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Topics referred to by the same term
Look up specific or specifically in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Specific may refer to: Specificity (disambiguation) Specific, a cure or therapy for
Specific
Product Engineering Centre for Innovative Functional Industrial Coatings (SPECIFIC) is an academic and industrial consortium led by Swansea University, with
SPECIFIC
Change in velocity per amount of fuel
Specific impulse (usually abbreviated as Isp) is a physical quantity defined as the ratio of change in momentum (impulse) to the mass used, usually fuel
Specific_impulse
Statistical measure of a binary classification
In medicine and statistics, sensitivity and specificity mathematically describe the accuracy of a test that reports the presence or absence of a medical
Sensitivity_and_specificity
Index of articles associated with the same name
In taxonomy, specific name refers either of these two meanings, each with its own set of rules: Specific name (botany), the two-part (binomial) name of
Specific_name
Programming language specialized to a specific application domain
A domain-specific language (DSL) is a programming language specialized to a specific application domain. This is in contrast to a general-purpose programming
Domain-specific_language
Topics referred to by the same term
Specific resistance may refer to: Specific electrical resistance (also known as electric resistivity) Specific airway resistance (Raw/functional residual
Specific_resistance
Specific appetite, also known as specific hunger, is a drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other characteristics. Regulation of homeostasis is
Specific_appetite
Weight per unit volume of a material
The specific weight, also known as the unit weight (symbol γ, the Greek letter gamma), is a volume-specific quantity defined as the weight W divided by
Specific_weight
Tendency of a characteristic to occur in a particular species
Biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species. Biochemist
Biological_specificity
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up specificity or specific in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Specificity may refer to: Being specific (disambiguation) Specificity (statistics)
Specificity
Parameter characterizing photodetector performance
Specific detectivity, or D*, for a photodetector is a figure of merit used to characterize performance, equal to the reciprocal of noise-equivalent power
Specific_detectivity
Ratio of two densities
Relative density, also called specific gravity, is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density (mass divided by volume) of a substance
Relative_density
Equitable remedy in contract law
Specific performance is an equitable remedy in the law of contract, in which a court issues an order requiring a party to perform a specific act, such
Specific_performance
Physical quantity representing energy content per unit mass
Specific energy or massic energy is energy per unit mass. It is also known as gravimetric energy density, which is not to be confused with energy density
Specific_energy
Secretory vesicles within the immune system
Specific granules are secretory vesicles found exclusively in cells of the immune system called granulocytes. It is sometimes described as applying specifically
Specific_granule
Measure of internal combustion engine performance
Specific output is a measure of internal combustion engine performance. It describes the efficiency of an engine in terms of the brake horsepower it outputs
Specific_output
Optical property of chiral chemical compounds
In chemistry, specific rotation ([α]) is a property of a chiral chemical compound. It is defined as the change in orientation of monochromatic plane-polarized
Specific_rotation
Delivering multicast packets based on source and destination addressing
Source-specific multicast (SSM) is a method of delivering multicast packets in which the only packets that are delivered to a receiver are those originating
Source-specific_multicast
Specific, irrational fears
Specific phobia is an anxiety disorder, characterized by an extreme, unreasonable, and irrational fear associated with a specific object, situation, or
Specific_phobia
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity (symbol c) of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in
Specific_heat_capacity
Integrated circuit customized for a specific task
An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC /ˈeɪsɪk/) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip customized for a particular use, rather than intended for
Application-specific integrated circuit
Application-specific_integrated_circuit
Measure of the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines
Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of the fuel efficiency of any prime mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft power.
