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Time delay caused by space-time distortion near massive objects
The Shapiro time delay effect, or gravitational time delay effect, is one of the four classic Solar System tests of general relativity. Radar signals passing
Shapiro_time_delay
Physical constant equal to the speed of light
1016/S0375-9601(00)00101-8. S2CID 12941280. * Carlip S (2004). "Model-Dependence of Shapiro Time Delay and the "Speed of Gravity/Speed of Light" Controversy". Class. Quantum
Speed_of_gravity
Relativistic effect
measure S. Such effect must not be confused with the much larger Shapiro time delay ΔtGE induced by the "gravitoelectric" Schwarzschild-like component
Gravitomagnetic_time_delay
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
the Shapiro time delay, singularities and black holes. So far, all tests of general relativity have been in agreement with the theory. The time-dependent
General_relativity
American astrophysicist
Society in 2020. Shapiro time delay, discovered by Shapiro in 1964 3832 Shapiro, asteroid named after Shapiro in 1981 "Irwin Shapiro - the Mathematics
Irwin_I._Shapiro
Quasar in the constellation Cancer
S2CID 14002701. Asada, Hideki (2002). "Light cone effect and the Shapiro time delay". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 574 (1): L69–L70. arXiv:astro-ph/0206266
QSO_B0839+187
additional tests, starting with Irwin Shapiro's measurement of the relativistic time delay in radar signal travel time near the Sun. Beginning in 1974, Russell
Tests_of_general_relativity
Governor of Pennsylvania since 2023
district from 2005 to 2012. Shapiro was elected to the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners in 2011, marking the first time Republicans lost control
Josh_Shapiro
Mathematic model
the theory of Pluto remains valid up to the time span from 0 to +4000. Secular variation Shapiro time delay Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris
VSOP_model
Award
aps.org. Retrieved 2023-10-07. "Einstein Prize Recipient 2013: Irwin I. Shapiro". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2023-10-07. "Einstein Prize Recipient 2015: Jacob
Einstein_Prize_(APS)
Electronic device
analog delay line is a network of electrical components connected in cascade[dubious – discuss], where each individual element creates a time difference
Analog_delay_line
1922 theory, now obsolete
though 7/6 the Einstein value, light bending, perihelion shift, Shapiro time delay), and was regarded as a viable competitor of general relativity for
Whitehead's theory of gravitation
Whitehead's_theory_of_gravitation
American physicist
Stuart (2003). "On the Speed of Gravity and the v/c Corrections to the Shapiro Time Delay". Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (23) 231101. arXiv:astro-ph/0304006. Bibcode:2003PhRvL
Stuart_Samuel_(physicist)
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, vol. 61, pp. 353–357 (2008). Shapiro, Alan. "The Physics of Warp Drive". Archived from the original on 24 April
Alcubierre_drive
and Sciences (2001) Irwin I. Shapiro (B.A. Mathematics) – astrophysicist, known for Shapiro time delay and 3832 Shapiro; Timken University Professor at
List of Cornell University alumni (natural sciences)
List_of_Cornell_University_alumni_(natural_sciences)
American-born Chinese translator (1915–2014)
political organizations. Shapiro wrote a memoir I Chose China: The Metamorphosis of a Country and a Man, but its publication was delayed until 1997 because
Sidney_Shapiro
Condition in which spacetime itself breaks down
the cosmic censorship hypothesis. However, in 1991, physicists Stuart Shapiro and Saul Teukolsky performed computer simulations of a rotating plane of
Gravitational_singularity
Field-equations in general relativity
-c^{2}-2\Phi \,.} Turning to the Einstein equations, we only need the time-time component R 00 = K ( T 00 − 1 2 T g 00 ) {\displaystyle R_{00}=K\left(T_{00}-{\tfrac
Einstein_field_equations
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
spacetime as a unified entity of space and time, relativity of simultaneity, kinematic and gravitational time dilation, and length contraction. In the field
Theory_of_relativity
Branch of differential geometry
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Riemannian_geometry
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
as a general principle and a consequence of the symmetries of space and time. The principle first appeared in "Does the inertia of a body depend upon
Mass–energy_equivalence
Diagram of different points in spacetime
