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Modification of general relativity
In physics the Einstein-aether theory, also called aetheory, is the name coined in 2004 for a modification of general relativity that has a preferred reference
Einstein-aether_theory
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
Lorentz's university in Leiden, Einstein sought to reconcile the theory of relativity with Lorentzian aether. In this lecture Einstein stressed that special relativity
Luminiferous_aether
Set of theories
In the history of physics, aether theories (or ether theories) proposed the existence of a medium, a space-filling substance or field as a transmission
Aether_theories
Classical element
aether for the transmission of these forces. Einstein noted that his own model which replaced these theories could itself be thought of as an aether,
Aether_(classical_element)
Series of three books by E. T. Whittaker on the history of electromagnetic theory
A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity is any of three books written by British mathematician Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker FRS FRSE on the
A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity
A_History_of_the_Theories_of_Aether_and_Electricity
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The theory of relativity comprises two physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and
Theory_of_relativity
Defunct theory of electromagnetism
ether theory (LET) has its roots in Hendrik Lorentz's "theory of electrons", which marked the end of the development of the classical aether theories at
Lorentz_ether_theory
Early attempt to explain constant speed of light
century, the theory of the luminiferous aether as the hypothetical medium for the propagation of light waves was widely discussed. The aether hypothesis
Aether_drag_hypothesis
indistinguishable from the aether theory of Lorentz and Poincaré, since both theories satisfy the relativity principle of Poincaré and Einstein, and both employ
Criticism of the theory of relativity
Criticism_of_the_theory_of_relativity
Inertial frame of reference with stationary aether
relativity. In theories that presume that light travels at a fixed speed relative to an unmodifiable and detectable luminiferous aether, a preferred frame
Preferred_frame
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
thought experiment being at all incompatible with aether theories (which it is not), the youthful Einstein appears to have reacted to the scenario out of
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
named after Albert Einstein. Bose–Einstein condensate Bose–Einstein correlations Bose–Einstein statistics Einstein aether theory Einstein's equivalence principle
List of things named after Albert Einstein
List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
special theory of relativity, or simply special relativity, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905
Special_relativity
1887 investigation of the speed of light
special relativity, which rules out motion against an aether. Of this experiment, Albert Einstein wrote, "If the Michelson–Morley experiment had not brought
Michelson–Morley_experiment
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
Whittaker, E. T. (1989). "The relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz". A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Vol. 2. New York: Dover
Mass–energy_equivalence
relative to the aether show only the apparent time. Eventually, near the end of his life in 1953 Einstein described the advantages of his theory over that of
History_of_special_relativity
Issue in science history
Albert Einstein presented the theories of special relativity and general relativity in publications that either contained no formal references to previous
Relativity_priority_dispute
Complete absence of anything; the opposite of everything
in quantum field theory is filled with virtual particles. The quantum vacuum is often viewed as a modern version of an aether theory. Some would consider
Nothing
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
equivalence principle. A number of alternative theories, such as Brans–Dicke theory and the Einstein-aether theory add additional fields. Some of the tests
Equivalence_principle
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Whittaker, Edmund T. (1989). A history of the theories of aether & electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 - 1926 (Repr ed.). New York: Dover Publ.