Brake-specific fuel consumption
Brake-specific_fuel_consumption
Activity per unit mass of a radionuclide
Specific activity (symbol a) is the activity per unit mass of a radionuclide and is a physical property of that radionuclide. It is usually given in units
Specific_activity
Topics referred to by the same term
Specific Ocean is a mispronunciation or mishearing of Pacific Ocean. It may also refer to: Specific Ocean, an area in Nick Arcade The Specific Ocean, a
Specific_Ocean
Ratio of strength to mass for a material
The specific strength is a material's (or muscle's) strength (force per unit area at failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-weight
Specific_strength
Concept in physics
Specific force (SF) is a mass-specific quantity defined as the quotient of force per unit mass. S F = F / m {\displaystyle \mathrm {SF} =F/m} It is a physical
Specific_force
Class of carcinogens in tobacco products
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) comprise one of the most important groups of carcinogens in tobacco products, particularly cigarettes (traditional
Tobacco-specific_nitrosamines
Quotient of a quantity by mass
qualifier specific or massic typically indicates an intensive quantity obtained by dividing an extensive quantity of interest by mass. For example, specific leaf
Specific_quantity
Restrictive diet which limits the use of complex carbohydrates
The specific carbohydrate diet (SCD) is a restrictive diet originally created to manage celiac disease; it limits the use of complex carbohydrates (disaccharides
Specific_carbohydrate_diet
Species naming system
genus to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example
Binomial_nomenclature
Subset of English as a second or foreign language
English for specific purposes (ESP) is a subset of English as a second or foreign language. It usually refers to teaching the English language to university
English_for_specific_purposes
A specific devise is a devise of a distinct piece of real estate to a certain person or persons. It is analogous to a specific legacy, but is limited (by
Specific_devise
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up specific fuel consumption in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Specific fuel consumption may refer to: Brake-specific fuel consumption, fuel efficiency
Specific_fuel_consumption
Online database for choral and vocal music
organization, whose contents are published under one of multiple types of specific copyright licenses. Editing articles or contributing scores is allowed
Choral_Public_Domain_Library
Measure of gas entering a region of the lung
In respiratory physiology, specific ventilation is defined as the ratio of the volume of gas entering a region of the lung (ΔV) following an inspiration
Specific_ventilation
Volume occupied per unit mass
thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance (symbol: ν, nu) is the quotient of the substance's volume (V) to its mass (m): ν=Vm It is a mass-specific intrinsic
Specific_volume
Enzyme found in humans
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as kallikrein-3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KLK3 gene. PSA is best known for its use as
Prostate-specific_antigen
Theoretical position related to cognitive science
Domain specificity is a theoretical position in cognitive science (especially modern cognitive development) that argues that many aspects of cognition
Domain_specificity
Parameter that quantifies the energy-efficiency of fan air-movement systems
Specific fan power (SFP) is a parameter that quantifies the energy-efficiency of fan air-movement systems. It is a measure of the electric power that is
Specific_fan_power
Range of neurodevelopmental conditions
describes a group of disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic, language, and speech skills. Types of learning disorders include
Learning_disability
Introduction of electrical current into damaged soft tissue
Frequency Specific Microcurrent (FSM) or frequency Specific Microcurrent Therapy (FSMT) is the practice of introducing a mild electrical current into
Frequency specific microcurrent
Frequency_specific_microcurrent
Mass per unit volume
Density (volumetric mass density or specific mass) is the ratio of a substance's mass to its volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ (the lower
Density
Neurological theory
Domain-specific learning theories of development hold that we have many independent, specialised knowledge structures (domains), rather than one cohesive
Domain-specific_learning
Model of a software or business system
A platform-specific model is a model of a software or business system that is linked to a specific technological platform (e.g. a specific programming
Platform-specific_model
Concept in transplantation medicine
Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are a concept in transplantation medicine and describe the presence of antibodies specific to the organ donor's human leukocyte
Donor-specific_antibody
Concentration of water vapour in the air
measurements of humidity are widely employed: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapor per volume of air (in grams
Humidity
Measure of enzyme efficiency
In the field of biochemistry, the specificity constant (also called kinetic efficiency or k c a t / K M {\displaystyle k_{cat}/K_{M}} ), is a measure
Specificity_constant
Means by which a person dies by suicide
accessible leads to an overall reduction in the number of suicides. Method-specific ways to do this might include restricting access to pesticides, firearms
Suicide_methods
Amount of water an aquifer releases while staying saturated
are storativity (S), specific storage (Ss) and specific yield (Sy). According to Groundwater, by Freeze and Cherry (1979), specific storage, S s {\displaystyle
Specific_storage
Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
resistivity (also called volume resistivity or specific electrical resistance) is a fundamental specific property of a material that measures its electrical
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Concept in aesthetics
Medium specificity is a consideration in aesthetics and art criticism. It is most closely associated with modernism, but it predates it. According to
Medium_specificity
Psychological theory on perception
Action-specific perception, or perception-action, is a psychological theory that people perceive their environment and events within it in terms of their
Action-specific_perception
Total surface of a finely divided solid per unit of mass
Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area (SA) of a material per unit mass, (with units of m2/kg or m2/g).