Minkowski diagram of special relativity where the vertical dimension represents time, and the horizontal dimension represents a space dimension. Using this design
Penrose_diagram
Physics principle
relativity is the idea that the laws of physics should remain consistent over time and from one place to another. Several principles of relativity have been
Principle_of_relativity
Physics principle that simultaneity depends on choice of reference frame
simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. This possibility
Relativity_of_simultaneity
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
(ArXiv version here: arxiv.org/abs/1403.7377.) Ned Wright: Deflection and Delay of Light Norton, John D. "Einstein's Pathway to General Relativity". Einstein
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
Smallest stable circular orbit of a particle
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Innermost stable circular orbit
Innermost_stable_circular_orbit
Formula in general relativity
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Quadrupole_formula
Measure of relativistic velocity
reference in relative motion, each frame being associated with distance and time coordinates. Using the inverse hyperbolic function artanh, the rapidity w
Rapidity
1965 investigation into loss of nuclear materials
over the loss of 206 pounds (93 kg) of highly enriched uranium. Shapiro was a long-time Zionist, and he had business interests and contacts among high
Apollo_affair
Low-velocity approximation of special relativity
uniform motion to absolute space. All inertial frames share a universal time. Galilean relativity can be shown as follows. Consider two inertial frames
Galilean_invariance
American physicist (1939–2022)
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
James_M._Bardeen
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
such as GPS and Galileo. Time dilation is a relationship between clock readings. Visually observed clock readings involve delays due to the propagation
Time_dilation
English mathematician, mathematical physicist (born 1931)
relationships. The importance of Penrose's paper "Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities" (summarised roughly as that if an object such as a dying star
Roger_Penrose
Result in general relativity
{\displaystyle {\vec {X}}} . Also, dot denotes differentiation with respect to proper time counted along the world lines in the congruence. Finally, the trace of the
Raychaudhuri_equation
Type of traversable wormhole
of first submission) by H. G. Ellis, and independently at about the same time by K. A. Bronnikov. Ellis and Bronnikov derived the original traversable
Ellis_wormhole
British astrophysicist (1882–1944)
in stars in his paper "The Internal Constitution of the Stars". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first
Arthur_Eddington
Concept in physics and mathematics
translations in space and time form the inhomogeneous Galilean group (assumed throughout below). Without the translations in space and time the group is the homogeneous
Galilean_transformation
Graph of space and time in special relativity
phenomena such as time dilation and length contraction without the need of mathematical equations. The history of an object's location through time traces out
Spacetime_diagram
German physicist (1873–1916)
foundations for a formula linking the intensity of the starlight, exposure time, and the resulting contrast on a photographic plate. An integral part of
Karl_Schwarzschild
Short for "young urban professional"
the band's disdain for yuppies. Shapiro, Walter (April 8, 1991). "The Birth and – Maybe – Death of Yuppiedom". Time. Archived from the original on October
Yuppie
Formalism of general relativity
(Baumgarte, Shapiro, Shibata, Nakamura formalism) is a formalism of general relativity that was developed by Thomas W. Baumgarte, Stuart L. Shapiro, Masaru
BSSN_formalism
Visual communication company
2007, Shapiro's team created a video conferencing product with HD quality video, that effectively addressed the interactivity inhibiting delay common
Vidyo
Cross-platform JavaScript library
technology company sponsored Shapiro on a grant to help provide the financial resources necessary to continue full-time development on Velocity. The high
Velocity_(JavaScript_library)
American guitarist (1942–1970)
[May 18, 1969] Madison Square Garden concert"; Shapiro & Glebbeek 1995, p. 220: "Once in New York, at a time [during spring 1970 recording sessions] when
Jimi_Hendrix
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics). 61: 873. Shapiro, Irwin I.; Counselman, III; Charles, C.; King, Robert W. (1976). "Verification
