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Reflexes in physiology
Tendon reflex (or T-reflex) may refer to: The stretch reflex or muscle stretch reflex (MSR), when the stretch is created by a blow upon a muscle tendon
Tendon_reflex
Monosynaptic reflex
have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other mammalian species. Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the
Patellar_reflex
Automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus
synapses before generating the reflex response. The myotatic or muscle stretch reflexes (sometimes known as deep tendon reflexes) provide information on
Reflex
Muscular function
The Golgi tendon reflex (also called inverse stretch reflex, autogenic inhibition, tendon reflex) is an inhibitory effect on the muscle resulting from
Golgi_tendon_reflex
Muscle contraction in response to stretching
deep tendon reflex is now criticized as misleading. Tendons have little to do with the response, and some muscles with stretch reflexes have no tendons. Rather
Stretch_reflex
Proprioceptive sensory receptor organ
nerve fibers. It represents the sensory leg of the Golgi tendon reflex arc. The Golgi tendon organ is one of several eponymous terms named after the Italian
Golgi_tendon_organ
Physiological stretch reflex
jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that
Ankle_jerk_reflex
Neurological examination via a reflex test
Hoffmann's reflex and the Babinski sign is their mechanism of reflex. Hoffmann's reflex is a deep tendon reflex (spindle fibre) with a monosynaptic reflex pathway
Hoffmann's_reflex
Reflex test
Biceps reflex is a deep tendon reflex (DTR) test (also known as a muscle-stretch reflex test) that examines the function of the C5 reflex arc and the C6
Biceps_reflex
Involuntary rapid nervous response in humans
Ankle jerk reflex — jerking of the ankle when the Achilles tendon is hit with a tendon hammer while the foot is relaxed, stimulating the S1 reflex arc. Arthrokinetic
List_of_reflexes
Medical instrument used by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes
A reflex hammer is a medical instrument used by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes, the best known possibly being the patellar reflex. Testing
Reflex_hammer
Golgi tendon reflex
Clasp-knife response is a Golgi tendon reflex with a rapid decrease in resistance when attempting to flex a joint, usually during a neurological examination
Clasp-knife_response
Abnormal stiffness of skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia. It is also colloquially referred to as an
Spasticity
The triceps reflex is a deep tendon reflex that elicits involuntary contraction of the triceps brachii muscle. It is sensed and transmitted by the radial
Triceps_reflex
Neural pathway which controls a reflex
cord. During a somatic reflex, nerve signals travel along the following pathway: Somatic receptors in the skin, muscles and tendons Afferent nerve fibers
Reflex_arc
Action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus
of the startle response is a startle reflex reaction. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect vulnerable parts
Startle_response
Reflex of the human foot
The plantar reflex is a superficial reflex elicited when the sole of the foot is stimulated with a blunt instrument. The reflex can take one of two forms
Plantar_reflex
Italian biologist and pathologist (1843–1926)
named for him, including the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. Golgi and the Spanish biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Camillo_Golgi
Medical condition
patellar reflex or knee jerk. Patellar reflex or knee jerk is a kind of deep or stretch reflex where an application of a stimulus to the patellar tendon such
Westphal's_sign
Tendon in the human knee
methods. The insertion of the patellar tendon on the tibia is the location of Osgood–Schlatter disease. Patellar reflex Patellar tendinitis Sagittal section
Patellar_tendon
Medical condition
references, myxedema reflex) is a delayed relaxation phase of an elicited deep tendon reflex, usually tested in the Achilles tendon of the patient. Woltman's
Woltman_sign
Primitive and involuntary reflex
the object. Placement of the object triggers a spinal reflex, resulting from stimulation of tendons in the palm, that gets transmitted through motor neurons
Palmar_grasp_reflex
Degeneration of the vertebral column
shooting pain along the course of the spinal nerve, or weakness or absent tendon reflex of the muscle supplied by the nerve. This symptom can be provoked by
Spondylosis
Contraction of the external anal sphincter
sacral segments of the spinal cord. Reflex anal dilation "Deep tendon reflexes". Retrieved 5 October 2015. "Reflex evaluation". Archived from the original
Anal_wink
Medical condition
measurement, head-up test, valsalva maneuver, thermoregulatory sweat test, tendon reflex test, and electrocardiography (ECG). CT scan of the heart and lungs
Harlequin_syndrome
Sense of self-movement, force, and body position
Golgi tendon organ. Lundberg A, Malmgren K, Schomburg ED (November 1978). "Role of joint afferents in motor control exemplified by effects on reflex pathways
Proprioception
Unequal size of the eyes' pupils
