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First codon of a messenger RNA translated by a ribosome
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes for methionine in eukaryotes
Start_codon
List of standard rules to translate DNA encoded information into proteins
methionine—can serve as a start codon and, along with sequences such as an initiation factor, initiates translation. In rare instances, start codons in the standard
DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables
Codon that marks the end of a protein-coding sequence
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation
Stop_codon
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links
Genetic_code
DNA section marked with start and stop codon of different length
reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Usually, this is considered within a studied region of a prokaryotic
Open_reading_frame
Nucleic acid motif in molecular biology
scan past the first AUG site and start initiation at a downstream AUG codon. The ribosome assembles on the start codon (AUG), located within the Kozak
Kozak_consensus_sequence
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
termination, and ribosome recycling. The start codon in all mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG. The stop codon is one of UAA, UAG, or UGA; since there
Ribosome
Mechanism in eukaryotic translation
the 5'UTR to locate a start codon to commence elongation. Sometimes, the scanning ribosome bypasses the initial AUG start codon and begins translation
Leaky_scanning
Ribosomal binding site in prokaryotic messenger RNA
messenger RNA. It is generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence helps recruit the ribosome to the messenger RNA
Shine–Dalgarno_sequence
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
tRNA specifies which three-nucleotide codon from the genetic code corresponds to which amino acid. Each mRNA codon is recognized by a particular type of
Transfer_RNA
Cellular process of protein synthesis
initiation codons which are biologically significant. For instance, the rare alternative start codon CTG codes for Methionine when used as a start codon, and
Translation_(biology)
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
corresponding to the mRNA codon, in the case of the start codon, this is the amino acid methionine. The next codon (adjacent to the start codon) is then bound by
Protein_biosynthesis
Sequence of nucleotides
ribosomal binding site (RBS), is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome
Ribosome-binding_site
End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid
its N-terminus toward its C-terminus. For example, in a typical gene a start codon (5′-ATG-3′) is a DNA sequence within the sense strand. Transcription
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality_(molecular_biology)
Protein involved in gene expression
stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several
Eukaryotic_initiation_factor
Sulfur-containing amino acid
eukaryotes and in Archaea, methionine is coded for by the start codon, meaning it indicates the start of the coding region and is the first amino acid produced
Methionine
Genetic code found in bacteria, archaea, and plant plastids
variations in alternative start codons. A Possible start codons in NCBI table 1. AUG is most common. The two other start codons listed by table 1 (GUG and
Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
Bacterial,_archaeal_and_plant_plastid_code
Protein that stabilizes the initiation complex for polypeptide translation
followed by mRNA binding, and starts codon-P-site interaction. IF2 enters with the initiator tRNA and places it on the start codon. GTP hydrolysis by IF2 releases
Bacterial_initiation_factor
Protein which binds to a ribosome during translation
scanning and selection of the start codons. This can create changes in the selection of the factors, binding to different codons. Another important eukaryotic
Initiation_factor
RNA that is read by the ribosome to produce a protein
are arranged into codons consisting of three ribonucleotides each. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid, except the stop codons, which terminate
Messenger_RNA
Replacement, insertion, or deletion of a single DNA or RNA nucleotide
termination codon (a stop was lost), resulting in abnormal extension of a protein's carboxyl terminus. Start-gain creates an AUG start codon upstream of
Point_mutation
Human viral infection
protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start codon is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start codon from which the pre-core protein is produced
Hepatitis_B
Topics referred to by the same term
the IMA symbol for the pyroxene mineral Augite AUG, the most common start codon, often encoding the amino acid methionine Augusta Railroad, defunct Arkansas
Aug
Species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus
protein is coded for by gene C (HBcAg), and its start codon is preceded by an upstream in-frame AUG start codon from which the pre-core protein is produced
Hepatitis_B_virus
Redundancy of codons in the genetic code
Degeneracy or redundancy of codons is the redundancy of the genetic code, exhibited as the multiplicity of three-base pair codon combinations that specify
Codon_degeneracy
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
