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Reference frame in quantum mechanics
A quantum reference frame is a reference frame which is treated quantum theoretically. It is used to define physical quantities, such as time, position
Quantum_reference_frame
Abstract coordinate system
In physics and astronomy, a frame of reference (or reference frame) is an abstract coordinate system, whose origin, orientation, and scale have been specified
Frame_of_reference
Fundamental concept of classical mechanics
relativity, an inertial frame of reference (also called an inertial space or a Galilean reference frame) is a frame of reference in which objects exhibit
Inertial_frame_of_reference
Concept in theoretical mathematical physics
with quantum spacetime as above. Quantum group Quantum geometry Noncommutative geometry Quantum gravity Anabelian topology Quantum reference frame Snyder
Quantum_spacetime
Theorem in quantum computing
via quantum reference frame or many-body theory. The theorem is named after Bryan Eastin and Emanuel Knill, who published it in 2009. Since quantum computers
Eastin–Knill_theorem
condensed matter physics via quantum reference frame or many-body theory. Five-qubit error correcting code is the smallest quantum error correcting code that
Glossary_of_quantum_computing
Czech physicist and translator
2006-09-27. Retrieved 2015-08-25. "Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics". The Reference Frame. 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2019-06-17. "First test of rival
Luboš_Motl
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field. A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing
Rabi_cycle
Effect of general relativity
Frame-dragging is an effect on spacetime, predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, that is due to non-static stationary distributions
Frame-dragging
Type of inertial force
when viewed in a rotating frame of reference. It appears to be directed perpendicularly from the axis of rotation of the frame. The magnitude of the centrifugal
Centrifugal_force
2008 first-person shooter video game
007: Quantum of Solace is a 2008 shooter video game published by Activision. Based on the James Bond films Casino Royale (2006) and Quantum of Solace (2008)
007:_Quantum_of_Solace
Physics phenomenon
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon in which the quantum state of each particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others
Quantum_entanglement
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
accurate models for the interaction with spin require relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory. The existence of electron spin angular momentum
Spin_(physics)
Change in the position of an object
a reference point over a given time. Motion is mathematically described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed, and frame of
Motion
Coordinates system in an accelerating, "at rest" setting
A proper reference frame in the theory of relativity is a particular form of accelerated reference frame, that is, a reference frame in which an accelerated
Proper reference frame (flat spacetime)
Proper_reference_frame_(flat_spacetime)
Science concerned with physical bodies subjected to forces or displacements
leading to fundamentally new approaches including relativistic mechanics and quantum mechanics. The ancient Greek philosophers were among the first to propose
Mechanics
Concept that simultaneity depends on choice of reference frame
at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. This possibility was raised by mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1900
Relativity_of_simultaneity
Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
in a vacuum regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial reference frame of the observer. The speed of light is the upper limit for the speed
Speed_of_light
Area of physical and philosophical debate
interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Quantum mechanics
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Scientific subjects
thermodynamics and statistical mechanics; electromagnetism; relativity; quantum mechanics, atomic physics, and molecular physics; optics and acoustics;
Branches_of_physics
Description of gravity using discrete values
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals
Quantum_gravity
Category of theories
of scientific theories in the field of physics that are non-quantum or both non-quantum and non-relativistic, depending on the context. In historical
Classical_physics
This is a list of notable textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics arranged according to level and surnames of the authors in alphabetical
List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics
Propagation of information or matter faster than the speed of light
Scientific American. Motl, L. (November 2010). "Delayed choice quantum eraser". The Reference Frame. Einstein, A. (1927). Relativity:the special and the general
Faster-than-light
Black holes are characterized only by mass, charge, and spin
to infinity or be swallowed up by the black hole. By changing the reference frame one can set the linear momentum and position to zero and orient the
No-hair_theorem
Formulation of classical mechanics using momenta
geometry and Poisson structures) and serves as a link between classical and quantum mechanics. Let ( M , L ) {\displaystyle (M,{\mathcal {L}})} be a mechanical
Hamiltonian_mechanics
Frame of reference in special relativity
observer is a frame of reference from which a set of objects or events are being measured. Usually this is an inertial reference frame or "inertial observer"
Observer_(special_relativity)
Solution of Einstein field equations
frames of reference is the same everywhere. To investigate the properties of the Gödel solution, the frame field can be assumed (dual to the co-frame read
Gödel_metric
development of quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum sensing. Quantum computing and communication are two sub-fields of quantum information
