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Electrical engineering equation
The Shockley diode equation, or the diode law, named after transistor co-inventor William Shockley of Bell Labs, models the exponential current–voltage
Shockley_diode_equation
Two-terminal electronic component
for power diodes and can be modeled by a Shockley ideal diode in series with a fixed resistor. The Shockley ideal diode equation or the diode law (named
Diode
American physicist (1910–1989)
diffusion and the differential equations that govern the flow of electrons in solid state crystals. Shockley's diode equation is also described. This seminal
William_Shockley
Any mathematical model describing semiconductor diodes
of p-n junction diodes, but the techniques may be generalized to other solid state diodes. The Shockley diode equation relates the diode current I {\displaystyle
Diode_modelling
Semiconductor–semiconductor junction
current is in the same direction on both sides of the diode, as required. The Shockley diode equation models the forward-bias operational characteristics
P–n_junction
Maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell
concentrations of charge carriers (electrons and holes) change (see Shockley diode equation), and according to the authors the rate of recombination changes
Shockley–Queisser_limit
Semiconductor light source
boards. The current in an LED or other diodes rises exponentially with the applied voltage (see Shockley diode equation), so a small change in voltage can
Light-emitting_diode
Semiconductor diode based upon the p–n junction
runaway and destroy the diode. The DC current-voltage behavior of the ideal p–n diode is governed by the Shockley diode equation: I D = I R ( e V D n V
P–n_diode
Early radio receiver component
Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1949 at Bell Labs William Shockley derived the Shockley diode equation which gives the nonlinear exponential current–voltage
Crystal_detector
AND and OR logic with diodes and resistors
diodes are better approximated by the Shockley diode equation, which has a more complicated exponential current–voltage relationship called the diode
Diode_logic
Physical constant relating particle kinetic energy with temperature
increase the rescaled entropy by one nat. In semiconductors, the Shockley diode equation—the relationship between the flow of electric current and the electrostatic
Boltzmann_constant
Optical diode invented by Jun-Ichi Nishizawa
faster operation of the diode, making it a suitable device for high-frequency operation. The PIN diode obeys the standard diode equation for low-frequency signals
PIN_diode
Electrical circuit used to power a LED
LED is similar to any diode. Current is approximately an exponential function of voltage according to the Shockley diode equation, and a small voltage
LED_circuit
Electrical circuit
as the circuit output. The Shockley diode equation gives the current–voltage relationship for the ideal semiconductor diode in the diagram to be: I D =
Log_amplifier
Semiconductor laser
laser diode (LD, also injection laser diode or ILD or semiconductor laser or diode laser) is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode in
Laser_diode
Insulating region in a semiconductor
The mathematical description of the current is provided by the Shockley diode equation. The low current conducted under reverse bias and the large current
Depletion_region
many non-ideal op-amps. The Shockley diode equation gives the current–voltage relationship for an ideal semiconductor diode: I D = I S ( e V D V T − 1
Operational amplifier applications
Operational_amplifier_applications
I_{\text{SH}}={\frac {V_{\text{j}}}{R_{\text{SH}}}}} By the Shockley diode equation, the current diverted through the diode is: I D = I 0 { exp [ V j n V T ] − 1 } {\displaystyle
Theory_of_solar_cells
DC-DC voltage step-down power converter
contain at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor, although modern buck converters frequently replace the diode with a second transistor used for
Buck_converter
Tunneling diode
A resonant-tunneling diode (RTD) is a diode with a resonant-tunneling structure in which electrons can tunnel through some resonant states at certain energy
Resonant_tunneling_diode
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled
Rectifier
DC-to-DC power converter with an output voltage greater than its input voltage
switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors, a diode and a transistor, and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor,
Boost_converter
Potential energy barrier in metal–semiconductor junctions
first approximation this current should be constant (as in the Shockley diode equation); however, current rises gradually with reverse bias due to a weak
Schottky_barrier
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
the direction of William Shockley. The junction version known as the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), invented by Shockley in 1948, was for three decades
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Electronic circuit
transistor, VBE refers to base-emitter voltage. This equation implies (using the Shockley diode equation): Eq. 1 ( β 2 + 1 ) I B2 = ( 1 + 1 β 2 ) I C2 = 1
Widlar_current_source
Relation between properties of diodes
recombination can be mathematically expressed using the van Roosbroeck–Shockley equation as k rad n i 2 = ∫ α 4 n r 2 ϕ b b d E {\displaystyle k_{\text{rad}}n_{i}^{2}=\int
Reciprocity_(optoelectronic)
Device that controls current between electrodes
the electric field in the tube. The first, and simplest, vacuum tube, the diode or Fleming valve, was invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming. It contains