Additionally, a "start codon", and three "stop codons" indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region. There are 64 possible codons (four possible
Gene
File format for DNA or protein sequences
as only the first line in a FASTA file may start with a ";" or ">", forcing all subsequent sequences to start with a ">" in order to be taken as separate
FASTA_format
Smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryote cells
IF-3. A portion of the 30S subunit (the 16S rRNA) guides the initiating start codon (5′)-AUG-(3′) of mRNA into position by recognizing the Shine-Dalgarno
Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit
Prokaryotic_small_ribosomal_subunit
other RNA helicases such as Ded1/DDX3 and DHX29) to locate the start codon. Start codon recognition occurs through base-pairing between the Met-tRNAiMet
43S_preinitiation_complex
Single-stranded DNA virus that infects bacteria
alternative start codon within the large A genes. Only genes A* and K are thought to be non-essential, although there is some doubt about A* because its start codon
Phi_X_174
Genetic disorders due to increases in the number of repeating nucleotides
translation initiated at the usual AUG or a similar (CUG, GUG, UUG, or ACG) start codon. This results in expression of a pathogenic protein encoded by one particular
Trinucleotide_repeat_disorder
Region of a messenger RNA
of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. This region is important for the regulation of translation of a transcript
Five prime untranslated region
Five_prime_untranslated_region
File format used for genomes
coordinates (column 3) by those of the start (column 2): x e n d − x s t a r t {\displaystyle x_{end}-x_{start}} . When the coordinate system is based
BED_(file_format)
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
mammals; the human and murine sequences are identical. However, the start codon of human FNDC5 is mutated to ATA.[citation needed] This causes human
FNDC5
some amino acids can be coded for by more than one different codon. start codon The first codon translated by a ribosome from a mature messenger RNA transcript
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
Changes to DNA with no overall impact
of the affected organism. A Possible start codons in NCBI table 1. ATG is most common. The two other start codons listed by table 1 (GTG and TTG) are rare
Neutral_mutation
Dataset of protein-coding regions
"Consensus" is defined as protein-coding regions that agree at the start codon, stop codon, and splice junctions, and for which the prediction meets quality
Consensus_CDS_Project
Lab management system
August 2019, Start Codon, a UK based life sciences accelerator system announced its partnership with Calira. Calira would provide Start Codon's clients with
Clustermarket
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
translation initiation start codon. Accurate identification of the start codon is very important, as other translation start sites may lead to the production
EIF1
Chemical compound
The initiation complex scans along the mRNA strand until it reaches a start codon, and then the large subunit of the ribosome attaches to the small subunit
Morpholino_nucleic_acid
Genus of viruses
translation of capsid proteins. It is located just downstream of the AUG start codon. Subgenomic orthoflavivirus RNA (sfRNA) is an extension of the 3' UTR
Orthoflavivirus
Start of a polypeptide
growing chain. Since the start codon of the genetic code codes for the amino acid methionine, most protein sequences start with a methionine (or, in
N-terminus
entire coding sequence lies within the bounds (between the start codon and the stop codon) of a larger external gene. The coding sequence for a nested
Nested_gene
Process in computational biology
identifying donor splice sites and acceptor splice sites as well as start and stop codons. The second element involves constructing a full model using machine
Gene_prediction
Restriction enzyme
receptor gene variants is caused by a single nucleotide polymorphism in the start codon of the gene which can be distinguished through the use of the Fok1 enzyme
FokI
Protein synthesis process in bacteria
initiation codons are those of lacI (GUG) and lacA (UUG) in the E. coli lac operon. Two studies have independently shown that 17 or more non-AUG start codons may
Bacterial_translation
RNA component
contains the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence, which binds upstream to the AUG start codon on the mRNA. The 3′-end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 which
16S_ribosomal_RNA
Species of virus
"Crystal structure of the HCV IRES central domain reveals strategy for start-codon positioning". Structure. 19 (10): 1456–66. doi:10.1016/j.str.2011.08
Hepatitis_C_virus
Pain during and sometimes before menstruation
A second associated SNP was located 308 base pairs upstream from the start codon of the TNF-α gene, in which guanine was substituted for adenine. A GG
Dysmenorrhea
Cellular stress response
eIF2 aids in the initiation of mRNA translation and recognizing the AUG start codon. However, once eIF2α is phosphorylated, the complex’s activity reduces
Integrated_stress_response
Protein in the extracellular matrix
revealed the minimal LamB1 IRES motif between -293 and -1 upstream of the start codon. RNA affinity purification demonstrated that the La protein interacts