List of companies involved in quantum computing, communication or sensing
List_of_companies_involved_in_quantum_computing,_communication_or_sensing
Energy of a moving physical body
choice of reference frame: the reference frame that gives the minimum value of that energy is the center of momentum frame, i.e. the reference frame in which
Kinetic_energy
Property of a mass in motion
net force acting on it. Momentum depends on the frame of reference, but in any inertial frame of reference, it is a conserved quantity, meaning that if a
Momentum
Field-equations in general relativity
solutions is also a solution); another example is the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics, which is linear in the wavefunction. The EFE reduce to Newton's
Einstein_field_equations
Millennium Prize Problem
(1975) [citations adapted]. In this statement, a quantum Yang–Mills theory is a non-abelian quantum field theory similar to that underlying the Standard
Yang–Mills existence and mass gap
Yang–Mills_existence_and_mass_gap
Inertial frame of reference with stationary aether
In theoretical physics, a preferred frame or privileged frame is usually a special hypothetical frame of reference in which the laws of physics might appear
Preferred_frame
Attraction of masses and energy
a moving ship to those on land, Galileo developed the concepts of reference frame and the principle of relativity. These concepts would become central
Gravity
Condition in which spacetime itself breaks down
to be accurate under these conditions, and a quantum description is likely needed. For example, quantum mechanics does not permit particles to inhabit
Gravitational_singularity
Physics principle
frame-independent. Well-known cases where it is inherent in the formulation of the theory include Quantum Electrodynamics the Standard Model, Quantum
Principle_of_relativity
General-relativistic effect
gravitational mass are the same, and all accelerated reference frames (such as a uniformly rotating reference frame with its proper time dilation) are physically
Gravitational_time_dilation
Concept of absolute rotation
a frame of reference. The proposition is that the existence of absolute rotation (the distinction of local inertial frames vs. rotating reference frames)
Mach's_principle
Quantum mechanics taking into account particles near or at the speed of light
In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is any Poincaré-covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM). This theory is applicable to massive
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Relativistic_quantum_mechanics
Physical theory with fields invariant under the action of local "gauge" Lie groups
configurations are related by a Galilean transformation (an inertial change of reference frame) they represent the same physical situation. These transformations
Gauge_theory
Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity
formulation of general relativity that plays an important role in canonical quantum gravity and numerical relativity. It was first published in 1959. The comprehensive
ADM_formalism
Continuous progression from past to future
space-like separation will be simultaneous in some frame of reference, and there is no frame of reference in which they do not have a spatial separation.
Time
Overview of and topical guide to physics
polymerization of polymers and monomers, respectively. Quantum biology – application of quantum mechanics to biological phenomenon. Chemical physics –
Outline_of_physics
Generalization of straight line to a curved space time
spatially (i.e. does not change the time coordinate) in any inertial frame of reference will have a longer proper length than the geodesic, but a curve that
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesics_in_general_relativity
Book by Scott Aaronson
Quantum Computing Since Democritus is a 2013 book on quantum information science written by Scott Aaronson. It is loosely based on a course Aaronson taught
Quantum Computing Since Democritus
Quantum_Computing_Since_Democritus
Important mathematical operations in quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation describes how a system changes with time. It does this by relating changes in the state of the system to
Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)
Unitary_transformation_(quantum_mechanics)
Path of an object through spacetime
is often carried out without note of a reference frame, or with the implicit assumption that the reference frame is local; as such, this would require
World_line
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
faster-than-light speed. The interior of the bubble is an inertial reference frame and inhabitants experience no proper acceleration. This method of transport
Alcubierre_drive
Thought experiment in special relativity
the "present". In the spacetime diagram on the right, drawn for the reference frame of the Earth-based twin, that twin's world line coincides with the
Twin_paradox
Propulsion system creating motion without propellant
drive, the helical engine, Mach-effect or MEGA drives, quantum drive claims, and the quantum vacuum thruster. No reactionless drive has become an accepted
Reactionless_drive
Description of the orientation of a rigid body
coordinate system. They can also represent the orientation of a mobile frame of reference in physics or the orientation of a general basis in three dimensional
Euler_angles
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
observation depend on the reference frame of the observer, and Wheeler's idea that information theory would make sense of quantum mechanics. The physical
Relational_quantum_mechanics
Linear perturbations to solutions of nonlinear Einstein field equations
delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity
Linearized_gravity
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The laws of physics are the same for all observers in any inertial frame of reference relative to one another (principle of relativity). The speed of light
Theory_of_relativity
Physical theory describing classical fields