Equivalence_principle
German engineer and mathematician (1874–1967)
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Hans_Reissner
Fantasy series by Patrick Rothfuss
2020, Rothfuss's publisher and editor Betsy expressed frustration with the delay, stating she had not read "a word" of the book nine years on. She published
The_Kingkiller_Chronicle
German mathematician (1885–1955)
contributed to an exceptionally wide range of fields, including works on space, time, matter, philosophy, logic, symmetry and the history of mathematics. He was
Hermann_Weyl
Swiss astronomer (1898–1974)
skeptical of the expansion of space in 1929, because the rates measured at that time seemed too large. It was not until 1956 that Walter Baade corrected the distance
Fritz_Zwicky
Abstract coordinate system
origin. A relativistic reference frame includes (or implies) the coordinate time, which does not equate across different reference frames moving relatively
Frame_of_reference
Israeli political thriller television series
renewed for third season". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 December 2017. Shapiro, Amy (21 February 2019). "'Fauda' begins season 3 production". Jerusalem
Fauda
American singer-songwriter (born 1969)
Billboard Global 200 for First Time". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 15, 2025. Retrieved December 15, 2025. Shapiro 2001, p. 91. Rambarran
Mariah_Carey
Pulsar–white dwarf binary system in Scorpius constellation
companion from the vantage point of Earth. By measuring this delay, known as the Shapiro delay, astronomers determined the mass of PSR J1614–2230 and its
PSR_J1614−2230
Birth defect of the collarbones, skull, and teeth
Henderson's storyline on Stranger Things. Sibling actress-singers Milly and Abi Shapiro were born with cleidocranial dysplasia, a trait they share with their mother
Cleidocranial_dysostosis
Major League Baseball franchise in Cleveland, Ohio
2001–02 offseason, GM John Hart resigned and his assistant, Mark Shapiro, took the reins. Shapiro moved to rebuild by dealing aging veterans for younger talent
Cleveland_Guardians
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
vicinity of massive compact objects that even light cannot escape. At that time, the Newtonian theory of gravitation and the so-called corpuscular theory
Event_horizon
American murderers and brothers
and O. J. Simpson's respective cases, such as Robert Shapiro, Lance Ito, and Gil Garcetti. Shapiro (portrayed by John Travolta) mentioned Erik in Episode
Lyle_and_Erik_Menendez
Dutch mathematician (1910–1944)
pilot", due to wartime security restrictions. Beenakker, Carlo (2004). "Time travel pioneer". ilorentz.org. Lorentz Institute for theoretical physics
Willem_Jacob_van_Stockum
Set of spacetime events, light-connected to a given event
single event — localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time — and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime. If one imagines
Light_cone
Metric based on the exact solution of Einstein's field equations of general relativity
Consequently, through an appropriate choice of coordinate time—representing the proper time or "cosmic time" ticked by synchronized comoving observers—the temporal
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker_metric
American physicist (1932–2023)
Cracow (Poland); the Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow (during the time of the Soviet Union); the California Institute of Technology, the University
Charles_W._Misner
Physikalische Zeitschrift. 10: 75–88. ** Translation by Meghnad Saha, "Space and Time" (1920): Wikisource link. : Introduced the four-vector notation and the notion
List of textbooks on relativity
List_of_textbooks_on_relativity
General-relativistic effect
the case whether or not a given region is occupied by an observer. A time delay can be measured for photons which are emitted from Earth, bend near the
Gravitational_time_dilation
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
Institute for Physics opened its doors the following year—its foundation delayed because of the war—Einstein was appointed its first director, just as Planck
Albert_Einstein
Equation used in general relativity
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Ernst_equation
American astrophysicist
Observatory. Taylor's thesis work was on lunar occultation measurements. About the time he completed his Ph.D., Jocelyn Bell (who is also a Quaker) discovered the
Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr.