Light
could travel in a vacuum without the need of a medium or luminiferous aether. Einstein also developed general relativity, in which spacetime was treated as
History of classical field theory
History_of_classical_field_theory
formulation of Newton's law of gravity. This was superseded by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity in the early 20th century. Greek philosopher Aristotle
History of gravitational theory
History_of_gravitational_theory
Phenomenon wherein objects appear to move about their true positions in the sky
conductor problem, the negative aether drift experiments, as well as the Fizeau experiment, led Albert Einstein to develop the theory of special relativity in
Aberration_(astronomy)
but he argues that this aether is perfectly undetectable. 1905 – Albert Einstein publishes an observationally equivalent theory, but complete with a derivation
Timeline of luminiferous aether
Timeline_of_luminiferous_aether
Attraction of masses and energy
sought to reveal this medium but failed and in 1905 Einstein's special relativity theory showed the aether was not needed. Special relativity proposed that
Gravity
Quantities describing probability of absorption or emission of light
the Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. The Einstein A coefficients
Einstein_coefficients
experimental and theoretical, of: Einstein’s special theory of relativity (SR), its predecessors like the theories of luminiferous aether, its early competitors
Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light
Timeline_of_special_relativity_and_the_speed_of_light
1922 debate on physics and philosophy
Albert Einstein and the philosopher Henri Bergson met at a gathering of the Société française de philosophie and debated the implications of the theory of
Einstein–Bergson_debate
the idea of a luminiferous aether—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous. (Einstein 1905c) In his paper on mass–energy
History of electromagnetic theory
History_of_electromagnetic_theory
Early attempts to explain gravity
any action at a distance. These theories were developed from the 16th until the 19th century in connection with the aether. However, such models are no longer
Mechanical explanations of gravitation
Mechanical_explanations_of_gravitation
Experiments probing the accuracy of special relativity's predictions
relativity must be considered. The predominant theory of light in the 19th century was that of the luminiferous aether, a stationary medium in which light propagates
Tests_of_special_relativity
Theory in physics about the nature of light
that Newtonian theory of light, where corpuscles interact with the luminiferous aether, established a predecessor to the pilot wave theory, which is one
Corpuscular_theory_of_light
Pre-relativistic physical theory
aberration and the Fizeau experiment, but was discarded when Albert Einstein introduced his theory of relativity. Despite this, the expression light-dragging has
Light-dragging_effects
Convention for synchronising clocks
Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein, who applied it to light signals and recognized its fundamental role in relativity theory. Its principal value is for
Einstein_synchronisation
Published papers of Albert Einstein in 1905
to accept the existence of atoms. The third paper introduced Einstein's special theory of relativity, which proclaims the constancy of the speed of light
Annus_mirabilis_papers
Concept that simultaneity depends on choice of reference frame
invariance and the relativity principle, so Einstein noted that for the electrodynamics of moving bodies the aether is superfluous. Thus, the separation into
Relativity_of_simultaneity
Theoretical foundation of Newtonian mechanics
his later papers, Einstein identified the term aether with "properties of space", a terminology that is not widely used. Einstein stated that in general
Absolute_space_and_time
Concept in physics
Albert Einstein derived the theory of special relativity in 1905, from principles now called the postulates of special relativity. Einstein's formulation
Postulates of special relativity
Postulates_of_special_relativity
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the known theory of relativity. Einstein also
Albert_Einstein
Dutch physicist (1853–1928)
comes to the same results, as if one (following Einstein and Minkowski) deny the existence of the aether and of true time, and to see all reference systems
Hendrik_Lorentz
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist of the 20th century, best known for his special and general theories of relativity. He
List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein
List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein
Elementary particle or quantum of light
experimental and theoretical physics, including lasers, Bose–Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics
Photon
Obsolete physics theory
was created by Albert Einstein to solve the apparent conflict between electrodynamics and the principle of relativity. The theory's geometrical simplicity
Emission_theory_(relativity)
Experiment measuring the speed of light in moving water
measurement was developed with the advent of Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. Einstein later pointed out the importance of the experiment
Fizeau_experiment
Theory of fundamental physics
concept of a luminiferous aether as a medium sustaining electromagnetic waves was discarded after the advent of the special theory of relativity, as the presence
Superfluid_vacuum_theory
Debate about credit for general relativity
Albert Einstein's discovery of the gravitational field equations of general relativity and David Hilbert's almost simultaneous derivation of the theory using
General relativity priority dispute
General_relativity_priority_dispute
Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
Einstein in 1905, after being motivated by Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism and the lack of evidence for motion against the luminiferous aether.