considering effects of quantization; theories that incorporate quantum mechanics are called quantum field theories. In most contexts, 'classical field theory'
Classical_field_theory
Family of linear transformations
six-parameter family of linear transformations from a coordinate frame in spacetime to another frame that moves at a constant velocity relative to the former
Lorentz_transformation
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
conditions, an apparent horizon is present in the particle's (accelerating) reference frame, representing a boundary beyond which events are unobservable. For
Event_horizon
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
necessarily introduces quantum back-action on the other, enforcing Δ E Δ t ≥ ℏ / 2 {\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\geq \hbar /2} without reference to gravitational
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
motion; classical mechanics is mechanics limited to non-relativistic and non-quantum approximations. Most of the techniques of classical mechanics were developed
History of classical mechanics
History_of_classical_mechanics
Proposed mode of space travel
From the frame of reference of those on the ship the acceleration will not change as the journey goes on. Instead the planetary reference frame will look
Space travel under constant acceleration
Space_travel_under_constant_acceleration
Motion-independent mass, equals total mass when at rest
momentum that is the same in all frames of reference related by Lorentz transformations. If a center-of-momentum frame exists for the system, then the invariant
Invariant_mass
Compact astronomical body
Finkelstein created a new reference frame to include the point of view of infalling observers. Finkelstein's new frame of reference allowed events at the
Black_hole
Graph of space and time in special relativity
there is a frame of reference between the resting and moving ones where their symmetry would be apparent ("median frame"). In this frame, the two other
Spacetime_diagram
Description of large objects' physics
the motion of macroscopic objects and bulk matter, without considering quantum effects, and often without incorporating relativistic effects either. It
Classical_mechanics
Formulation of classical mechanics
it may be possible if a particular frame of reference is singled out. In quantum mechanics, action and quantum-mechanical phase are related via the
Lagrangian_mechanics
Solution to the Einstein field equations
"Examples of Newtonian limits of relativistic spacetimes" (PDF). Classical and Quantum Gravity. 14 (1A): A119–A126. Bibcode:1997CQGra..14A.119E. doi:10.1088/0264-9381/14/1A/010
Schwarzschild_metric
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
reference frame. If that reference frame coincides with A's reference frame, then C will agree with A's measurement of time. If C's reference frame coincides
Special_relativity
Property of particles related to spin
particles is frame-dependent, it might seem that the same particle would interact with the weak force according to one frame of reference, but not another
Chirality_(physics)
Theory of gravity by Albert Einstein
seem the same as those of gravity can be produced by an accelerated frame of reference. An observer in a closed room cannot tell which of the following two
Introduction to general relativity
Introduction_to_general_relativity
Time delay caused by space-time distortion near massive objects
delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity
Shapiro_time_delay
Philosophical view that there is no correct way of perceiving the passage of time
preferring one frame's judgments over those of another. However, there are events that may be non-simultaneous in all frames of reference: when one event
Eternalism (philosophy of time)
Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)
Mathematical technique in physics
precedes its cause in time and so a later event affects an earlier one. In quantum physics, the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most
Retrocausality
Electric and magnetic fields produced by moving charged objects
relatively moving reference frame, described by a combination of fields. The rules for relating the fields required in different reference frames are the
Electromagnetic_field
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
frame of reference, a clock that is moving relative to the observer will be measured to tick more slowly than a clock at rest in the observer's frame
Time_dilation
Exact solution in general relativity
delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity
Reissner–Nordström_metric
Equations describing nuclear magnetic resonance
frame of reference with angular frequency Ω. This is called the rotating frame of reference. Physical variables in this frame of reference will be denoted
Bloch_equations
Modification of general relativity
2004 for a modification of general relativity that has a preferred reference frame and hence violates Lorentz invariance. These generally covariant theories
Einstein-aether_theory
Relativistic interaction in quantum physics
In quantum mechanics, the spin–orbit interaction (also called spin–orbit effect or spin–orbit coupling) is a relativistic interaction of a particle's
Spin–orbit_interaction
Quantum mechanical effect
In quantum mechanics, magnetic resonance is a resonant effect that can appear when a magnetic dipole is exposed to a static magnetic field and perturbed
Magnetic resonance (quantum mechanics)
Magnetic_resonance_(quantum_mechanics)
Relativistic equation relating total energy to invariant mass and momentum
} a Lorentz invariant quantity, and therefore independent of the frame of reference. Using the Minkowski metric η with metric signature (− + + +), the
Energy–momentum_relation
Equation explaining structure of a spherical body of isotropic material
delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff_equation
Kinematic prediction of quantum field theory for an accelerating observer
other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame. In layman's terms, an accelerating thermometer in empty space (like
Unruh_effect
