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Simulation of reflective surfaces
Reflection in computer graphics is used to render reflective objects like mirrors and shiny surfaces. Accurate reflections are commonly computed using
Reflection (computer graphics)
Reflection_(computer_graphics)
American computer technology company
Caustic Graphics was a computer graphics and fabless semiconductor company that developed technologies to bring real-time ray-traced computer graphics to the
Caustic_Graphics
Rendering method
In 3D computer graphics, ray tracing is a technique for modeling light transport for use in a wide variety of rendering algorithms for generating digital
Ray_tracing_(graphics)
Producing images of 3D scenes
F. (20 July 1977). "Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 11 (2): 192–198. doi:10.1145/965141
Rendering_(computer_graphics)
Simulation of light in computer graphics
Computer graphics lighting is the collection of techniques used to simulate light in computer graphics scenes. While lighting techniques offer flexibility
Computer_graphics_lighting
Technique in computer graphics to represent reflective surfaces
In computer graphics, reflection mapping or environment mapping is an efficient image-based lighting technique for approximating the appearance of a reflective
Reflection_mapping
Graphics that use a three-dimensional representation of geometric data
3D computer graphics, sometimes called 3D computer-generated imagery (3D-CGI), refers to computer graphics that use a three-dimensional (3D) representation
3D_computer_graphics
Shading algorithm in computer graphics
of points on a surface designed by the computer graphics researcher Bui Tuong Phong. In 3D computer graphics, it is sometimes referred to as "Phong shading"
Phong_reflection_model
Interpolation technique for surface shading
In 3D computer graphics, Phong shading, Phong interpolation, or normal-vector interpolation shading is an interpolation technique for surface shading
Phong_shading
Sub-field of computer science
three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional computer graphics and image processing. Computer graphics studies manipulation
Computer graphics (computer science)
Computer_graphics_(computer_science)
Computer-based generation of digital images
2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images—mostly from two-dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital
2D_computer_graphics
Graphics created using computers
Computer graphics (CG) deals with generating images and art with the aid of computers. Computer graphics is a core technology in digital photography, film
Computer_graphics
Topics referred to by the same term
theory Reflection symmetry, the property of being unchanged by a reflection Reflection (computer graphics), simulation of reflective surfaces Reflection mapping
Reflection
Type of program in computer graphics
In computer graphics, a shader is a programmable operation which is applied to data as it moves through the rendering pipeline. Shaders act on data such
Shader
Excluding certain graphical elements from being rendered in a scene
Clipping, in the context of computer graphics, is a method to selectively enable or disable rendering operations within a defined region of interest.
Clipping_(computer_graphics)
Shading algorithm in computer graphics
Blinn–Phong reflection model, also called the modified Phong reflection model, is a modification developed by Jim Blinn to the Phong reflection model in
Blinn–Phong_reflection_model
Computer graphics technique
Physically based rendering (PBR) is a computer graphics approach that seeks to render images in a way that models the lights and surfaces with optics
Physically_based_rendering
Model for determining radiant energy reflected off diffuse surfaces
perfect Lambertian reflectance. In computer graphics, Lambertian reflection is often used as a model for diffuse reflection. This technique causes all closed
Lambertian_reflectance
Function of four real variables that defines how light is reflected at an opaque surface
(1977). "Models of light reflection for computer synthesized pictures". Proceedings of the 4th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function
Bidirectional_reflectance_distribution_function
Type of video game graphics
a top-down perspective or side view. Despite the name, isometric computer graphics are rarely truly isometric;[original research?] i.e., the x, y, and
Isometric_video_game_graphics
Type of application software
In computer graphics, graphics software refers to a program or collection of programs that enable a person to manipulate images or models visually on
Graphics_software
Ray-tracing hardware Real-time computer graphics Reflection (computer graphics) Reflection mapping Relief mapping (computer graphics) Render farm Render output
List of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics
List_of_computer_graphics_and_descriptive_geometry_topics
In computer graphics and 3D rendering, color bleeding is the phenomenon in which objects or surfaces are colored by reflection of colored light from nearby
Color bleeding (computer graphics)
Color_bleeding_(computer_graphics)
Desktop or laptop computer specialized for video games
They typically differ from mainstream personal computers by using high-performance GPUs, or graphics cards, a high core-count CPU with higher raw performance
