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First codon of a messenger RNA translated by a ribosome
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes
Start_codon
List of standard rules to translate DNA encoded information into proteins
methionine—can serve as a start codon and, along with sequences such as an initiation factor, initiates translation. In rare instances, start codons in the standard
DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables
Codon that marks the end of a protein-coding sequence
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation
Stop_codon
DNA section marked with start and stop codon of different length
reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic
Open_reading_frame
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links
Genetic_code
Nucleic acid motif in molecular biology
scan past the first AUG site and start initiation at a downstream AUG codon. The ribosome assembles on the start codon (AUG), located within the Kozak
Kozak_consensus_sequence
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
corresponding to the mRNA codon, in the case of the start codon, this is the amino acid methionine. The next codon (adjacent to the start codon) is then bound by
Protein_biosynthesis
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
termination, and ribosome recycling. The start codon in all mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG. The stop codon may either be UAA, UAG, or UGA; since there
Ribosome
Ribosomal binding site in prokaryotic messenger RNA
messenger RNA. It is generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the messenger RNA
Shine–Dalgarno_sequence
End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid
its N-terminus toward its C-terminus. For example, in a typical gene a start codon (5′-ATG-3′) is a DNA sequence within the sense strand. Transcription
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality_(molecular_biology)
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
tRNA specifies which three-nucleotide codon from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid. Each mRNA codon is recognized by a particular type of
Transfer_RNA
Sequence of nucleotides
ribosomal binding site (RBS), is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome
Ribosome-binding_site
Cellular process of protein synthesis
initiation codons which are biologically significant. For instance, the rare alternative start codon CTG codes for Methionine when used as a start codon, and
Translation_(biology)
entire coding sequence lies within the bounds (between the start codon and the stop codon) of a larger external gene. The coding sequence for a nested
Nested_gene
Protein which binds to a ribosome during translation
scanning and selection of the start codons. This can create changes in the selection of the factors, binding to different codons. Another important eukaryotic
Initiation_factor
Topics referred to by the same term
the IMA symbol for the pyroxene mineral Augite AUG, the most common start codon, often encoding the amino acid methionine Augusta Railroad, defunct Arkansas
Aug
Protein involved in gene expression
stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several
Eukaryotic_initiation_factor
Protein that stabilizes the initiation complex for polypeptide translation
followed by mRNA binding, and starts codon-P-site interaction. IF2 enters with the initiator tRNA and places it on the start codon. GTP hydrolysis by IF2 releases
Bacterial_initiation_factor
coding sequence and identifies the start and stop codons. The start codon is highlighted in green, while the stop codon is highlighted in red. The figure
SMIM35
Replacement, insertion, or deletion of a single DNA or RNA nucleotide
termination codon (a stop was lost), resulting in abnormal extension of a protein's carboxyl terminus. Start-gain creates an AUG start codon upstream of
Point_mutation
Sulfur-containing amino acid
eukaryotes and in Archaea, methionine is coded for by the start codon, meaning it indicates the start of the coding region and is the first amino acid produced
Methionine
Human viral infection
protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start codon is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start codon from which the pre-core protein is produced
Hepatitis_B
Lab management system
August 2019, Start Codon, a UK based life sciences accelerator system announced its partnership with Calira. Calira would provide Start Codon's clients with
Clustermarket
Redundancy of codons in the genetic code
Degeneracy or redundancy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify
Codon_degeneracy
Mechanism in eukaryotic translation
the 5'UTR to locate a start codon to commence elongation. Sometimes, the scanning ribosome bypasses the initial AUG start codon and begins translation
Leaky_scanning
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible
Gene
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
regions begin with the start codon and end with a stop codon. In general, the start codon is an AUG triplet and the stop codon is UAG ("amber"), UAA ("ochre")
Messenger_RNA
some amino acids can be coded for by more than one different codon. start codon The first codon translated by a ribosome from a mature messenger RNA transcript
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Single-stranded DNA virus that infects bacteria
alternative start codon within the large A genes. Only genes A* and K are thought to be non-essential, although there is some doubt about A* because its start codon
Phi_X_174
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