Specific_surface_area
Study and process of exploring, creating, and delivering value to customers
behalf of an entire industry or locality, often a specific type of food (e.g. Got Milk?), food from a specific area, or a city or region as a tourism destination
Marketing
Specific thrust is the thrust per unit air mass flowrate of a jet engine (e.g. turbojet, turbofan, etc.) and can be calculated by the ratio of net thrust/total
Specific_thrust
Software engineering methodology
Domain-specific modeling (DSM) is a software engineering methodology for designing and developing systems, such as computer software. It involves systematic
Domain-specific_modeling
Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) is the absorbance of ultraviolet light in a water sample at a specified wavelength that is normalized for dissolved
Specific ultraviolet absorbance
Specific_ultraviolet_absorbance
Topics referred to by the same term
Site-specific may refer to: Site-specific art Site-specific recombination, in molecular biology Site-specific theatre This disambiguation page lists articles
Site-specific
Short piece of synthetic DNA
nucleotide bases in length. It is designed (and used) in a way that makes it specific for only one version, or allele, of the DNA being tested. The length of
Allele-specific oligonucleotide
Allele-specific_oligonucleotide
Commonly used representation of patterns in biological sequences
position weight matrix (PWM), also known as a position-specific weight matrix (PSWM) or position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM), is a commonly used representation
Position_weight_matrix
Instructions a computer can execute
mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the machine language specific to the hardware. The introduction of high-level programming languages in
Software
Legislation restricting certain breeds of dog
In law, breed-specific legislation (BSL) is a type of law that prohibits or restricts particular breeds or types of dog. Such laws range from outright
Breed-specific_legislation
Term used in zoology
In zoological nomenclature, the specific name (also specific epithet, species epithet, or epitheton) is the second part (the second name) within the scientific
Specific_name_(zoology)
Supreme deity in theistic belief systems
without reference to gender, but more often is referred to using gender-specific terminology. God is referred to by different names depending on the language
God
Asset specificity is a term related to the inter-party relationships of a transaction. It is usually defined as the extent to which the investments made
Asset_specificity
Mouse assay for heritable germline mutation
The specific-locus test (SLT) is a genetic test to assess the impact of mutagens such as radiation or chemicals on mutation rates in a selected set of
Specific-locus_test
Ratio of stiffness to mass for a material
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight
Specific_modulus
Measure of turbomachinery speed
Specific speed Ns, is used to characterize turbomachinery speed. Common commercial and industrial practices use dimensioned versions which are of equal
Specific_speed
Physical property of matter
is an extensive property. The corresponding intensive property is the specific heat capacity, found by dividing the heat capacity of an object by its
Heat_capacity
Class of biological molecules
Analyte-specific reagents (ASRs) are a class of biological molecules which can be used to identify and measure the amount of an individual chemical substance
Analyte-specific_reagent
Language for specific purposes (LSP) has been primarily used to refer to two areas within applied linguistics: One focusing on the needs in education and
Language for specific purposes
Language_for_specific_purposes
Zillow Zoopla TV Genius Sepia Search Wazap Search engines dedicated to a specific kind of information Google Dataset Search Baidu Maps Bing Maps Géoportail
List_of_search_engines
Energy expenditure for processing food
Specific dynamic action (SDA), also known as thermic effect of food (TEF) or dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), is the amount of energy expenditure above
Specific_dynamic_action
Protein family
Group-specific antigen, or gag, is the polyprotein that contains the core structural proteins of an Ortervirus (except Caulimoviridae). It was named as
Group-specific_antigen
System-specific Impulse, Issp is a measure that describes performance of jet propulsion systems. A reference number is introduced, which defines the total
System-specific_impulse
Artwork created for a certain place