Laminin
Queueing of ribosomes during protein synthesis
chloramphenicol, cause the ribosomes to pause and to accumulate in the start codons. Elongation Factor P regulates the ribosomal pause at polyproline in
Ribosomal_pause
Biological particle which transfers genetic material between cells
elements for translation of protein, such as a ribosome binding site, start and stop codons. Viral vectors are genetically engineered viruses carrying modified
Vector_(molecular_biology)
Single-domain protein
complex around the start codon. SUI1 promotes a high initiation fidelity for the AUG codon, discriminating against non-AUG codons. In E. coli however
SUI1
nonsense codons placed in the coding sequence of a gene. Start codons can also be suppressed with suppressor initiator tRNAs, such as the amber stop codon suppressor
Nonsense_suppressor
Elimination of mRNA with premature stop codons in eukaryotes
expression by eliminating mRNA transcripts that contain premature stop codons. Translation of these aberrant mRNAs could, in some cases, lead to deleterious
Nonsense-mediated_decay
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
IRES (internal ribosome entry site) between −293 and −1 upstream of the start codon. IRES are involved in cancer malignancy. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89:
Laminin,_beta_1
Aspect of molecular biology
bypass, or "shunt over", parts of the 5' untranslated region to reach the start codon. However, a benefit of ribosomal shunting is that it can translate backwards
Ribosome_shunting
RNA family
region between two AUG start codons. The cHP cis element has been shown to direct translation start from the suboptimal first start codon. The ability of cHP
Flavivirus_capsid_hairpin_cHP
Protein-coding gene in humans
along the mRNA in search of a start codon. eIF1A's N-terminal tail interacts with the initiator tRNA and the start codon by extending into the P-site,
EIF1AX
RNA family
initiation codon as the start codon for the novel 56-kDa protein and its location was mapped to a region located upstream of the AUG initiation codon. Three
ACAT1_mRNA
Mitochondrial genetic code in tunicates
sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes. ATA, GTG and TTG ATT is the start codon for the CytB gene in Halocynthia roretzi. List of genetic codes This
Ascidian_mitochondrial_code
Not causing a frameshift. inheritance See heredity. initiation codon See start codon. initiation factor (IF) Any of various proteins which bind to the
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0–L)
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
an eIF2 initiation factor, and initiating translation at a CUG codon or other start codon with a leucine amino acid. These methods are used by various +ssRNA
Baltimore_classification
Specific grouping of nucleotides into threes
which may include a start codon, through a subsequent region which has a length that is a multiple of 3 nucleotides, to a stop codon in the same reading
Reading_frame
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
alternative mitochondrial codes. Further, the AUA, AUC, and AUU codons are all allowable start codons. Some of these differences should be regarded as pseudo-changes
Mitochondrion
Protein family
amino acids, depending on the genotype, and is the result of the second start codon in the open reading frame. Once a threshold of HBcAg proteins are translated
HBcAg
Genus of bacteria
putative regulatory gene, cbbR, was found 194 bases upstream of the start codon of cbbL and is transcribed in the opposite direction to the other genes
Nitrosomonas
Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
alignment of the ribosome with mRNA's start codon Following initiation, the polypeptide chain is extended via anticodon:codon interactions, with the ribosome
Biosynthesis
Ribosome binding site
in all phases of translation. Initiation involves recognition of the start codon (AUG) by initiator tRNA in the P-site, elongation involves passage of
P-site
Prion disease of the human brain
both carry a mutation at codon 178 of the prion protein gene. FFI is also invariably linked to the presence of the methionine codon at position 129 of the
Fatal_insomnia
RNA family
conserved 14 nt stem-loop that is located just downstream of the gag start codon. The structure was confirmed by mutagenesis and has an NMR and mass spectrometric
Retroviral psi packaging element
Retroviral_psi_packaging_element
Protein encoding gene in mammals
version of Isoform 1 has also been sequenced utilizing a 5' in frame start codon, though this protein product is not formally acknowledged as a separate
C2orf74
Process that prevents the expression of a gene
(2020-02-05). "Efficient Gene Silencing by Adenine Base Editor-Mediated Start Codon Mutation". Molecular Therapy. 28 (2): 431–440. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2019
Gene_silencing
Protein
is the longest and the other two isoforms use a downstream in-frame start codon. The human TMEM39B protein isoform 1 is composed of 492 amino acids and
TMEM39B
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
stomach. This gene has a nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphism at its start codon. This gene is up-regulated in a large proportion of prostate cancers
PSCA_(gene)
Bocaparvoviruses known to infect humans