presenting in young women. It may be associated with loss of deep tendon reflex (Adie's syndrome). Tonic pupil is characterized by delayed dilation
Anisocoria
Form of physical exercise where a muscle is stretched to improve it
supposed. Due to neurological safeguards against injury such as the Golgi tendon reflex, it is normally impossible for adults to stretch most muscle groups
Stretching
Medical diagnostic method
brachioradialis reflex (also known as supinator reflex [1]) is observed during a neurological exam by striking the brachioradialis tendon (at its insertion
Brachioradialis_reflex
Medical condition
the sign of a non-specific upper motor neuron lesion. Increased deep tendon reflex (DTR) Pronator drift These are the neural tracts which descend in the
Upper_motor_neuron_lesion
patellar tendon reflex, and devised an apparatus that delivered a light tap below the knees of his research subjects in order to elicit this reflex. Twitmyer
Edwin_B._Twitmyer
Medical condition
stabilization No lower extremity involvement No sensory disturbance and tendon reflex abnormalities Exclusion of other diseases (e.g., motor neuron disease
Hirayama_disease
Topics referred to by the same term
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. DTR or similar may refer to: Deep tendon reflex, of muscles Dietetic Technician, Registered, a clinical role in the
DTR
Medical condition
occur. This could lead to congenital weakness with hypoatonia deep tendon reflex. MWS is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective
Marden–Walker_syndrome
Bundle of nerves, parasympathetic ganglion
affects the ciliary ganglion and the spinal cord neurons involved in deep tendon reflex arcs. It usually develops in middle age, although it can occur in children
Ciliary_ganglion
Stretch reflex of trigeminal nerve
The jaw jerk reflex, or masseter reflex, is a stretch reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) and to help distinguish
Jaw_jerk_reflex
Medical condition
degeneration or lack of reflex can occur through clinical testing of deep tendon reflexes, or via photomotogram (an achilles tendon reflex test). Fine needle
Osteitis_fibrosa_cystica
Sustained contraction of vibrated muscle
and spectral characteristics of electromyographic (EMG) activity. Tendon reflex H-reflex Gurfinkel, V.S., Lebedev, M.A., Levick, Yu. S. (1992). "What about
Tonic_vibration_reflex
Hypothyroidism in infancy or childhood
Herculean appearance. Other features are pseudomyotonia, myokymia, slow tendon reflex, slowed muscle contractions and relaxations, muscle stiffness, proximal
Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne syndrome
Kocher–Debre–Semelaigne_syndrome
Muscle of the middle ear
and ends in the tympanic cavity as a slim tendon that connects to the handle of the malleus. The tendon makes a sharp bend around the processus cochleariformis
Tensor_tympani_muscle
named for him, including the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. He is recognized as the greatest neuroscientist and biologist
List of atheists in science and technology
List_of_atheists_in_science_and_technology
German psychiatrist (1833–1890)
in the mentally insane. Westphal is credited with describing a deep tendon reflex anomaly in tabes dorsalis that later became known as the "Erb–Westphal
Karl_Friedrich_Otto_Westphal
Muscle on the back of the upper arm
predominantly C7. This reflex can be tested by abducting the Elbow and Shoulder to 90 degrees, then tapping the tendon with a Reflex hammer near to the Olecranon
Triceps
vaccination) DTP diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (combined vaccination) DTR deep tendon reflex DTs delirium tremens DU duodenal ulcer (see peptic ulcer) DUB dysfunctional
List of medical abbreviations: D
List_of_medical_abbreviations:_D
Medical condition
to suffer from excessive sweating and irregular heartbeat. The deep tendon reflex is also lost in patients with DSMA1. Uterine growth retardation and
Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1
Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1
Medical condition
edition, page 610. Google books Doi, H; Murai Y; Kuroiwa Y (1978). "Deep tendon reflex in Eaton-Lambert syndrome". Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn. 32 (1): 109–13
Doi's_sign
Medical condition
along the inner side of the extensor hallucis longus tendon elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions
Cornell's_sign
Population of nervous system cells involved in a particular neural computation
spinal cord where they control basic automatisms such as monosynaptic tendon reflex and reciprocal innervation of muscles. (Manjarrez E et al. 2000 Modulation
Neuronal_ensemble
Involuntary head rotation phenomenon caused by lateral skin shear on the head
The hanger reflex is a phenomenon in which light compression of the head by a wire hanger or similar object involuntarily induces head rotation toward
Hanger_reflex
German neurophysiologist (1884–1962)
electrically elicited analogue of the mechanical tendon reflex — a way to probe the monosynaptic reflex arc in intact, conscious humans. The exact date
Paul_Albin_Hoffmann
Month of 1926
(1898). The Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex and several types of nerve cells are named in his honor as well.Golgi tendon organ. Marie C.