Site-specific art is artwork created to exist in a certain place. Typically, the artist takes the location into account while planning and creating the
Site-specific_art
Substance consumed for nutrition
the needs of their metabolisms and have evolved to fill specific ecological niches within specific geographical contexts. Omnivorous humans are highly adaptable
Food
Mnemonic, giving criteria to guide in the setting of objectives
mnemonic acronym used to establish criteria for goals and objectives that are specific, measurable, assignable, realistic, and time-bound. This framework is commonly
SMART_criteria
Formalism used in the evaluation of vehicle emissions
The concept of vehicle-specific power (VSP) is a formalism used in the evaluation of vehicle emissions. The idea was first developed by J. L. Jiménez (Jiménez
Vehicle-specific_power
The table of specific heat capacities gives the volumetric heat capacity as well as the specific heat capacity of some substances and engineering materials
Table of specific heat capacities
Table_of_specific_heat_capacities
Property of a thermodynamic system
entropy means that energy is more unevenly distributed or concentrated at a specific point or points within a system. A consequence of the second law of thermodynamics
Entropy
Risk affecting a particular asset or company, reducible through diversification
In finance, a specific risk is a risk that affects a very small number of assets. This is sometimes referred to as "unsystematic risk". In a balanced portfolio
Specific_risk
Growth rate relative to size
Relative growth rate (RGR) is growth rate relative to size - that is, a rate of growth per unit time, as a proportion of its size at that moment in time
Relative_growth_rate
1922 essay by Wilhelm Reich
"Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation" (originally published as Über Spezifität der Onanieformen) is a 1922 essay by Austrian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation
Concerning_Specific_Forms_of_Masturbation
Type of sports stadium
A soccer-specific stadium, mainly in the United States and Canada, is a sports stadium either purpose-built or fundamentally redesigned for soccer and
Soccer-specific_stadium
Source-specific routing, also called source-address dependent routing (SADR), is a routing technique in which a routing decision is made by looking at
Source-specific_routing
Concept in neurophysiology
The law of specific nerve energies is a principle in sensory physiology first proposed by Johannes Peter Müller in 1835. It states that the nature of perception
Law of specific nerve energies
Law_of_specific_nerve_energies
Costs directly accountable to a cost object
in economics is specific cost. Direct costs may be either fixed or variable, but typically comprise materials, labour, and specific expenses such as
Direct_costs
Quotient of leaf area to leaf dry mass
Specific leaf area (SLA) is the quotient of leaf area to leaf dry mass; it has SI units of square centimeters per kilogram (cm²/kg). The inverse of SLA
Specific_leaf_area
Punctuation mark
forms of brackets are used in mathematics, with specific mathematical meanings, often for denoting specific mathematical functions and subformulas. Angle
Bracket
Scientific name for a plant, alga or fungus
case of a species this is a specific epithet: Bellis perennis is the name of a species, in which perennis is the specific epithet. There is no connecting
Botanical_name
Taxonomic range with which an organism associates in a symbiosis
Specificity in symbiosis refers to the taxonomic range with which an organism associates in a symbiosis. In a symbiosis between a larger organism such
Specificity_(symbiosis)
Subsystem of the immune system
adaptive immune system (AIS), also known as the acquired immune system or specific immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of
Adaptive_immune_system
Energy to convert a liquid substance to a gas at a given pressure
J/mol, or kJ/mol (molar enthalpy of vaporization), although kJ/kg, or J/g (specific heat of vaporization), and older units like kcal/mol, cal/g and Btu/lb
Enthalpy_of_vaporization
Gifted person with broad knowledge
to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, but
Polymath
Indications of a specific illness, including psychiatric
as has dementia. Some symptoms are specific (pathognomic), that is, they are associated with a single, specific medical condition. Nonspecific symptoms
Signs_and_symptoms
Internet phenomena are social and cultural phenomena specific to the Internet, such as Internet memes, which include popular catchphrases, images, viral