American physicist, writer, and Nobel Laureate (born 1940)
Gravitation in 1973. He has also written popular science, notably Black Holes and Time Warps in 1994 which was awarded the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science for that
Kip_Thorne
2024 killing of American CEO in New York City
initially described as a white man wearing a mask, fled the scene. The words "delay", "deny", and "depose" were inscribed on the cartridge cases used during
Killing_of_Brian_Thompson
Mathematical model combining space and time
register each event instantly, with no time delay between an event and its recording. A real observer will see a delay between the emission of a signal and
Spacetime
Season of television series
2026. Shapiro, Emily. "Menendez brothers latest: LA district attorney recommends resentencing". ABC News. Retrieved April 11, 2026. Shapiro, Emily;
Monsters: The Lyle and Erik Menendez Story
Monsters:_The_Lyle_and_Erik_Menendez_Story
French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)
sufficiently long time, which has far-reaching consequences. Early in the 20th century he formulated the Poincaré conjecture, which became, over time, one of the
Henri_Poincaré
British mathematician (1909–2001)
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Arthur_Geoffrey_Walker
Breast cancer treating method
patient with macromastia who underwent NSM safely following a pre-mastectomy delay procedure. In 2020, Jay Arthur Jensen presented a new strategy that combines
Nipple-sparing_mastectomy
American physicist (1929–2021)
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Ezra_T._Newman
Solution of Einstein field equations
=3H^{2}}}} the cosmological constant with H {\displaystyle {\rm {H}}} as the time-independent Hubble parameter. The electromagnetic 4-potential is A μ = {
Kerr–Newman–de–Sitter_metric
Equation explaining structure of a spherical body of isotropic material
.96l3012S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.96.123012. S2CID 119206732. Ruiz, M.; Shapiro, S. L.; Tsokaros, A. (2018-01-11). "GW170817, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff_equation
Fundamental quantity in physics
counterparts. Gravitational time dilation gives rise to the phenomenon of gravitational redshift and Shapiro signal travel time delays near massive objects such
Time_in_physics
Mathematical transformation in physics
Time-translation symmetry or temporal translation symmetry (TTS) is a mathematical transformation in physics that moves the times of events through a common
Time-translation_symmetry
Professional wrestling championship
on tape delay on August 28. 25 Jack Banning February 7, 2023 Championship Wrestling presented by CarShield Irvine, CA 1 383 Aired on tape delay on February
UWN_Television_Championship
Mackie's Massive Historical Epic Finally Gets First Trailer After 5 Years of Delays". Collider. Retrieved March 12, 2026. Ntim, Zac (February 5, 2026). "Action
List of American films of 2026
List_of_American_films_of_2026
Astronomical observation
Barway, Sudhanshu; Bellm, Eric C; Bhalerao, Varun (27 October 2021). "Real-time discovery of AT2020xnd: a fast, luminous ultraviolet transient with minimal
Fast_blue_optical_transient
American strategic advisory firm
strategic advisory firm founded by Jeremy Bash, Philippe Reines, and Andrew Shapiro in 2013. Philippe Reines left the firm as of September 2017. According
Beacon_Global_Strategies
President of the United States from 2021 to 2025
humanitarian aid operation". Associated Press. Retrieved March 7, 2024. Shapiro, Ari; Mohammad, Linah; Burnett, Elena (March 6, 2024). "Airdropping aid
Joe_Biden
Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist (1919–2005)
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Hermann_Bondi
American cable television news channel
Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 22, 2017. Shapiro, Rebecca (October 15, 2012). "MSNBC Website Debuts New Look (PHOTO)". HuffPost
MS_NOW
Solution of Einstein field equations
orthogonal, and that there are no singularities. The corresponding proper time is d τ 2 = − ( d x 0 ) 2 + 4 ( x 3 ) ( d x 0 ) ( d x 2 ) − 2 ( d x 1 ) (
Ozsváth–Schücking_metric
Metric in relativity
In mathematical physics, the Peres metric is defined by the proper time d τ 2 = d t 2 − 2 f ( t + z , x , y ) ( d t + d z ) 2 − d x 2 − d y 2 − d z 2 {\displaystyle
Peres_metric
Class of axisymmetric solutions to Einstein's field equations
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Relativistic_disk
Relation of space and time in relativity theory
and spatial directions that show the relativity of simultaneity. Keeping time and space axes hyperbolically orthogonal, as in Minkowski space, gives a
Hyperbolic_orthogonality
American actress (born 1970)
this role as he did not consider her a serious actress. Her agent Risa Shapiro persuaded him to watch Connelly's performance in Far Harbor. Gordon later
Jennifer_Connelly
David Shapiro (who previously won the Razzie for Worst Screenplay) said Cats had usurped his film as the worst ever made. Cats was included on Time Out's
List of 21st-century films considered the worst
List_of_21st-century_films_considered_the_worst
American mathematician (1911–1999)
with a joint appointment in the department of mathematics. He was a full-time professor of mathematics from 1967 to 1978, when he retired as professor
Abraham_H._Taub
1994 double murder in Los Angeles, U.S.