January_1926
Part of the peripheral nervous system
fibers. A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output. Reflex circuits
Somatic_nervous_system
Medical condition
sign is a clinical sign in which squeezing the Achilles tendon elicits an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions
Schaeffer's_sign
scientist, physician and biologist. The Golgi apparatus, Golgi tendon organ, Golgi tendon reflex and Golgi receptor are named after him. In 1906 he was awarded
Meanings of minor-planet names: 6001–7000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_6001–7000
Medical maneuver to test reflexes
The tendon below the patient's knee is then hit with a reflex hammer to elicit the patellar reflex. The elicited response is compared with the reflex result
Jendrassik_maneuver
scientist-physician who discovered the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. However in 1925, after three years of starvation, he contracted
Zicman_Feider
Forearm muscle which extends the four fingers
extensor tendon; from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from the antebrachial fascia. It divides below into four tendons, which
Extensor_digitorum_muscle
Kneecap, bone covering knee joint
attachment to the patellar tendon. The front and back surfaces are joined by a thin margin and towards centre by a thicker margin. The tendon of the quadriceps
Patella
Spasms of the middle ear muscles
develops as a result of sectioning the stapedius tendon due to its involvement in the acoustic reflex. This side effect rarely affects quality of life
Middle_ear_myoclonus
Reduction or absence of bodily reflexes
absence of normal bodily reflexes. It can be detected through the use of a reflex hammer and is the opposite of hyperreflexia. Hyporeflexia is generally associated
Hyporeflexia
HIGH-VOLTAGE / SOUND VOLTEX EXCEED GEAR Extra Exclusive songs (4 total) "Deep tenDon Reflex" 🔒 BEMANI Sound Team "Coyaan" New Konami Original EXTRA EXCLUSIVE LEVEL
Music of Dance Dance Revolution (2013–present)
Music_of_Dance_Dance_Revolution_(2013–present)
Human traits which lost their original function through evolution
diminished amount of hair in humans, the reflex formation of goose bumps when cold is also vestigial. The palmar grasp reflex is thought to be a vestigial behavior
Human_vestigiality
Leg joint in primates
the tendon is completely torn, bending or extending the leg is impossible. A completely torn tendon requires surgery but a partially torn tendon can be
Knee
Paralysis of all four limbs and torso
signals are sent back to the motor cells in the spinal cord and cause a reflex muscle spasm. This can result in a twitch, jerk or stiffening of the muscle
Tetraplegia
Motor-control abnormalities resulting from an upper motor neuron lesion
tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex as one component of the upper motor neurone
Upper_motor_neuron_syndrome
Hand muscle group
muscles of the hand are located in the back of the forearm and have long tendons connecting them to bones in the hand, where they exert their action. Extrinsic
Extrinsic extensor muscles of the hand
Extrinsic_extensor_muscles_of_the_hand
Interneuron relaying signals between sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord
other muscles. The autogenic inhibition reflex is a spinal reflex phenomenon that involves the Golgi tendon organ. When tension is applied to a muscle
Spinal_interneuron
Large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord
control results from interruption of reflex circuits such as the tonic stretch reflex. A consequence of reflex interruption is that muscle tone is reduced
Alpha_motor_neuron
Assessment to determine if the nervous system is impaired
(XI), hearing (VII, VIII), taste (VII, IX, X), pharyngeal movement and reflex (IX, X), tongue movements (XII). These are tested by their individual purposes
Neurological_examination
In neurology, signs of dysfunction in the pyramidal tract
if the great toe dorsiflexes (goes up) following the stimulus: Babinski reflex: The plantar aspect of the foot is gently stimulated in a line starting
Pyramidal_signs
Loss of sensation and paralysis following a spinal cord injury
polysynaptic in nature, such as the bulbocavernosus reflex. Monosynaptic reflexes, such as the deep tendon reflexes, are not restored until Phase 3. Restoration
Spinal_shock
Bottom part of foot
brevis and extensor hallucis brevis. The tendons of several extrinsic foot muscle reach the sole: The tendons of the deep foot flexors in the posterior
Sole_(foot)
Physical inspection of the shoulder
nerve. Sensation testing Reflex testing: Triceps reflex tests C6-C8, biceps reflex tests C5 and C6, and brachioradialis reflex tests C5-C7. Provocative
Shoulder_examination
Maintenance of body posture in space
A., & Schieppati, M. (2003). Effects of leg muscle tendon vibration on group Ia and group II reflex responses to stance perturbation in humans. J Physiol
Postural_control
Sensory nucleus in the brainstem
dentition, regulating tooth pain perception, and mediating the jaw jerk reflex (by means of projecting to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve). The
Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve
Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve
Cervical muscle