downstream ATG and co-terminates. VP2 is translated from a non-canonical start codon GUG. A viral noncoding RNA of 140 nucleotides, named as bocavirus-encoded
Human_bocavirus
Protein in translation of RNA
complex on the mRNA, which starts searching along the mRNA for the start codon (AUG). Upon base pairing of the AUG-codon with the Met-tRNA, eIF5 (which
EIF2
Mammalian protein found in humans
gene has been mapped to 289 nucleotides upstream from the translational start codon and a TATA box and several putative cis regulatory regions lie further
CD36
Large family of chemically related mycotoxins
mature ribosome by preventing the association of the first tRNA with the start codon. Inhibition at elongation most likely occurs due to trichothecenes preventing
Trichothecene
Protein complex
for the AUG start codon start site, because the hairpin loop has been degraded by the eIF4A helicase. Once the ribosome reaches the AUG codon, translation
MTORC1
Topics referred to by the same term
ATG, a three-base sequence of DNA in the genetic code representing a start codon and/or methionine Anti-thymocyte globulin, antibodies to prevent and
ATG
Membrane receptor
the gene for GPIbβ, which contains an intron 10 bases following the start codon. Human GPIbα is the product of a gene on chromosome 17 specifically 17p12
Glycoprotein_Ib-IX-V_complex
Untranslated regions in the genome of viruses in the genus Flavivirus
long-range RNA-RNA interaction with the 3' UTR (3'CS). The cHP aids in the start codon recognition and viral replication. Studies show that the function of
Flavivirus_5'_UTR
Species of bacterium
"clamp" first binds loosely and tightens as the RNAP approaches the start codon (AUG). In cyanobacteria, the beta clamp binds tightly at initial binding
Synechocystis_sp._PCC_6803
Temperature-dependent RNA structure
temperature of ~42 °C, it proceeds to release of Shine–Dalgarno and the AUG start codon. RNA Thermometers can also be found in some plant symbiotes or pathogens
RNA_thermometer
Evolution of novel genes from non-genic DNA sequence
"Evidence for a novel overlapping coding sequence in POLG initiated at a CUG start codon". BMC Genetics. 21 (1) 25. doi:10.1186/s12863-020-0828-7. PMC 7059407
De_novo_gene_birth
Molecular process
editing can create start and stop codons, but it cannot destroy existing start and stop codons. A cryptic start codon is created when the codon ACG is edited
RNA_editing
Type of RNA found in cells
Jeck et al. 2013: Tested natural circRNAs that contained a translation "start codon". However, none of these molecules bound to ribosomes, suggesting that
Circular_RNA
mRNA; directionally scanning along the 5′ TL to select the first "best" start codon to begin protein synthesis. Cap-dependent ribosomal scanning accounts
Translation regulation by 5′ transcript leader cis-elements
Translation_regulation_by_5′_transcript_leader_cis-elements
Study of the effects of temperature on biology
subunit (30S), which then assembles other translation machinery. The start codon, typically found 8 nucleotides downstream of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Thermobiology
start codon of the second reading frame is suppressed by the lack of a strong Shine-Dalgarno sequence and a stable hairpin structure. The start codon
Bacteriophage_AP205
Modified genetic code
is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22
Expanded_genetic_code
Gene locus
an alternate 5' terminal exon (A/B or Exon 1A) and uses a downstream start codon to have a shortened amino terminal region. STX16 deletion causes loss
GNAS_complex_locus
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gene is polymorphic. Deletions, frameshift mutations, and a critical start codon mutation (ATG to ATA) have been found in some populations, as well as
SERPINA2
RNA family
located upstream of genes that encode peptidase S11, and are close to the start codon of that gene. Two main types of enzymatic activity are found in family
Peptidase-S11_RNA_motif
Species of virus
encoding for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The stop codon of the 24 kDa ORF and the start codon of the 12 kDa ORF overlap one another. While many potexvirus
Lily_virus_X
Most common variant of a genetic sequence across samples
functionally important but less frequent residues (e.g., alternative start codons or transcription factor binding sites). A protein binding site, represented
Consensus_sequence
Human gene
binding protein sites in the 60 nucleotides upstream of the C21orf140 start codon. In the coding region, sequences conserved in mammalian orthologs overlap
C21orf140
Protein family
recognize the start codon: scanning, internal entry, and shunting. In scanning, the 40S ribosome slides along the RNA until it recognizes a start site (typically
EIF4G
START CODON
START CODON
Male
Dutch
, sword.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the various minor places, for example Start Point in Devon, named from Old English steort ‘tail’, in the transferred sense of a promontory or spur of a hill.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon American English Scottish
Steward.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a brisk or active person, from Middle English smart ‘quick’, ‘prompt’ (Old English smeart ‘stinging’, ‘painful’, from smeortan ‘to sting’). This name is common and widespread throughout England, Wales, and Scotland.
