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Muscle contraction in response to stretching
The stretch reflex (myotatic reflex), or more accurately muscle stretch reflex, is a muscle contraction in response to stretching a muscle. The function
Stretch_reflex
Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
transduced across multiple synapses before generating the reflex response. The myotatic or muscle stretch reflexes (sometimes known as deep tendon reflexes)
Reflex
Monosynaptic reflex
The patellar reflex, also called the knee reflex or knee-jerk, is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Many animals
Patellar_reflex
Physiological stretch reflex
jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that
Ankle_jerk_reflex
Muscular function
The Golgi tendon reflex (also called inverse stretch reflex, autogenic inhibition, tendon reflex) is an inhibitory effect on the muscle resulting from
Golgi_tendon_reflex
Reflexes in physiology
Tendon reflex (or T-reflex) may refer to: The stretch reflex or muscle stretch reflex (MSR), when the stretch is created by a blow upon a muscle tendon
Tendon_reflex
Stretch reflex of trigeminal nerve
The jaw jerk reflex, or masseter reflex, is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and to help distinguish
Jaw_jerk_reflex
Innervated muscle structure involved in reflex actions and proprioception
muscles, for example, by activating motor neurons via the stretch reflex to resist muscle stretch. The muscle spindle has both sensory and motor components
Muscle_spindle
Reflex test
Biceps reflex is a deep tendon reflex (DTR) test (also known as a muscle-stretch reflex test) that examines the function of the C5 reflex arc and the C6
Biceps_reflex
the triceps muscle causes extension, and indicates a normal reflex. The arc involves stretch receptors in the triceps tendon, from which information travels
Triceps_reflex
Method of terrestrial locomotion allowing rapid movement on foot
movers, the lower extremity moves back towards the ground, aided by the stretch reflex and gravity. The footstrike and absorption phases follow, leading to
Running
Muscle response
H-reflex is analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex (for example, knee jerk reflex). "The primary difference between the H-reflex and
H-reflex
Sensory receptor cell responding to mechanical pressure or strain
and barotrauma.[citation needed] The knee jerk is the popularly known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by tapping the knee with
Mechanoreceptor
Cardiovascular reflex
Bainbridge reflex (or Bainbridge effect or atrial reflex) is a cardiovascular reflex causing an increase in heart rate in response to increased stretching of
Bainbridge_reflex
Biological reflex to prevent lung over-inflation
inflation reflex, named for Josef Breuer and Ewald Hering, is a reflex triggered to prevent the over-inflation of the lung. Pulmonary stretch receptors
Hering–Breuer_reflex
Set of involuntary and rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations
tonic–clonic seizure Stretch reflex Tetany Tetanic contractions Hilder, Joseph M.; Zev W. Rymer (September 1999). "A Stimulation Study of Reflex Instability in
Clonus
Involuntary rapid nervous response in humans
Startle reflex Sucking reflex — a primitive reflex, sucking at anything that touches the roof of an infant's mouth. Stretch reflex Triceps reflex — jerking
List_of_reflexes
Abnormal increase in muscle tone due to nerve damage
the stretch reflex, is not sufficient as it fails to take into account patients exhibiting increased muscle tone in the absence of stretch reflex over-activity
Hypertonia
Golgi tendon reflex
resisting force comes from the stretch reflex (or sometimes called tendon reflex) resulting from the extensor muscle being stretched. In upper motor neuron lesions
Clasp-knife_response
Type of afferent nerve fiber
responsiveness of type Ia fibers. Type Ia fibers participate in mediating the stretch reflex by exciting motor neurons innervating synergist muscles and inhibiting
Type_Ia_sensory_fiber
Reflex of the gastrointestinal tract in humans and other mammals
contractions, in response to stretch in the stomach following ingestion and byproducts of digestion entering the small intestine. The reflex propels existing intestinal
Gastrocolic_reflex
balance, especially during locomotion. For example, consider the stretch reflex, in which stretch of a muscle is detected by proprioceptors (e.g., muscle spindles
Proprioception
Massage technique
muscles, improving blood and lymphatic circulation, and stimulating the stretch reflex in muscles. Fascia is a thin, tough, elastic type of connective tissue
Myofascial_release
Pseudoscientific alternative medicine emphasizing muscle and bone manipulation
increasing circulation and lymphatic drainage, and stimulating the stretch reflex of muscles and overlying fascia. Practitioners who perform myofascial
Osteopathy
Medical condition
absence or decrease of patellar reflex or knee jerk. Patellar reflex or knee jerk is a kind of deep or stretch reflex where an application of a stimulus
Westphal's_sign
Motor-control abnormalities resulting from an upper motor neuron lesion
exaggerated stretch reflex, which means that a muscle has a reflex contraction when stretched, and that this contraction is stronger when the stretch is applied