List_of_Internet_phenomena
Type of memory referring to general world knowledge
memory is distinct from episodic memory—the memory of experiences and specific events that occur in one's life that can be recreated at any given point
Semantic_memory
Power transferred per unit area
In physics and many other areas of science and engineering the intensity or flux of radiant energy is the power transferred per unit area, where the area
Intensity_(physics)
travel, tourism, insurance
SPECIFIC
SPECIFIC
Surname or Lastname
German
German : from Middle High German bunt, a term which originally described black and white coloration, specifically of a fur. Later, by extension, it came to denote the fur itself. It was probably applied as a nickname, but in which sense is no longer clear, and the matter is further complicated by the fact that in some areas bunt meant ‘multicolored’ (its modern meaning is ‘colorful’).English : probably a metonymic occupational name for a maker of sieves, from Middle English bonte, bunte.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : name for someone who was related to an important local personality, from Middle English maugh, maw ‘relative’, especially by marriage (from Old English mÄge ‘female relative’). In the north of England this term was used more specifically to mean ‘brother-in-law’.English : topographic name from Middle English mawe ‘meadow’. Some early forms, such as Sibilla de la Mawe (Suffolk 1275), clearly indicate a topographic origin, by reason of the preposition and article.English : probably also from a Middle English personal name, Mawe, Old English MÄ“awa, perhaps originally a byname from Old English mÇ£w ‘sea mew’, ‘seagull’ (compare Mew).
Surname or Lastname
German
German : eastern variant of Drescher.English : from an agent derivative of Middle English dressen ‘to arrange’ (in certain specific senses), possibly an occupational name for someone who dressed or finished cloth. Compare Fuller.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Holcomb, probably specifically from Halcombe in Wiltshire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably from Middle English, Old French brace ‘arm’, also denoting a piece of armor covering the arm. In most cases it is probably a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of armor, specifically armor designed to protect the upper arms, but it could also have been a nickname for someone with strong arms (compare Armstrong) or a deformed or otherwise noticeable arm.
Surname or Lastname
English (Midlands)
English (Midlands) : apparently a habitational name from South Heighton in East Sussex, named from Old English hēah ‘high’ + tūn ‘farmstead’, ‘settlement’. However, the high concentration of the modern name in the Midland region suggests that in many cases it is likely to be a variant of Hayton, specifically from the places so named in Nottinghamshire and East Yorkshire.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English, Old French soudan, from Arabic sulÌ£tÄn ‘ruler’, specifically the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. In medieval England this was used as a nickname, either for someone who behaved in an outlandish and autocratic manner or for someone who had played the part of a sultan in a pageant.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Girdler.German (Gürtler) : occupational name for a maker of straps and belts, from Middle High German gurtel ‘belt’ (specifically a leather belt with brass fittings, from which a purse would be hung).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the numerous places named in Old English as ‘long ford’, from lang, long ‘long’ + ford ‘ford’, except for Langford in Nottinghamshire, which is named with an Old English personal name Landa or possibly land, here used in a specific sense such as ‘boundary’ or ‘district’, with the same second element.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Holloway, possibly specifically from Holway in Somerset.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived in or near a royal forest, or a metonymic occupational name for a keeper or worker in one. Middle English forest was not, as today, a near-synonym of wood, but referred specifically to a large area of woodland reserved by law for the purposes of hunting by the king and his nobles. The same applied to the European cognates, both Germanic and Romance. The English word is from Old French forest, Late Latin forestis (silva). This is generally taken to be a derivative of foris ‘outside’; the reference was probably to woods lying outside a habitation. On the other hand, Middle High German for(e)st has been held to be a derivative of Old High German foraha ‘fir’ (see Forster), with the addition of a collective suffix.