Girl/Female
African, Australian, Swahili
Protected
Girl/Female
English Latin
Star.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English sterre, starre ‘star’. The word was also used in a transferred sense of a patch of white hair on the forehead of a horse, and so perhaps the name denoted someone with a streak of white hair. It is possibly also a habitational name, for someone who lived at a house distinguished by the sign of a star.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Star 1 and 3.
Surname or Lastname
English and Welsh
English and Welsh : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Norse
Father of Thorkel.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Greek, Latin
Star; Esther; Stella; Inspiring
Girl/Female
British, English
Star
Girl/Female
British, English, Jamaican
Star
Male
English
French form of English Stewart, STUART means "house guard; steward." In use by the English and Scottish.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Scottish
Steward; Stewart is Clan Name of the Royal House of Scotland; Surname; House Guard
Boy/Male
Anglo, Australian, British, English
Star
Girl/Female
English American
Star.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Star, STARR means "star."
Boy/Male
Australian
Best Baler
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained (Starns).
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, Greek, Jamaican, Latin
Star; Esther; Stella; Inspiring
START CODON
START CODON
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Friend
Girl/Female
Indian
Shadows
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Mimms (North and South Mimms) in Hertfordshire, most probably derived from an ancient British tribal name, Mimmas.
Biblical
demoness of the night
Girl/Female
American, Christian, English, Finnish, German, Greek, Indian, Moldovan, Russian, Swedish
Resurrection; One who Shall Rise Again
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from a short form of a Celtic personal name, Old Breton Iudicael (see Jewell).
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Narrator of Hadith; Wife of Abu Hayyan Al-kasir had this Name
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English, French, German, Hebrew
God will Uplift; Appointed by the Lord; Use Since the Middle Ages
Girl/Female
Greek American
Shall be reborn.
Girl/Female
British, English, Netherlands, Russian
Good Things
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
START CODON
v. t.
To move suddenly from its place or position; to displace or loosen; to dislocate; as, to start a bone; the storm started the bolts in the vessel.
v. t.
To make swart or tawny; as, to swart a living part.
v. t.
To cause to move or act; to set going, running, or flowing; as, to start a railway train; to start a mill; to start a stream of water; to start a rumor; to start a business.
v. i.
Marked by acuteness or shrewdness; quick in suggestion or reply; vivacious; witty; as, a smart reply; a smart saying.
v. i.
Causing a smart; pungent; pricking; as, a smart stroke or taste.
v. t.
Fig.: Sharp; keen; severe; as, a tart reply; tart language; a tart rebuke.
v. i.
Severe, pungent pain of mind; pungent grief; as, the smart of affliction.
v. t.
To cause a smart in.
v. t.
To pour out; to empty; to tap and begin drawing from; as, to start a water cask.
n.
A sudden, unexpected movement; a sudden and capricious impulse; a sally; as, starts of fancy.
v. i.
To become somewhat displaced or loosened; as, a rivet or a seam may start under strain or pressure.
v. i.
To be bright, or attract attention, as a star; to shine like a star; to be brilliant or prominent; to play a part as a theatrical star.
n.
Doctrine or knowledge of the stars; star lore; astrology; astronomy.
adv.
Wholly; entirely; absolutely; quite; as, stark mind.
n.
The polestar; the north star.
v. i.
Smart money (see below).
v. i.
Pretentious; showy; spruce; as, a smart gown.
v. i.
Keen; severe; poignant; as, smart pain.
v. i.
To set out; to commence a course, as a race or journey; to begin; as, to start business.
v. i.
Brisk; fresh; as, a smart breeze.