translation initiation start codon. Accurate identification of the start codon is very important, as other translation start sites may lead to the production
EIF1
RNA family
initiation codon as the start codon for the novel 56-kDa protein and its location was mapped to a region located upstream of the AUG initiation codon. Three
ACAT1_mRNA
File format used for genomes
coordinates (column 3) by those of the start (column 2): x e n d − x s t a r t {\displaystyle x_{end}-x_{start}} . When the coordinate system is based
BED_(file_format)
Smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryote cells
IF-3. A portion of the 30S subunit (the 16S rRNA) guides the initiating start codon (5′)-AUG-(3′) of mRNA into position by recognizing the Shine-Dalgarno
Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit
Prokaryotic_small_ribosomal_subunit
Genetic disorders due to increases in the number of repeating nucleotides
translation initiated at the usual AUG or a similar (CUG, GUG, UUG, or ACG) start codon. This results in expression of a pathogenic protein encoded by one particular
Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder
Species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus
protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start codon is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start codon from which the pre-core protein is produced
Hepatitis_B_virus
File format for DNA or protein sequences
as only the first line in a FASTA file may start with a ";" or ">", forcing all subsequent sequences to start with a ">" in order to be taken as separate
FASTA_format
Elimination of mRNA with premature stop codons in eukaryotes
downstream of the last EJC, NMD is often inefficient. Start-proximal effect: PTCs located near the start codon can evade NMD. This evasion is associated with
Nonsense-mediated_decay
Single-domain protein
complex around the start codon. SUI1 promotes a high initiation fidelity for the AUG codon, discriminating against non-AUG codons. In E. coli however
SUI1
Protein-coding gene in humans
along the mRNA in search of a start codon. eIF1A's N-terminal tail interacts with the initiator tRNA and the start codon by extending into the P-site,
EIF1AX
mRNA; directionally scanning along the 5′ TL to select the first "best" start codon to begin protein synthesis. Cap-dependent ribosomal scanning accounts
Translation regulation by 5′ transcript leader cis-elements
Translation_regulation_by_5′_transcript_leader_cis-elements
Topics referred to by the same term
ATG, a three-base sequence of DNA in the genetic code representing a start codon and/or methionine Anti-thymocyte globulin, antibodies to prevent and
ATG
Changes to DNA with no overall impact
of the affected organism. A Possible start codons in NCBI table 1. ATG is most common. The two other start codons listed by table 1 (GTG and TTG) are rare
Neutral_mutation
Genetic code found in bacteria, archaea, and plant plastids
variations in alternative start codons. A Possible start codons in NCBI table 1. AUG is most common. The two other start codons listed by table 1 (GUG and
Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
Bacterial,_archaeal_and_plant_plastid_code
Aspect of molecular biology
bypass, or "shunt over", parts of the 5' untranslated region to reach the start codon. However, a benefit of ribosomal shunting is that it can translate backwards
Ribosome_shunting
Protein-coding gene in humans
mammals; the human and murine sequences are identical. However, the start codon of human FNDC5 is mutated to ATA.[citation needed] This causes human
FNDC5
Region of a messenger RNA
of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript
Five prime untranslated region
Five_prime_untranslated_region
Restriction enzyme
receptor gene variants is caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism in the start codon of the gene which can be distinguished through the use of the Fok1 enzyme
FokI
Chemical compound
The initiation complex scans along the mRNA strand until it reaches a start codon, and then the large subunit of the ribosome attaches to the small subunit
Morpholino_nucleic_acid
RNA family
region between two AUG start codons. The cHP cis element has been shown to direct translation start from the suboptimal first start codon. The ability of cHP
Flavivirus_capsid_hairpin_cHP
Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
alignment of the ribosome with mRNA's start codon Following initiation, the polypeptide chain is extended via anticodon:codon interactions, with the ribosome
Biosynthesis
Dataset of protein-coding regions
"Consensus" is defined as protein-coding regions that agree at the start codon, stop codon, and splice junctions, and for which the prediction meets quality
Consensus_CDS_Project
nonsense codons placed in the coding sequence of a gene. Start codons can also be suppressed with suppressor initiator tRNAs, such as the amber stop codon suppressor
Nonsense_suppressor
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
IRES (internal ribosome entry site) between −293 and −1 upstream of the start codon. IRES are involved in cancer malignancy. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89:
Laminin,_beta_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gene is polymorphic. Deletions, frameshift mutations, and a critical start codon mutation (ATG to ATA) have been found in some populations, as well as
SERPINA2
other RNA helicases such as Ded1/DDX3 and DHX29) to locate the start codon. Start codon recognition occurs through base-pairing between the Met-tRNAiMet
43S_preinitiation_complex
Most common variant of a genetic sequence across samples
functionally important but less frequent residues (e.g., alternative start codons or transcription factor binding sites). A protein binding site, represented