Gaming_computer
Computer graphics rendering method using diffuse reflection
In 3D computer graphics, radiosity is an application of the finite element method to solving the rendering equation for scenes with surfaces that reflect
Radiosity_(computer_graphics)
The history of computer animation began as early as the 1940s and 1950s, when people began to experiment with computer graphics – most notably by John
History_of_computer_animation
a glossary of terms relating to computer graphics. For more general computer hardware terms, see glossary of computer hardware terms. Contents 0–9 A B
Glossary_of_computer_graphics
Element representing a value on a grid in three dimensional space
employed this graphics technique for effects such as reflection and bump-mapping and usually for terrain rendering. Outcast's graphics engine was mainly
Voxel
Group of rendering algorithms used in 3D computer graphics
indirect illumination, refers to a group of algorithms used in 3D computer graphics meant to add more realistic lighting to 3D scenes. Such algorithms
Global_illumination
Topics referred to by the same term
shading Phong reflection model Blinn–Phong shading model Bui Tuong Phong - creator of the Phong shading interpolation method and reflection model. Phong-Kniang
Phong
Set of techniques for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message
visualization application is the field of computer graphics. The invention of computer graphics (and 3D computer graphics) may be the most important development
Visualization_(graphics)
Video game for a personal computer
and marketing of graphics cards. Emulators are able to play games developed for other platforms. The demoscene originated from computer game cracking. The
PC_game
Mirror-like wave reflection
Specular reflection, or regular reflection, is the mirror-like reflection of waves, such as light, from a surface. The law of reflection states that a
Specular_reflection
3D computer graphics rendering method
Ray marching is a class of rendering methods for 3D computer graphics where rays are traversed iteratively, effectively dividing each ray into smaller
Ray_marching
anti-aliasing Amanatides, John (1984). "Ray tracing with cones". ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics. 18 (3): 129. doi:10.1145/964965.808589. Matt Pharr, Wenzel Jakob
Cone_tracing
Lighting formula in 3D computer graphics
Fresnel term when θ = 0 {\displaystyle \theta =0} or minimal reflection). In computer graphics, one medium is usually air, meaning that n 1 {\displaystyle
Schlick's_approximation
Image display as a 2D grid of pixels
In computer graphics and digital photography, a raster graphic, raster image, or simply raster is a digital image made up of a rectangular grid of tiny
Raster_graphics
Free and open-source library for 3D graphics rendering
called Mesa3D and The Mesa 3D Graphics Library, is an open source implementation of OpenGL, OpenGL ES, Vulkan, and other graphics API specifications, as well
Mesa_(computer_graphics)
Form of computer-aided engineering
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of a surface of an object (inanimate
3D_modeling
Vietnamese computer scientist (1942–1975)
a Vietnamese-born computer graphics researcher and pioneer. He invented the widely used Phong shading algorithm and Phong reflection model. Phong was born
Bui_Tuong_Phong
This article lists common shading algorithms used in computer graphics. These techniques can be combined with any illumination model: Flat shading Gouraud
List of common shading algorithms
List_of_common_shading_algorithms
In computer graphics, a fragment is the data necessary to generate a single pixel's worth of a drawing primitive in the frame buffer. These data may include
Fragment_(computer_graphics)
to simulate wave propagation. It was developed in the context of computer graphics to render 3D scenes, but it has also been used in other similar areas
Beam_tracing
American computer scientist
Wrinkled Surfaces, Computer Graphics, Vol. 12 (3), pp. 286–292 SIGGRAPH-ACM (August 1978) Blinn, James F.: Texture and Reflection In Computer Generated Images
Jim_Blinn
This list of 3D graphics software contains software packages related to the development and exploitation of 3D computer graphics. For a comparison, see
List of 3D computer graphics software
List_of_3D_computer_graphics_software
Computer graphics 3D reference and test model
standard reference test models in 3D modeling and an in-joke within the computer graphics community. It is a mathematical model of an ordinary Melitta-brand
Utah_teapot
Depicting depth with levels of darkness
depiction of depth perception in 3D models (within the field of 3D computer graphics) or illustrations (in visual art) by varying the level of darkness
Shading
Computer graphics technique
In 3D computer graphics rendering, a hemicube is one way to represent a 180° view from a surface or point in space. A hemicube is a data structure used
Hemicube_(computer_graphics)
3D computer graphics image rendering method
rendering) is an algorithm for visible surface determination, in 3D computer graphics, that works on a row-by-row basis rather than a polygon-by-polygon
Scanline_rendering
School in University of Utah
important contributions to computer graphics and computer animation. These contributions include: Gouraud shading Phong reflection model Phong shading rendering
