephen Hawking in 1968 as a simple
Hawking_energy
exotic high-pressure ices, and the icy shell may have a chemically distinct surface crust. The possibility of hydrocarbon seas on Titan was first suggested
Geology_of_Titan
Coating or deposit of ice
Frost is a layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface. Frost forms when the air contains more
Frost
Proposed American battleship class
older flights of the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer. The FSC evolved into the Large Surface Combatant (LSC) program, which became the DDG(X). The DDG(X)
Trump-class_battleship
Human male external reproductive organ
urethral (facing downwards and backwards on the flaccid penis). The ventral surface is marked by the penile raphe. The base of the shaft is supported by the
Human_penis
Primary organ of the respiratory system
lungs face the ribs, which make light indentations on their surfaces. The medial surfaces of the lungs face towards the centre of the chest, and lie against
Lung
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
oxygen. Europa has a pale, geologically young surface striated by light tan cracks and streaks; the surface lacks large-scale features such as mountains
Europa_(moon)
Cetacean movement types
Cetacean surfacing behaviour is a grouping of movement types that cetaceans make at the water's surface in addition to breathing. Cetaceans have developed
Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour
Second planet from the Sun
cloud layer of sulfuric acid that spans the whole planet. At the mean surface level, the atmosphere reaches a temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F),
Venus
Class of supercarriers for the U.S. Navy
replaced with AN/SPY-6(V)3 S band multifunction radar and an AN/SPQ-9B X band surface search radar. An Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) in place
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier
Type of lung commonly found in arachnids
(opisthosoma) arranged into a series of page-like lamellae in order to maximize surface area for diffusion. In arachnids, each of these organs is housed inside
Book_lung
Type of star that is massive and luminous
spectral type, they have lower surface gravities, and changes can be observed in their line profiles. Supergiants are also evolved stars with higher levels
Supergiant
Gaseous phase of water
or frost on surfaces. Forcibly condensing these water droplets from exhaled breath is the basis of exhaled breath condensate, an evolving medical diagnostic
Water_vapor
Building complex in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
the tallest building in Saudi Arabia, at 601 m (1,972 ft) and a total surface area of 32,000 square meters. It is the sixth-tallest freestanding structure
The_Clock_Towers
Warship that uses water ballast to minimise above-water profile
naval vessel is a hybrid warship, that combines the properties of a surface ship and submarine by using water ballast to partially immerse and minimize
Semi-submersible_naval_vessel
Clade of fishes
citation(s) needed] The majority of the species within the Atherinomorpha are surface feeding fishes, and about three quarters of the species are restricted
Atherinomorpha
Material world and its phenomena
Hemisphere. Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left few traces of the original conditions. The outer surface is divided into
Nature
U.S. Navy program to develop a class of principal surface combatants
2020s—as well as older flights of the Arleigh Burke class. The FSC evolved into the Large Surface Combatant (LSC) program, which became the DDG(X). The DDG(X)
DDG(X)
Form of carbon
recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites
Diamond
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Cats shed the outside layer of their claw sheaths when scratching rough surfaces. Most cats have five claws on
Cat
Science fiction short story by James Blish
"Surface Tension" is a science fiction short story by American writer James Blish, originally published in the August 1952 of Galaxy Science Fiction.
Surface_Tension_(short_story)
radius and mass and, for the most massive objects, volume, density, and surface gravity, if these values are available. These lists contain the Sun, the
List of Solar System objects by size
List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
Lizards belonging to the suborder Gekkota
species in the family Eublepharidae, lack eyelids; instead, the outer surface of the eyeball has a transparent membrane, the brille. They have a fixed
Gecko
Seed-bearing part of a flowering plant
cultivars. (Bananas are berries.) Strawberry, showing achenes attached to surface. Botanically, strawberries are not berries; they are classified as an aggregate
Fruit
models. Over the past two decades, they have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation
Land_surface_models_(climate)
Rapid transit system in England
only 45% of the network is underground, with the majority of the outer surface tracks located north of the River Thames. It is one of the busiest rapid
London_Underground
Taiwanese air defense system
developed for the Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy. Based on the TC-1L surface-to-air missile, it is designed to defend against anti-ship missiles, helicopters
Sea_Oryx
Two-dimensional cellular automaton
one of two states: live or dead. Cells in configurations called patterns evolve over generations according to the number of live and dead cells in their
Conway's_Game_of_Life
Cooking appliance
cooking surface, as heat spreads in a radial fashion over the surface. Flattop grills have been around for hundreds of years in various forms and evolved in
Flattop_grill
Set of data points in three-dimensional space
by photogrammetry software, which measure many points on the external surfaces of objects around them. As the output of 3D scanning processes, point clouds
Point_cloud
Order of fishes
their body pigments from pollen grains on the surface of and in the gut of insects they eat from the surface of the water; this can be simulated in culture
Cyprinodontiformes
trials, these vertical surfaces evolved in stages from a rather blunt shape, with extensions below the tailplane to a surface with a smoothly curved trailing
Latécoère_550
Evolutionary process
the superior Neanderthal adaptation to cold environments. Neanderthal surface to volume ratio was even lower than that among modern Inuit populations
Human_evolution
Second-largest moon of Jupiter
tectonics or volcanism, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures
Callisto_(moon)
American medium-range air-to-air missile
Raytheon offered the Extended Range upgrade to surface-launched AMRAAM, called AMRAAM-ER. The missile is an Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile using AMRAAM head with
AIM-120_AMRAAM
Sex-specific adaptations
care, males rub their anal-urogenital regions over their nests' internal surfaces, thereby protecting their eggs from microbial infections, one of the most
Sexual_dimorphism
1997 film by Guillermo del Toro
path of an oncoming train, which runs over it. The two make it to the surface, with Susan assuming that Peter had died in the blast. She then sees what
Mimic_(film)
Triangle shaped aircraft wing configuration
advantages. Many design variations have evolved over the years, with and without additional stabilising surfaces. The long root chord of the delta wing
Delta_wing
2005 video game
animals on the track or even rivers or pipes spilling water on the road surface, making it slippery. However, some random events are an advantage to the
WRC:_Rally_Evolved
American surface-to-air missile
Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) is a small, lightweight, infrared homing surface-to-air missile in use by the German, Japanese, Greek, Turkish, South Korean
RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile
RIM-116_Rolling_Airframe_Missile
Decade of the Gregorian calendar (2020–2029)
2026. Both the U.S. and China have vowed to return humans to the lunar surface by 2030. During the early part of this decade, the world population grew
2020s
Mythical creature in Scottish folklore
Alexander Macdonald of Abriachan sighted "a large stubby-legged animal" surfacing from the loch and propelling itself within 50 yd (46 m) of the shore where
Loch_Ness_Monster
End of the penis
glandis. An elastic band of tissue, the frenulum, runs across its ventral surface. In men who are not circumcised, it is completely or partially covered
Glans_penis
Historical scientific hypothesis
Venus are another common phenomenon that could have shaped Venus' surface to evolve with these geological features, although such an asteroid would have
Water_on_Venus
1979 film by Ridley Scott
indicating intelligent life, they leave their payload in orbit and land on the surface, but the ship is damaged. Dallas, Kane, and Lambert discover that the transmission
Alien_(film)
Kinetic anti ballistic missile (Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System)
The RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) is a ship-based surface-to-air missile used by the United States Navy to intercept ballistic missiles as a part
RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3
Great Lakes freighter sunk in Lake Superior
Fitzgerald did not capsize on the surface. Other authors have concluded that Edmund Fitzgerald most likely broke in two on the surface before sinking due to the
SS_Edmund_Fitzgerald
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