Consensus_sequence
Protein synthesis process in bacteria
initiation codons are those of lacI (GUG) and lacA (UUG) in the E. coli lac operon. Two studies have independently shown that 17 or more non-AUG start codons may
Bacterial_translation
Pain during and sometimes before menstruation
A second associated SNP was located 308 base pairs upstream from the start codon of the TNF-α gene, in which guanine was substituted for adenine. A GG
Dysmenorrhea
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
development and maintenance. A frequent polymorphism in the translation start codon of this gene can abolish translation and may be associated with forms
OTOR
Large molecular machine for synthesizing proteins from messenger RNA
the eukaryotic ribosome and regulatory factors. eIF1 is involved in start codon selection, and eIF6 sterically precludes the joining of subunits. However
Eukaryotic_ribosome
Start of a polypeptide
growing chain. Since the start codon of the genetic code codes for the amino acid methionine, most protein sequences start with a methionine (or, in
N-terminus
Specific grouping of nucleotides into threes
which may include a start codon, through a subsequent region which has a length that is a multiple of 3 nucleotides, to a stop codon in the same reading
Reading_frame
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
lacking in the cytoplasmic form due to use of an alternate translation start codon. This protein is upregulated by interferon-alpha but does not contain
MX2
RNA component
contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3′-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which
16S_ribosomal_RNA
Process that prevents the expression of a gene
(2020-02-05). "Efficient Gene Silencing by Adenine Base Editor-Mediated Start Codon Mutation". Molecular Therapy. 28 (2): 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019
Gene_silencing
Process in computational biology
identifying donor splice sites and acceptor splice sites as well as start and stop codons. The second element involves constructing a full model using machine
Gene_prediction
Biological particle which transfers genetic material between cells
elements for translation of protein, such as a ribosome binding site, start and stop codons. Viral vectors are genetically engineered viruses carrying modified
Vector_(molecular_biology)
Type of RNA found in cells
Jeck et al. 2013: Tested natural circRNAs that contained a translation "start codon". However, none of these molecules bound to ribosomes, suggesting that
Circular_RNA
Mutation at a location where intron splicing takes place
messenger RNA transcript. The exon that is skipped possesses the initiation start codon to produce parathyroid hormone. Such failure in initiation causes the
Splice_site_mutation
Protein in the extracellular matrix
revealed the minimal LamB1 IRES motif between -293 and -1 upstream of the start codon. RNA affinity purification demonstrated that the La protein interacts
Laminin
RNA family
located upstream of genes that encode peptidase S11, and are close to the start codon of that gene. Two main types of enzymatic activity are found in family
Peptidase-S11_RNA_motif
Species of virus
"Crystal structure of the HCV IRES central domain reveals strategy for start-codon positioning". Structure. 19 (10): 1456–66. doi:10.1016/j.str.2011.08
Hepatitis_C_virus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
which is translated into a 154 amino acid protein using a non-AUG (CUG) start codon. The gene has been shown to be largely expressed in the testis, tibial
C16orf82
RNA family
Rho-independent transcription terminators, which, in turn, are 5′ to the start codon of the downstream gene. These transcription terminators could play a
DUF3577_RNA_motif
Bocaparvoviruses known to infect humans
downstream ATG and co-terminates. VP2 is translated from a non-canonical start codon GUG. A viral noncoding RNA of 140 nucleotides, named as bocavirus-encoded
Human_bocavirus
Queueing of ribosomes during protein synthesis
chloramphenicol, cause the ribosomes to pause and to accumulate in the start codons. Elongation Factor P regulates the ribosomal pause at polyproline in
Ribosomal_pause
untranslated region to the start codon. When the complex encounters secondary structure, it must melt the structure to reach the start codon or it will fall off
Riboregulator
Protein found in humans
at the start codon region of Bcl-2 mRNA. In vitro studies led to the identification of Genasense, which is complementary to the first 6 codons of Bcl-2
Bcl-2
Species of bacterium
"clamp" first binds loosely and tightens as the RNAP approaches the start codon (AUG). In cyanobacteria, the beta clamp binds tightly at initial binding
Synechocystis_sp._PCC_6803
Protein family
amino acids, depending on the genotype, and is the result of the second start codon in the open reading frame. Once a threshold of HBcAg proteins are translated
HBcAg
Molecular process
editing can create start and stop codons, but it cannot destroy existing start and stop codons. A cryptic start codon is created when the codon ACG is edited
RNA_editing
DNA located in cellular organelles called chloroplasts
change the codon for an amino acid or restore a non-functional pseudogene by adding an AUG start codon or removing a premature UAA stop codon. The editosome
Plastid_DNA
Large family of chemically related mycotoxins
mature ribosome by preventing the association of the first tRNA with the start codon. Inhibition at elongation most likely occurs due to trichothecenes preventing
Trichothecene
Mitochondrial genetic code in tunicates
sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes. ATA, GTG and TTG ATT is the start codon for the CytB gene in Halocynthia roretzi. List of genetic codes This
Ascidian_mitochondrial_code
General-purpose programming language
notable differences" For example, Codon uses 64-bit machine integers for speed, not arbitrarily as with Python; Codon developers claim that speedups over
Python_(programming_language)
Cellular stress response
eIF2 aids in the initiation of mRNA translation and recognizing the AUG start codon. However, once eIF2α is phosphorylated, the complex’s activity reduces
Integrated_stress_response
RNA family
several cases, the dinG RNAs are more than 1 kilobase away from the gene's start codon, which is an unusually long distance for a cis-regulatory element. It
DinG_RNA_motif
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
stomach. This gene has a nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphism at its start codon. This gene is up-regulated in a large proportion of prostate cancers
Prostate_stem_cell_antigen
Protein-coding gene in humans
5' UTR region closest to the start codon contained about 22 predicted loops. Stem loops in the 5' UTR near the start codon could indicate lower levels
WD repeat and coiled coil containing protein
WD_repeat_and_coiled_coil_containing_protein
Membrane receptor
the gene for GPIbβ, which contains an intron 10 bases following the start codon. Human GPIbα is the product of a gene on chromosome 17 specifically 17p12
Glycoprotein_Ib-IX-V_complex
Protein complex
for the AUG start codon start site, because the hairpin loop has been degraded by the eIF4A helicase. Once the ribosome reaches the AUG codon, translation
MTORC1
cytoplasmic membrane shortly after infection. A second translational start codon (AUG-3) at nucleotide position 40 in the gene gives rise to a second
Hol118_family
Genus of viruses
translation of capsid proteins. It is located just downstream of the AUG start codon. Subgenomic orthoflavivirus RNA (sfRNA) is an extension of the 3' UTR
Orthoflavivirus
Not causing a frameshift. inheritance See heredity. initiation codon See start codon. initiation factor (IF) Any of various proteins which bind to the
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Protein used by plants, bacteria and fungi to detect light
phytochrome-related cyanobacteriochrome receptor (CBCR) group, but that the start codon is a GTG further upstream than the ATG that had been assumed (Uniprot
Phytochrome
Bacterial toxin-antitoxin system
actively translated. Translation is initiated using the unusual GUG start codon and results in a 27 amino acid peptide. Plasmid-based expression of C-terminal
DinQ–agrB toxin–antitoxin system
DinQ–agrB_toxin–antitoxin_system
Protein encoding gene in mammals
version of Isoform 1 has also been sequenced utilizing a 5' in frame start codon, though this protein product is not formally acknowledged as a separate
C2orf74
Protein-coding gene in humans
possess molecular weights of 43, 33, or 32kDa, depending on the particular start codon used. The mouse ΔPD forms undergo sumoylation in embryonic optic and
PAX6
Human gene
binding protein sites in the 60 nucleotides upstream of the C21orf140 start codon. In the coding region, sequences conserved in mammalian orthologs overlap
C21orf140
start codon of the second reading frame is suppressed by the lack of a strong Shine-Dalgarno sequence and a stable hairpin structure. The start codon
Bacteriophage_AP205
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START CODON
START CODON
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the various minor places, for example Start Point in Devon, named from Old English steort ‘tail’, in the transferred sense of a promontory or spur of a hill.
Girl/Female
English Latin
Star.
Boy/Male
Norse
Father of Thorkel.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Greek, Jamaican, Latin
Star; Esther; Stella; Inspiring
Girl/Female
English American
Star.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English sterre, starre ‘star’. The word was also used in a transferred sense of a patch of white hair on the forehead of a horse, and so perhaps the name denoted someone with a streak of white hair. It is possibly also a habitational name, for someone who lived at a house distinguished by the sign of a star.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Star 1 and 3.
Girl/Female
British, English
Star
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Scottish
Steward; Stewart is Clan Name of the Royal House of Scotland; Surname; House Guard
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Star, STARR means "star."
Male
Dutch
, sword.
Girl/Female
British, English, Jamaican
Star
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon American English Scottish
Steward.
Boy/Male
Australian
Best Baler
Girl/Female
African, Australian, Swahili
Protected
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Greek, Latin
Star; Esther; Stella; Inspiring
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a brisk or active person, from Middle English smart ‘quick’, ‘prompt’ (Old English smeart ‘stinging’, ‘painful’, from smeortan ‘to sting’). This name is common and widespread throughout England, Wales, and Scotland.
Male
English
French form of English Stewart, STUART means "house guard; steward." In use by the English and Scottish.
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian, British, English
Star
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained (Starns).
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : unexplained.
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
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