Upper_motor_neuron_syndrome
Abnormal stiffness of skeletal muscle
One factor that is thought to be related to spasticity is the stretch reflex. This reflex is important in coordinating normal movements in which muscles
Spasticity
Maintenance of body posture in space
feedback systems in limb postural control is the resistance reflex in arthropods and stretch reflex in vertebrates. These feedback loops consist of sensory
Postural_control
Reflex circuits in the gastrointestinal tract
Vagovagal reflex refers to gastrointestinal tract reflex circuits where afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve coordinate responses to gut stimuli
Vagovagal_reflex
Medical instrument used by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes
Trömner reflex hammer was designed by Ernst Trömner. This model is shaped like a two-headed mallet. The larger mallet is used to elicit tendon stretch reflexes
Reflex_hammer
Form of physical exercise
safeguards against injury such as the Golgi tendon reflex, it is normally impossible for adults to stretch most muscle groups to their fullest length without
Stretching
Reflex where rotation of the head causes eye movement to stabilize vision
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex that acts to stabilize gaze during head movement, with eye movement due to activation of the vestibular system
Vestibulo-ocular_reflex
Continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles
damage. If a sudden pull or stretch occurs, the body responds by automatically increasing the muscle's tension, a reflex which helps guard against danger
Muscle_tone
Proprioceptive sensory receptor organ
Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology (23rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. INVERSE STRETCH REFLEX, pp. 162-163. ISBN 978-0-07-160567-0. Prochazka, A.; Gorassini, M. (1998)
Golgi_tendon_organ
Lower motor neuron involved in muscle contraction
magnitude of change in length and controls the static sensitivity of the stretch reflex. For this reason, this type of gamma motor neuron is mostly used in
Gamma_motor_neuron
Action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus
of the startle response is a startle reflex reaction. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect vulnerable parts
Startle_response
Cycle of uterine contractions
The Ferguson reflex (not to be confused with the foetal ejection reflex) is the neuroendocrine reflex comprising the self-sustaining cycle of uterine contractions
Ferguson_reflex
British neurophysiologist (born 1954)
2011. Rothwell, John C. (1980). The function of the human long-latency stretch reflex (PhD thesis). King's College London (University of London). OCLC 59952890
John_Rothwell_(physiologist)
Exercise
focused hip hinging motion of the hardstyle swing. This allows for stretch reflex from hamstrings to help scoop the bell up, ensures upward trajectory
Kettlebell_swing
Nerve cell sending impulse to muscle
fibers to contract and thereby resist further stretching. This process is also called the stretch reflex. Beta motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle
Motor_neuron
English footballer, neurophysiologist and Nobel Prize recipient (1857–1952)
aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "neuron doctrine"), and how
Charles_Scott_Sherrington
Pulmonary stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors found in the lungs. When the lung expands, the receptors initiate the Hering-Breuer reflex, which reduces
Pulmonary_stretch_receptor
Medical condition
>13.0 mEq/L – Cardiac arrest At magnesium levels about 4.5 mEq/L the stretch reflex is lost and with over 6.5 mEq/L respiratory failure may be observed
Hypermagnesemia
Type of muscle contraction
Davidoff RA (1992). "Skeletal muscle tone and the misunderstood stretch reflex". Neurology. 42 (5): 951–63. doi:10.1212/WNL.42.5.951. PMID 1579249
Tetanic_contraction
Pattern of limb movements made during locomotion
reciprocal inhibition and stretch reflexes to produce alternating stepping patterns. A stretch reflex occurs when a muscle is stretched and then contracts protectively
Gait_(human)
Pinched nerve
femoral nerve stretch test may demonstrate radiculopathic symptoms down the leg. Deep tendon reflexes (also known as a stretch reflex) may be diminished
Radiculopathy
Track and field athletics event
thrower's palm up". This, according to Voza, "stretches your pectoral, or chest, muscles. From there, a stretch reflex, an involuntary contraction of your chest
Javelin_throw
Interneuron relaying signals between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord
allow proper and desired movement. When a muscle spindle is stretched and the stretch reflex is activated, the opposing muscle group must be inhibited to
Spinal_interneuron
Axonal projections that exit a particular region
afferents from muscle spindles (especially Ia fibers involved in the stretch reflex), spinal interneurons, and motor control centers such as the cerebellum
Efferent_nerve_fiber
Operation of opposing sets of muscles
in synchrony for smooth movement. When a muscle spindle is stretched, the stretch reflex is activated, and the opposing muscle group must be inhibited
Reciprocal_inhibition
Brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure
Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure or heart rate. Before an affected person passes
Reflex_syncope
Manual kneading of the body's soft tissues
to be the electrical analogue of the stretch reflex... and the reduction" is due to a decrease in spinal reflex excitability. Field (2007) confirms that
Massage
Large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
control results from interruption of reflex circuits such as the tonic stretch reflex. A consequence of reflex interruption is that muscle tone is reduced
Alpha_motor_neuron
Australian neurophysiologist (1903–1997)
synapses in the peripheral nervous system, Eccles and colleagues used the stretch reflex as a model, which is easily studied because it consists of only two
John Eccles (neurophysiologist)
John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)
The trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) consists of a reduction in heart rate associated with a marked decrease in mean arterial pressure following stimulation
Trigeminocardiac_reflex
stomach straight sinus strap muscles Stratum lucidum stratum zonale stretch reflex striae gravidarum stria medullaris thalami stria terminalis striate
Index_of_anatomy_articles
American neurologist
involving the sensorimotor cortex on the amplitude and organization of the stretch reflex in decerebrate cats (1984) Academic advisor Mahlon DeLong Academic work
Jerrold_Vitek
Atypical multiple sclerosis lesions
an exaggerated stretch reflex, which is when a muscle overcompensates and contracts too much in response to the muscle being stretched. It is believed
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
Tumefactive_multiple_sclerosis
Medical condition
motor fibers is lost. When the inhibitory signals to deactivate the stretch reflex is lost the muscle remains in a constantly contracted state. With spastic
Spastic_hemiplegia
Involuntary head rotation phenomenon caused by lateral skin shear on the head
The hanger reflex is a phenomenon in which light compression of the head by a wire hanger or similar object involuntarily induces head rotation toward
Hanger_reflex
it laid groundwork for modern affective neuroscience. Jaw jerk reflex A stretch reflex elicited by tapping the chin, which causes the jaw to jerk upward
Glossary_of_neuroscience
linearity and regulation of stiffness that results from actions of stretch reflex". J. Neurophysiol. 39 (1): 119–142. doi:10.1152/jn.1976.39.1.119. PMID 1249597
Neural control of limb stiffness
Neural_control_of_limb_stiffness
Feeding of infants/toddlers with breast milk
ejection reflex (D-MER) is a condition in which breastfeeding women develop negative emotions that begin just before the milk letdown reflex and last
Breastfeeding
Inability to refrain from defecation
presence of retained feces in the rectum. Therefore, the recto-anal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) is persistently activated, meaning the internal anal sphincter relaxes
Fecal_incontinence
Sustained contraction of vibrated muscle
activation of muscle spindles — muscle receptors sensitive to stretch. Tonic vibration reflex is evoked by placing a vibrator — which in this case is typically
Tonic_vibration_reflex
The axon reflex (or the flare response) is the response stimulated by peripheral nerves of the body that travels away from the nerve cell body and branches
Axon_reflex
Homeostatic mechanism in the body
The baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex is one of the body's homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels. The
Baroreflex
Involuntary reflexive response due to brain injury
fencing response is similar to the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in infants. Like the reflex, a positive fencing response resembles the en garde position
Fencing_response
Release of urine from the urinary bladder
activity; however, when its nerve supply is intact, stretch receptors in the bladder wall initiate a reflex contraction that has a lower threshold than the
Urination
Tests in veterinary medicine
reactions, long loop stretch reflexes are probably integrated by the cerebral cortex. Decorticate animals show absence of this reflex. Introduction to Neurology
Placing_reflexes
Reflex
A yawn is a reflex in vertebrate animals characterized by a long inspiratory phase with gradual mouth gaping, followed by a brief climax (or acme) with
Yawn
Radially symmetrical contraction and relaxation of muscles
when it is poorly lubricated), then stretch receptors in the esophageal lining are stimulated and a local reflex response causes a secondary peristaltic
Peristalsis
Division of the autonomic nervous system
activity—particularly via the vagus nerve—forms part of an "inflammatory reflex" in which efferent vagal fibers, acting through cholinergic signaling, dampen
Parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic_nervous_system
Sensory nuclei in medulla oblongata
ambiguus (to mediate gag reflex) Afferents of the SN mediate the gag reflex, the carotid sinus reflex, the aortic reflex, the cough reflex, the baroreflex and
Solitary_nucleus
Release of gas from the upper digestive tract through the mouth
(LES). The increased volume stimulates stretch receptors in the wall of the stomach that initiates a vagovagal reflex that temporarily relaxes the LES, known
Belching
Sensors detecting blood pressure