or wry neck, and this can have a number of causes, including rheumatic, reflex or congenital causes. Torticollis gives the appearance of a tilted head
Sternocleidomastoid_muscle
Medical condition of late-stage neurosyphilis
limb of the spindle reflex. The deep tendon reflexes are also diminished or absent; for example, the "knee jerk" or patellar reflex may be lacking (Westphal's
Tabes_dorsalis
Nerve controlling the diaphragm
phrenic nerve contains sensory fibers, which receive input from the central tendon of the diaphragm and the mediastinal pleura, as well as some sympathetic
Phrenic_nerve
American neurologist (1861–1936)
psychiatrist, and translator. He is remembered for describing the Chaddock reflex and is credited with introducing the terms bisexuality, heterosexuality
Charles_Gilbert_Chaddock
Medical intervention
incomplete release, neurovascular or flexor tendon or A2 pulley injury, infection, bow string, or reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Triggering and locking
Thread_trigger_finger_release
Muscle stretching methods used in manual medicine-osteopathy
inhibition reflex arc. Joint mobilization using muscle force: Use muscle contraction to restore range of motion in a joint. Oculocephalogyric reflex: Treat
Muscle_energy_technique
Abnormal increase in muscle tone due to nerve damage
stretch reflex, is not sufficient as it fails to take into account patients exhibiting increased muscle tone in the absence of stretch reflex over-activity
Hypertonia
nucleus accessory nerve accessory olivary nucleus accommodation reflex acetabulum Achilles tendon acoustic nerve acromion adenohypophysis adenoids adipose aditus
Index_of_anatomy_articles
Innervated muscle structure involved in reflex actions and proprioception
contraction of muscles, for example, by activating motor neurons via the stretch reflex to resist muscle stretch. The muscle spindle has both sensory and motor
Muscle_spindle
One of three classes of nerve fiber
mechanical, and chemical. This can be part of a withdrawal reflex—initiated by the Aδ fibers in the reflex arc of activating withdrawal responses. These are the
Group_A_nerve_fiber
the process by which the eye focuses on an object. Accommodation reflex – a reflex action of the eye, measured as a response to focusing on a near object
Glossary_of_medicine
Method of terrestrial locomotion allowing rapid movement on foot
a running stride co-occur, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity. Running in humans is associated with improved
Running
Surgery to correct strabismus
the muscle tendon is either cut across or removed, respectively. The superior oblique is strengthened by folding and securing the tendon to reduce its
Strabismus_surgery
Sensory receptor cell responding to mechanical pressure or strain
known stretch reflex (involuntary kick of the lower leg) induced by tapping the knee with a rubber-headed hammer. The hammer strikes a tendon that inserts
Mechanoreceptor
Cranial nerve responsible for the face's senses and motor functions
The jaw jerk reflex is an example; tapping the jaw elicits a reflex closure of the jaw in the same way that tapping the knee elicits a reflex kick of the
Trigeminal_nerve
Disease caused by lack of dietary vitamin E
vitamin E deficiency is areflexia, or the loss of deep tendon reflexes, like the patellar reflex. The usual progression is then to ataxic gait (which continues
Vitamin_E_deficiency
Important Biological tissue that allows movement
responsible for movements of the body. Other tissues in skeletal muscle include tendons and perimysium. Smooth and cardiac muscle contract involuntarily, without
Muscle
Medical condition
reflexes is also a diagnostic tool, such as the Moro reflex and the Romberg Test. The Moro reflex is rarely present in infants after 6 months of age and
Ataxic_cerebral_palsy
Passageway through the neck and shoulder for the long thoracic nerve
Reflex arc lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis) upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ)
Cervicoaxillary_canal
Thin fold of skin that covers and protects the eye
moist. They keep the eyes from drying out when asleep. Moreover, the blink reflex protects the eye from foreign bodies. A set of specialized hairs known as
Eyelid
Mound at the base of the thumb formed by the intrinsic group of muscles
this region is the area stimulated when trying to elicit a palmomental reflex. The word thenar comes from Ancient Greek θέναρ (thenar) 'palm of the hand'
Thenar_eminence
Medical condition
demonstrate radiculopathic symptoms down the leg. Deep tendon reflexes (also known as a stretch reflex) may be diminished or absent in areas innervated by
Radiculopathy
lengthening of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle-tendon units and the length of the moment arm of the Achilles tendon. A similar post-operative exercise effect
Locomotor_effects_of_shoes
Sensory organ in insect legs
dendrites are mechanically coupled to the tibia through different types of tendons. In Drosophila, where it is possible to genetically identify different
Femoral_chordotonal_organ
Autoimmune disease
characteristic features are the reduced strength of muscles and reduced or absent tendon reflexes (hypo- or areflexia, respectively). However, a small proportion
Guillain–Barré_syndrome
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