American alternative medicine advocate (born 1946)
on the same principles as quantum mechanics. This has led physicists to object to his use of the term "quantum" in reference to medical conditions and
Deepak_Chopra
Meanings of mass in special relativity
preferred over rest energy. The measurable inertia of a body in a given frame of reference is determined by its relativistic mass, not merely its invariant mass
Mass_in_special_relativity
Physical effect in general relativity
be found in Ashby 2003. In 2010, an experiment placed two aluminum-ion quantum clocks close to each other, but with the second elevated 33 cm compared
Gravitational_redshift
World line of a particle in spacetime which returns to its starting point
"future" positions, from the object's frame of reference, that are spacelike separated to observers in an external rest frame. From this outside viewpoint, the
Closed_timelike_curve
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
being developed. Proposals that may lead to a quantum theory of gravity such as string theory and loop quantum gravity predict violations of the weak equivalence
Equivalence_principle
Hypothetical faster-than-light particle
"tachyon" derives from a 1967 paper by Gerald Feinberg about excitations of a quantum field with imaginary mass. Subsequent work has shown the excitations are
Tachyon
Issue in science history
but in his physical papers he maintained the ether as a privileged frame of reference that is perfectly undetectable, and continued (like Lorentz) to distinguish
Relativity_priority_dispute
Large and powerful computer
servers. The term mainframe was derived from the large cabinet, called a main frame, that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers
Mainframe_computer
Frame of reference within which a particular object in stationary
proper frame, or comoving frame, is a frame of reference that is attached to an object. The object in this frame is stationary within the frame, which
Proper_frame
Hypothetical quantum cosmological effect
black-body radiation released outside a black hole's event horizon due to quantum effects according to a model developed by Stephen Hawking in 1974. The
Hawking_radiation
Solution of Einstein field equations
Khrennikov, Andrei, eds. (2007). Beyond the quantum: proceedings of the Lorentz Workshop "Beyond the Quantum", Lorentz Center Leiden, The Netherlands, 29
Kerr–Newman_metric
Diagram of different points in spacetime
delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity
Penrose_diagram
Property of some binary operations
vectors which stay fixed relative to a rotating frame of reference also rotates with that frame of reference. Specifically, let a {\displaystyle \mathbf {a}
Jacobi_identity
Assignment of numbers to points in space
context, scalar fields are required to be independent of the choice of reference frame. That is, any two observers using the same units will agree on the
Scalar_field
Reformulation of general relativity
the action S. In quantum theory, namely non-relativistic quantum mechanics (QM), relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM), as well as quantum field theory (QFT)
Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation
Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein_equation
Light bending by mass between source and observer
delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar timing arrays Advanced theories Brans–Dicke theory Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity
Gravitational_lens
Classical statement of gravity as force
(help) "2022 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18
Newton's law of universal gravitation
Newton's_law_of_universal_gravitation
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
Girl/Female
Biblical
Fourth.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Danish, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Shakespearean, Swedish
Born Fifth
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Calm
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Boy/Male
Latin Biblical
Born fourth.
Biblical
fourth
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Moon; Lord of Night)
Surname or Lastname
Italian
Italian : nickname from volante ‘(he) who flies’ (compare 3, below).Spanish : unexplained.English : nickname from the present participle of Old French voler ‘to fly’, in the sense of ‘nimble’, ‘agile’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Spectator
Girl/Female
Hindu
Sweet heart
Boy/Male
Christian, German, Hebrew, Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Mercy; Grace; Compassionate; Merciful
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim, Sindhi
Leader of Battles
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Brave; Good
Boy/Male
Tamil
Hrishul | ஹà¯à®°à¯€à®·à¯à®²
Happiness
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Probably a respelling of Irish Hearon.Possibly also an altered form of German Haering (see Hering).
Boy/Male
Australian, French, Latin, Polish
Greatest
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
QUANTUM REFERENCE-FRAME
n.
A homogeneous algebraic function of two or more variables, in general containing only positive integral powers of the variables, and called quadric, cubic, quartic, etc., according as it is of the second, third, fourth, fifth, or a higher degree. These are further called binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., according as they contain two, three, four, or more variables; thus, the quantic / is a binary cubic.
n.
A quantic of the second degree. See Quantic.
n.
A quantic of the fourth degree. See Quantic.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
n.
The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
A quantic of the fifth degree. See Quantic.
n.
Quantity; amount.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
n.
A definite portion of a manifoldness, limited by a mark or by a boundary.
n.
The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
n.
Appeal.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
pl.
of Quantum
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.