hour; a police spokesman stated that during this time Simpson talked to his mother on the phone. Shapiro then arrived, and Simpson surrendered to authorities
Murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman
Murder_of_Nicole_Brown_Simpson_and_Ron_Goldman
Concept of absolute rotation
The Science of Mechanics (1883 in German, 1893 in English). Before Mach's time, the basic idea also appears in the writings of George Berkeley. After Mach
Mach's_principle
Meanings of mass in special relativity
provide the rest mass of the parent particle (because it is conserved over time). It is often convenient in calculation that the invariant mass of a system
Mass_in_special_relativity
Phrase describing policies of the Trump administration
president Donald Trump to make threats, only to later delay or renege on them as a way to increase time for negotiations, allow markets to rebound, and avert
Trump_Always_Chickens_Out
Season of television series
receiving 10-0-0 jury votes against fellow finalists Ken McNickle and Hannah Shapiro. Klein became the third Jewish winner, after Ethan Zohn from Survivor:
Survivor: Millennials vs. Gen X
Survivor:_Millennials_vs._Gen_X
American professional wrestler (born 1999)
the WWE Women's Speed Championship on April 11 (aired April 16 on tape delay) and won a six-woman ladder match at NXT Stand & Deliver for the vacant
Sol_Ruca
New York City mayoral residence
Archived from the original on December 24, 2023. Retrieved December 24, 2023. Shapiro, Eliza (November 7, 2025). "Mamdani Lives in a One-Bedroom. He Could Move
Gracie_Mansion
American physicist
lensing (together with Einstein cross and Einstein rings) redshift Shapiro delay frame-dragging / geodetic effect (Lense–Thirring precession) pulsar
Russell_Alan_Hulse
travel, tourism, insurance
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably a variant of Timms.
Female
Greek
(Τίμω) Feminine form of Greek Timon, TIMO means "honor." Compare with masculine Timo.
Male
Japanese
(四郎) Japanese name SHIRO means "fourth son."
Female
Hebrew
(ש×ָמִירָה) Feminine form of Hebrew Shamiyr, SHAMIRA means "a sharp point," hence "thorn."Â
Girl/Female
African, Australian, Swahili
Full of Happiness
Surname or Lastname
Cambodian
Cambodian : unexplained.English : variant of Timm.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a lime burner or for a whitewasher, from Old English līm ‘lime’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Well known, The group of people use to play traditional music at Shivaji ‘s period, Shayar or Shahir (1)
Surname or Lastname
Italian (Sicily; Tinè)
Italian (Sicily; Tinè) : most probably an occupational name for a comb maker, from a reduced form of medieval Greek kteneas, from ktenion ‘comb’ + the occupational suffix -eas.English (mainly Yorkshire) : variant of Tyne.Perhaps also an Americanized spelling of German Thein.
Male
Greek
(ΣπÏÏο) Variant spelling of Greek Spyro, SPIRO means "spirit."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a female name Tezia, Teucia, Tietsa, pet forms of Continental Germanic compound names formed with the unattested element þēudo ‘people’, ‘race’.Americanized spelling of German Theiss or possibly Theus.Possibly an altered spelling of Dutch Tijs, from a short form of Matthijs, Dutch form of Matthew.
Male
English
Short form of English Timothy, TIM means "to honor God."
Male
Finnish
Short form of Finnish Timofei, TIMO means "to honor God." Compare with other forms of Timo.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably from an otherwise unrecorded Old English personal name, cognate with the attested Continental Germanic form Timmo. This is of uncertain origin, perhaps a short form of Dietmar. The personal name Timothy was not in use in England until Tudor times, and is therefore not a likely source of this surname, which is medieval in origin.North German and Dutch : from a short form of the medieval personal name Dietmar.
Surname or Lastname
English (Northamptonshire)
English (Northamptonshire) : from the Old French form of the Latin personal name Titus. Compare Tito.French : from the Germanic personal name Tito, derived from theudo ‘people’, ‘race’.
Male
Greek
(Τίμω) Short form of Greek Timon, TIMO means "honor." Compare with another form of Timo.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Well known, The group of people use to play traditional music at Shivaji ‘s period, Shayar or Shahir
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from the personal name Timm.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Variant of Sha'ira; Poetess
Male
English
Short form of English Timothy, TIMO means "to honor God." Compare with other forms of Timo.
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
SHAPIRO TIME-DELAY
travel, tourism, insurance