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by the gates of a medieval walled town. The Middle English singular gate is from the Old English plural, gatu, of geat ‘gate’ (see Yates). Since medieval gates were normally arranged in pairs, fastened in the center, the Old English plural came to function as a singular, and a new Middle English plural ending in -s was formed. In some cases the name may refer specifically to the Sussex place Eastergate (i.e. ‘eastern gate’), known also as Gates in the 13th and 14th centuries, when surnames were being acquired.Americanized spelling of German Götz (see Goetz).Translated form of French Barrière (see Barriere).In New England, Gates was the preferred English version of the name of an extensive French family, called Barrière dit Langevin.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Prahalathan | பà¯à®°à®¹à®²à®¾à®¤à®¨
No specific meaning. but he was considered to be the best disciple in indian mythology
Prahalathan | பà¯à®°à®¹à®²à®¾à®¤à®¨
Surname or Lastname
French (Planté)
French (Planté) : topographic name for someone living by an area of planted ground, a herb garden, shrubbery, or more specifically a vineyard.English : variant of Plant.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Hayagriv | ஹயாகà¯à®°à®¿à®µ
One of krishnas incarnations. specific to education
Hayagriv | ஹயாகà¯à®°à®¿à®µ
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Wick, specifically a habitational name from any of various places called Week or Weeke, notably in Cornwall, Hampshire, and Somerset.Americanized spelling of Norwegian or Swedish Vik.
Boy/Male
Hindu
One of krishnas incarnations. specific to education
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a keeper of swine, Middle English foreman, from Old English fÅr ‘hog’, ‘pig’ + mann ‘man’.English : status name for a leader or spokesman for a group, from Old English fore ‘before’, ‘in front’ + mann ‘man’. The word is attested in this sense from the 15th century, but is not used specifically for the leader of a gang of workers before the late 16th century.Czech and Jewish (from Bohemia, Moravia) : occupational name for a carter, Czech forman, a loanword from German.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Sandford, probably relating specifically to various minor places in Devon and Somerset, for example Sampford Arundel in Somerset or Sampford Courtenay in Devon.
Surname or Lastname
English, Welsh, German, etc.
English, Welsh, German, etc. : ultimately from the Hebrew personal name yÅÌ£hÄnÄn ‘Jehovah has favored (me with a son)’ or ‘may Jehovah favor (this child)’. This personal name was adopted into Latin (via Greek) as Johannes, and has enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe throughout the Christian era, being given in honor of St. John the Baptist, precursor of Christ, and of St. John the Evangelist, author of the fourth gospel, as well as others of the nearly one thousand other Christian saints of the name. Some of the principal forms of the personal name in other European languages are Welsh Ieuan, Evan, Siôn, and Ioan; Scottish Ia(i)n; Irish Séan; German Johann, Johannes, Hans; Dutch Jan; French Jean; Italian Giovanni, Gianni, Ianni; Spanish Juan; Portuguese João; Greek IÅannÄ“s (vernacular Yannis); Czech Jan; Russian Ivan. Polish has surnames both from the western Slavic form Jan and from the eastern Slavic form Iwan. There were a number of different forms of the name in Middle English, including Jan(e), a male name (see Jane); Jen (see Jenkin); Jon(e) (see Jones); and Han(n) (see Hann). There were also various Middle English feminine versions of this name (e.g. Joan, Jehan), and some of these were indistinguishable from masculine forms. The distinction on grounds of gender between John and Joan was not firmly established in English until the 17th century. It was even later that Jean and Jane were specialized as specifically feminine names in English; bearers of these surnames and their derivatives are more likely to derive them from a male ancestor than a female. As a surname in the British Isles, John is particularly frequent in Wales, where it is a late formation representing Welsh Siôn rather than the older form Ieuan (which gave rise to the surname Evan). As an American family name this form has absorbed various cognates from continental European languages. (For forms, see Hanks and Hodges 1988.)
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