Vacuum_tube
Electronic circuit analysis method
v_{\mathrm {IN} }(t)=5+0.2\cos(2\pi t)} The (large-signal) Shockley equation for a diode can be linearized about the bias point or quiescent point (sometimes
Small-signal_model
Type of resistor whose resistance varies with temperature
styles, such as axial-leaded glass-encapsulated (DO-35, DO-34 and DO-41 diodes), glass-coated chips, epoxy-coated with bare or insulated lead wire and
Thermistor
Type of DC-to-DC converter
circuit (if, for example, the supply is a battery) because the supply and diode polarity can simply be reversed. When they can be reversed, the switch can
Buck–boost_converter
Extension of nodal analysis
individual components; for example, a diode can be modeled/represented in a MNA with DAEs via the Shockley equation, but one cannot use an apparently simpler
Modified_nodal_analysis
Electronic resistor
chaos theory, Chua's diode is a type of two-terminal, nonlinear active resistor which can be described with piecewise-linear equations. It is an essential
Chua's_diode
Type of field-effect transistor
in the form of BTL memos before being published in 1957. At Shockley Semiconductor, Shockley had circulated the preprint of their article in December 1956
MOSFET
Type of semiconductor current
current in a semiconductor diode, the depletion layer must be large compared to the mean free path. One begins with the equation for the net current density
Diffusion_current
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
memristor plays a crucial role in mimicking the charge storage effect in the diode base, and is also responsible for the conductivity modulation phenomenon
Memristor
Electrical device
The voltage drop and switching time of diode D1 is critical to a SEPIC's reliability and efficiency. The diode's switching time needs to be extremely fast
Single-ended primary-inductor converter
Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter
Solar power cell with multiple band gaps from different materials
occur, and where each of the cells has a JV-characteristic given by the diode equation, the JV-characteristic of the stack is given by J = 1 2 ( J SC,1 + J
Multi-junction_solar_cell
Phenomenon in solid-state physics of semiconductors
optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices
Carrier generation and recombination
Carrier_generation_and_recombination
Passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in its magnetic field
current. This is usually taken to be the constitutive relation (defining equation) of the inductor. Because the induced voltage is positive at the current's
Inductor
Type of resistor, usually with three terminals
operational amplifier), the output voltage can be approximated by the simpler equation V L = R 2 R 1 + R 2 ⋅ V S {\displaystyle V_{\text{L}}={\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}+R_{2}}}\cdot
Potentiometer
Sub-discipline of electrical engineering
carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-i-n and avalanche photo diode, LASERs. Device technology:
Electronics_engineering
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
stars, and applications such as scanning tunnelling microscopy, tunnel diode and tunnel field-effect transistor. When quantum systems interact, the result
Quantum_mechanics
Type of magnetometer
230. "The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. III Ch. 21: The Schrödinger Equation in a Classical Context: A Seminar on Superconductivity, Section 21–9: The
SQUID
Electronic component
the two sides of the capacitor. This effect is intentionally exploited in diode-like devices known as varicaps. If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying
Capacitor
Optical instrument
states available for electrons to occupy. Conventional semiconductor laser diodes generate light by a single photon being emitted when a high energy electron
Quantum-cascade_laser
Device used in television cameras
initial photoconductor used was selenium, other targets—including silicon diode arrays—have been used. Vidicons with these targets are known as Si-vidicons
Video_camera_tube
MOSFET that can handle significant power levels
creates a diode between the drain (cathode) and the source (anode) of the MOSFET, making it able to block current in only one direction. Body diodes may be
Power_MOSFET
Single-grid amplifying vacuum tube having three active electrodes
Audion, a partial vacuum tube that added a grid electrode to the thermionic diode (Fleming valve), the triode was the first practical electronic amplifier
Triode
DC linear voltage regulator
\text{OUT}}\right)I_{\text{OUT}}} which further reduces the efficiency equation to: η = V OUT V IN {\displaystyle \eta ={\frac {V_{\text{OUT}}}{V_{\text{IN}}}}}
Low-dropout_regulator
Bipolar junction transistor operated in the avalanche breakdown region
voltage for the feed diode is far lower respect diodes to be used in collector trigger input circuits, and since ultra fast Schottky diodes are easily and cheaply
Avalanche_transistor
Klystron Kolmogorov backward equation Lacquer LAN Laplace transform Laser diode Leakage inductance Least squares Light-emitting diode Line integral Linear alternator
Index of electrical engineering articles
Index_of_electrical_engineering_articles
MOS field-effect transistor with more than one gate
this model. Volume inversion is included in the solution of Poisson's equation, hence the subsequent I–V formulation automatically captures the volume-inversion
Multigate_device
Electrical component that can break an electrical circuit
often used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, but this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical
Switch
Type of MOSFET where the gate is electrically isolated
FGMOS that can be fabricated. The equations modeling the DC operation of the FGMOS can be derived from the equations that describe the operation of the
Floating-gate_MOSFET
Type of electrical current converter
using a diode and a switch. A non-isolated Ćuk converter comprises two inductors, two capacitors, a switch (usually a transistor), and a diode. Its schematic
Ćuk_converter
Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are a type of laser diode that can produce coherent radiation over a large part of the mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic
Interband_cascade_laser
Type of resistive heater
heating element generally is a function of temperature. The Steinhart–Hart equation is often used to approximate this function. In some applications where
Self-regulating_heater
emitters, the cavity modifies the spontaneous emission of light-emitting diodes (LED) improving their spectral purity and directivity. Optical communication
Resonant-cavity-enhanced photo detector
Resonant-cavity-enhanced_photo_detector
Phenomenon in applied physics
photodiode current is expressed as: The Shockley equation gives I–V (current-voltage) characteristic of an idealized diode: The value of I s {\displaystyle I_{s}}
Two-photon photovoltaic effect
Two-photon_photovoltaic_effect
Type of semiconductor
active elements in optoelectronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), organic solar cells, organic field-effect transistors (OFET), electrochemical
Organic_semiconductor
Photodetector sensitive to infrared radiation
infinite potential barriers. It can be derived by solving the Schrödinger equation for an electron confined in a one-dimensional infinite barrier potential
Quantum_cascade_detector
Semiconductor physics terminology
efficient recombination centers, silicon for some high switching speed diodes and transistors is therefore alloyed with a small amount of gold. Many other
Carrier_lifetime
Electronic circuit element
3-terminal "memory transistors" may be modeled using dynamical systems equations in a similar fashion to the memristive systems of memristors. Memristor
Memistor
Electronic circuit element implementing a filter
V_{fb}(t)={\frac {C_{s}}{C_{fb}}}\cdot V_{s}(t-T)+V_{fb}(t-T)\,} This last equation represents what is going on in C f b {\displaystyle C_{fb}} - it increases
Switched_capacitor
Type of MOSFET
characteristics and applications. For quantum-well devices used in laser diodes, photons interact with electrons and holes via transitions between the valence
QFET
Type of solar cell
=1-{\frac {\omega _{p}^{2}}{\omega ^{2}+i\gamma \omega }}} In the previous equation, ω p {\displaystyle \omega _{p}} is the bulk plasma frequency. This is
Plasmonic_solar_cell
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
spectrum of each atom. Emission can be spontaneous, as in light-emitting diodes, gas discharge lamps (such as neon lamps and neon signs, mercury-vapor lamps
Light
State of matter
telephones, etc. Semiconductor devices include the transistor, solar cells, diodes and integrated circuits. Solar photovoltaic panels are large semiconductor
Solid
Alternative to silicon-based photovoltaics
power-conversion efficiencies. Solar cell efficiency is limited by the Shockley–Queisser limit. This calculated limit sets the maximum theoretical efficiency
Perovskite_solar_cell
Technology of power electronics
the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such as diodes, thyristors, and power transistors such as the power MOSFET and IGBT. In
Power_electronics
(1940–2006), Russia/U.S. – continuous-wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-power diode lasers Elmer R. Gates (1859–1923), U.S. – foam
List_of_inventors
Germany 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands "For his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids." 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany "For his discoveries
List of Nobel laureates in Physics
List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics
by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at the Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) in 1947. They then invented the
History of electrical engineering
History_of_electrical_engineering
waves and establishes Maxwell's equations to describe their properties. Together with the Lorentz force law, these equations form the foundation for classical
Timeline of electrical and electronics engineering
Timeline_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering
Device used to produce electricity from light
equipped with bypass diodes that isolate shaded cells, preventing them from affecting the performance of the entire string. These diodes allow the current
Solar_cell
Quasiparticle of charge oscillations in condensed matter
oscillations, most of their properties can be derived directly from Maxwell's equations. Plasmons can be described in the classical picture as an oscillation
Plasmon
in 1945, Bell Labs formed a Solid State Physics Group, led by William Shockley and chemist Stanley Morgan; other personnel including John Bardeen and
History of electromagnetic theory
History_of_electromagnetic_theory
Type of photovoltaic
Polytechnic University. A photovoltaic cell is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts light into direct current (DC) electricity. Depending on the
Organic_solar_cell
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SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
SHOCKLEY DIODE-EQUATION
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