University of Utah School of Computing
University_of_Utah_School_of_Computing
Methodological basis for 3D CAD/CAM solid modeling and image rendering
and image rendering. It is essentially the same as ray tracing for computer graphics where virtual light rays are "cast" or "traced" on their path from
Ray_casting
Visual appearance of specular reflections
Specularity is the visual appearance of specular reflections. In computer graphics, it means the quantity used in three-dimensional (3D) rendering which
Specularity
Angle in geometric optics
critical angle. The angle of reflection and angle of refraction are other angles related to beams. In computer graphics and geography, the angle of incidence
Angle_of_incidence_(optics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Reflection map may refer to: Reflection mapping in computer graphics A reflection (mathematics), specifically an element of a reflection group an element
Reflection_map
American company known for its color system
methods for recreating Pantone Matching System colors in Web designs. "Graphics – Pantone Goe System". www.pantone.com. Pantone. Archived from the original
Pantone
Development platform for rendering graphics
facilitates a new development in computer graphics of generating interactive images that react to lighting, shadows and reflections. RTX runs on Nvidia Volta-
Nvidia_RTX
Envelope of light rays reflected or refracted by a curved surface/object
most computer graphics systems is aesthetics rather than physical accuracy. This is especially true when it comes to real-time graphics in computer games
Caustic_(optics)
Graphics mode on the Super NES video game console
Mode 7 is a graphics mode on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super NES) video game console that allows a background layer to be rotated and scaled
Mode_7
Reflection with light scattered at random angles
Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles
Diffuse_reflection
Interpolation method in computer graphics
goo-ROH), named after Henri Gouraud, is an interpolation method used in computer graphics to produce continuous shading of surfaces represented by polygon meshes
Gouraud_shading
Only rendering polygons facing towards the camera
In computer graphics, back-face culling determines whether a polygon that is part of a solid needs to be drawn. Polygons that face away from the viewer
Back-face_culling
Computer graphics algorithm
algorithm invented by John Warnock that is typically used in the field of computer graphics. It solves the problem of rendering a complicated image by recursive
Warnock_algorithm
Technique in computer graphics
Parallax scrolling is a technique in computer graphics where background images move past the camera more slowly than foreground images, creating an illusion
Parallax_scrolling
Design technique
all necessary transformations have been applied. 3D computer graphics Camera matrix Computer graphics Cross section (geometry) Cross-sectional view Curvilinear
3D_projection
Computer graphics techniques for generating realistic animations of fluids
Fluid animation refers to computer graphics techniques for generating realistic animations of fluids such as water and smoke. Fluid animations are typically
Fluid_animation
Fundamental unit of a texture map
In computer graphics, a texel, texture element, or texture pixel is the fundamental unit of a texture map. Textures are represented by arrays of texels
Texel_(graphics)
Computer graphics technique
Shadow volume is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to add shadows to a rendered scene. It was first proposed by Frank Crow in 1977 as the geometry
Shadow_volume
Study of computation
cryptography and computer security involve studying the means for secure communication and preventing security vulnerabilities. Computer graphics and computational
Computer_science
Conversion of raster graphics into vector graphics
In computer graphics, image tracing, raster-to-vector conversion or raster vectorization is the conversion of raster graphics into vector graphics. An
Image_tracing
Algorithm for visible surface determination in 3D graphics
priority fill) is an algorithm for visible surface determination in 3D computer graphics that works on a polygon-by-polygon basis rather than a pixel-by-pixel
Painter's_algorithm
Refinement of ray tracing that allows for the rendering of "soft" phenomena
It is essentially an application of the Monte Carlo method to 3D computer graphics, and for this reason is also called "stochastic ray tracing". Path
Distributed_ray_tracing
of parallel programming to the computational domain of computer graphics. Rendering graphics can require massive computational resources for complex
Parallel_rendering
Operation in computer graphics
In computer graphics, alpha compositing or alpha blending is the process of combining one image with a background to create the appearance of partial
Alpha_compositing
French computer scientist and computer graphics pioneer
August 27, 2026) was a French computer scientist and engineer recognized as a pioneer in desktop publishing and computer graphics. Baudelaire entered the École
Patrick_Baudelaire
Generating images by computer software
generating an image from a 3D model by means of computer software. In the context of computer graphics rendering, software rendering refers to a rendering