pressoreceptors) are stretch receptors that sense blood vessel deformation. The term "baroreceptors" is somewhat a misnomer, since they detect stretch rather than
Baroreceptor
Physiological response to sudden exposure to cold
parasympathetic (due to the diving reflex) coactivation – may be responsible for some cold water immersion deaths. Gasp reflex and uncontrollable tachypnea
Cold_shock_response
Stretch receptors of the heart
atrial stretch during atrial filling (with the v pressure wave). They can display hysteresis. Atrial natriuretic peptide Angiotensin Bainbridge reflex Aldosterone
Atrial_volume_receptors
Sensory system that facilitates body balance
eye movement; these provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision. Signals are also sent to the muscles
Vestibular_system
American medical researcher
C.C.K. and Crago, P.E., “Neural and mechanical contributions to the stretch reflex: A model synthesis”, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 30:54-67, 2002
Patrick_E._Crago
Drop in blood pressure when standing up or sitting down
pressure, which leads to an increase in heart rate. The venoarteriolar axon reflex, which results in the constriction of arterial flow to muscles, skin, and
Orthostatic_hypotension
Human male external reproductive organ
the ejaculatory reflex is under control of the sympathetic nervous system, while the ejaculatory phase is under control of a spinal reflex at the level of
Human_penis
Symptoms similar to meningitis but not caused by meningitis
Brudzinski's reflex, in which passive flexion of one knee into the abdomen leads to involuntary flexion in the opposite leg, and stretching of a limb that
Meningism
Part of the vertebral column in animals
cortex. It is also a center for coordinating many reflexes and contains reflex arcs that can independently control reflexes. It is also the location of
Spinal_cord
Oral cough medication
] It is theorized to work by inhibiting stretch receptors in the lungs, in turn suppressing the cough reflex in the brain. Benzonatate is structurally
Benzonatate
the process by which the eye focuses on an object. Accommodation reflex – a reflex action of the eye, measured as a response to focusing on a near object
Glossary_of_medicine
Global conflict from 1939 to 1945
Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex". The Pacific Historical Review. 44 (2): 201–231. doi:10.2307/3638003. JSTOR 3638003
World_War_II
ways: by stretching the stomach and by gastric contents stimulating receptors in the stomach. Stretch activates two reflexes: a short reflex mediated
Phases_of_digestion
capital outlay acquisitions from 2015 onwards. ITL MARS Israel Multipurpose Reflex Sight and Laser Designator MARS Acquired from 2012 as part of larger acquisition
List of equipment of the Philippine Marine Corps
List_of_equipment_of_the_Philippine_Marine_Corps
Sensory nucleus in the brainstem
dentition, regulating tooth pain perception, and mediating the jaw jerk reflex (by means of projecting to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve). The
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve
State of unconsciousness
special reflex tests such as the oculocephalic reflex test (doll's eyes test), oculovestibular reflex test (cold caloric test), corneal reflex, and the
Coma
Transient loss of consciousness and postural tone
There are three broad categories of causes: heart or blood vessel related; reflex, also known as neurally mediated; and orthostatic hypotension. Issues with
Syncope_(medicine)
Object for cats to relieve skin irritation
stability. Cats have a natural urge to scratch. As cats are predators it is a reflex for them to sharpen their claws. Other functional reasons they do it include
Scratching_post
Expulsion of stomach contents via the mouth or nose
content enters the respiratory tract. Under normal circumstances, the gag reflex and coughing prevent this from occurring; however, these protective reflexes
Vomiting
Sensory receptor that detects chemicals
patient with a high cervical spinal cord injury), then the primary cardiac reflex to transient hypercapnia and hypoxia is a profound bradycardia and coronary
Chemoreceptor
Means by which a person dies by suicide
hypoxia. It is not possible to die simply by holding the breath, since a reflex causes the respiratory muscles to contract, forcing an in-breath, and the
Suicide_methods
Receptors sensing blood pressure
receptors are activated by wall stretch, which occurs via atrial filling during ventricular systole. In the right atrium, the stretch receptors occur at the junction
Low_pressure_receptors
In criminal law, the "guilty act"
Penal Code, provide a more thorough treatment of involuntary conduct: a reflex or convulsion; a bodily movement during unconsciousness or sleep; conduct
Actus_reus
Breathing control
variety of reflex responses. These include: The Hering-Breuer reflex that terminates inhalation to prevent over inflation of the lungs, and the reflex responses
Control_of_ventilation
Aspect of photography history
The history of the single-lens reflex camera (SLR) begins with the use of a reflex mirror in a camera obscura described in 1676, but it took a long time
History of the single-lens reflex camera
History_of_the_single-lens_reflex_camera
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