Software_rendering
Rotation composed with a reflection
geometry, an improper rotation (also called rotation-reflection, rotoreflection, rotary reflection, or rotoinversion) is an isometry in Euclidean space
Improper_rotation
video chip known as a Graphics Processing Unit. Very early PCs used one of the much simpler (even compared to most home computer video hardware) video
List of home computers by video hardware
List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware
Computer output device
A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form. A discrete monitor comprises a visual display, support electronics
Computer_monitor
3D computer graphics software
Blender is a free and open-source 3D computer graphics software suite. It runs on Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD, Haiku, and IRIX and is used for general
Blender_(software)
Texturing technique for bumps/wrinkles in computer graphics
Bump mapping is a texture mapping technique in computer graphics for simulating bumps and wrinkles on the surface of an object. This is achieved by perturbing
Bump_mapping
Method of enhancing the image quality of textures on surfaces of computer graphics
In 3D computer graphics, anisotropic filtering (AF) is a technique that improves the appearance of textures, especially on surfaces viewed at sharp angles
Anisotropic_filtering
Computer graphics method
Path tracing is a rendering algorithm in computer graphics that simulates how light interacts with objects and participating media to generate realistic
Path_tracing
Photorealistic 3D image rendering system
Sues Exluna Over Patent". Computer Graphics World. June 2002. Retrieved 2026-05-13. "Exluna Merges with Nvidia". Computer Graphics World. September 2002.
Blue_Moon_Rendering_Tools
Method to draw shadows in computer graphic images
shadowing projection is a process by which shadows are added to 3D computer graphics. This concept was introduced by Lance Williams in 1978, in a paper
Shadow_mapping
1978 video game
by three years) with graphics "projected" by laying the monitor flat on its back and reflecting the computer-generated graphics of the frogs and flies
Frogs_(video_game)
3D computer graphics rendering technique
as checkerboarding for short, is a 3D computer graphics rendering technique, intended primarily to assist graphics processing units with rendering images
Checkerboard_rendering
Class of microcomputers
and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were word
Home_computer
Simulation of the appearance of being three-dimensional
calculation-intensive routines of 3D computer graphics, yet is capable of using tricks of modifying 2D graphics like bitmaps. One of these tricks is to
2.5D
3D computer graphics program
LightWave 3D is a 3D computer graphics program developed by LightWave Digital. It has been used in films, television, motion graphics, digital matte painting
LightWave_3D
Geometric transformation
eigenspace with largest eigenvalue. In projective geometry, often used in computer graphics, points are represented using homogeneous coordinates. To scale an
Scaling_(geometry)
Computer graphics 3D reference model
primarily used for computer graphics, variations of the Cornell box have also been employed in acoustics research to model sound reflections and validate simulation
Cornell_box
Dutch-American computer scientist
2007, at the Wayback Machine ACM SIGGRAPH: "Personal Reflections on four decades of Computer Graphics Archived December 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine"
Andries_van_Dam
Visibility in 3D computer graphics
In 3D computer graphics, hidden-surface determination (also known as shown-surface determination, hidden-surface removal (HSR), occlusion culling (OC)
Hidden-surface_determination
Representing a 3D-modeled object or dataset as a 2D projection
In scientific visualization and computer graphics, volume rendering is a set of techniques used to display a 2D projection of a 3D discretely sampled
Volume_rendering
Method of environment mapping in computer graphics
←→↑↓ ▶ +– In computer graphics, cube mapping is a method of environment mapping that uses the six faces of a cube as the map shape. The environment is
Cube_mapping
Feature of modern graphics processing units
In the field of 3D computer graphics, Multiple Render Targets, or MRT, is a feature of modern graphics processing units (GPUs) that allows the programmable
Multiple_Render_Targets
Mainframe computer system
supported several thousand graphics terminals distributed worldwide, running on nearly a dozen different networked mainframe computers. Many modern concepts
PLATO_(computer_system)
Bright spot of light that appears on shiny objects when illuminated
example, see image on right). Specular highlights are important in 3D computer graphics, as they provide a strong visual cue for the shape of an object and
Specular_highlight
Theorem in differential topology
continuous tangent vector field has at least one zero. A common problem in computer graphics is to generate a non-zero vector in ℝ3 that is orthogonal to a given
Hairy_ball_theorem
15-pin video connector
Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a standard connector used for computer video output. Originating with the 1987 IBM PS/2 and its VGA graphics system
VGA_connector
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