Speed_of_light
Hungarian–German physicist (1862–1947)
quantum theory was the work cited when Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Suspicious of the general adulation of Einstein, he became
Philipp_Lenard
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
superseded by Newton's laws of motion Luminiferous aether theory Static Universe theory Steady state theory, a model developed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
Concept in physics
transmission were all accepted as evidence against action at a distance. Aether theories were alternative proposals to replace apparent action-at-a-distance
Action_at_a_distance
Kinetic theory of gravity
and Em. Keller presented a theory by using a Le Sage type mechanism in combination with longitudinal waves of the aether. They supposed that those waves
Le Sage's theory of gravitation
Le_Sage's_theory_of_gravitation
Scientific methodology
earlier theories of aether, whose word and concept became taboo. Einstein explained special relativity's compatibility with an aether, but Einstein aether, too
Deductive-nomological_model
Origins of Einstein's gravitation theory
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915
History_of_general_relativity
Hypothesis proposing a modification of Newton's laws
generalizations of MOND exist, including BIMOND and generalized Einstein aether theory. There is also a relativistic generalization of MOND that assumes
Modified_Newtonian_dynamics
Scientific field of study
with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical
Physics
British mathematician and historian of science (1873–1956)
Theories of Aether and Electricity, which gave a detailed account of the aether theories from René Descartes to Hendrik Lorentz and Albert Einstein,
E._T._Whittaker
Lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
18: 83–116. Einstein, Albert (1920). Äther und Relativitäts-Theorie [Aether and relativity theory] (in German). Berlin: Springer. Einstein, Albert (1922)
Zero-point_energy
Irish theoretical physicist (1857–1942)
electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics, and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a theoretical physics book published
Joseph_Larmor
Discredited unified theory of physics
Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory or ECE theory was an attempted unified theory of physics proposed by the Welsh chemist and physicist Myron Wyn Evans (May
Einstein–Cartan–Evans_theory
Relativistic effect due to rotation
experiment in 1913 in an attempt to prove the existence of the aether that Einstein's theory of special relativity makes superfluous. A gimbal mounted mechanical
Sagnac_effect
Concept in quantum mechanics
Whittaker, Edmund T. (1989). A history of the theories of aether & electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 - 1926 (Repr ed.). New York: Dover Publ.
Wave–particle_duality
French mathematician, physicist and engineer (1854–1912)
(1953). "The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz". A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: The Modern Theories 1900–1926. London: Nelson
Henri_Poincaré
Concept in relativity theory
relative to a "preferred" (aether) frame Σ. They based their analysis on a specific interpretation of the RMS test theory in relation to experiments in
One-way_speed_of_light
1988 book by Stephen Hawking
another, Albert Einstein argued that the aether is superfluous if we abandon absolute time. His 1905 paper became known the special theory of relativity
A_Brief_History_of_Time
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
ISBN 978-0-201-04679-3.. Darrigol, Olivier (2005). "The Genesis of the Theory of Relativity". Einstein, 1905–2005 (PDF). Vol. 1. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1007/3-7643-7436-5_1
Time_dilation
Contraction of length in the direction of propagation in Minkowski space
respect to the ether. Albert Einstein removed the ad hoc character from the contraction hypothesis, declared the aether to be "superfluous" along with
Length_contraction
American physicist and historian
special theory of relativity given by Einstein in 1905. Shankland recorded that Michelson's Santa Ana trip was to look at the science of the aether. After
Robert_S._Shankland
Philosophical concept of emptiness
any evidence of aether, leading to the theory's eventual abandonment. This shift was further reinforced by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which
The_Void_(philosophy)
Branch of applied mathematics
gravitational field is Minkowski spacetime itself, the 4D topology of Einstein aether modeled on a Lorentzian manifold that "curves" geometrically, according
Mathematical_physics
Development of linear transformations forming the Lorentz group
while Einstein derived the complete transformation by this method. Unlike Lorentz and Poincaré who still distinguished between real time in the aether and
History of Lorentz transformations
History_of_Lorentz_transformations
German physicist (1875–1922)
competing with that developed by Hendrik Lorentz (1899, 1904) and Albert Einstein (1905) which seem to have become more widely accepted; nevertheless, Abraham
Max_Abraham
space, which was later adopted by Einstein and others. E. T. Whittaker (1910) A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity Wilson, Edwin B.; Lewis
List of textbooks on relativity
List_of_textbooks_on_relativity
Italian industrialist and geologist (1857–1921)
nuclear physics and its relationship to astronomy. He focused on the theory of aether, a hypothetical substance that at that time was believed to fill all
Olinto_De_Pretto
transformation or even the FitzGerald–Lorentz–Einstein transformation. Albert Einstein also dismissed the notion of the aether, and relied on Lorentz's conclusion
History of Maxwell's equations
History_of_Maxwell's_equations
Concept of absolute rotation
particularly in discussions of gravitation theories, Mach's principle (or Mach's conjecture) is the name given by Albert Einstein to an imprecise hypothesis often
Mach's_principle
Framework of distances and directions
rather than flat, as in the Euclidean space. According to Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity, space around gravitational fields deviates
Space
Mathematical model combining space and time
the aether by emphasizing the validity of what he called the principle of relativity. In 1905/1906 he mathematically perfected Lorentz's theory of electrons
Spacetime
Mathematical framework to verify special relativity
different ways. Test theories predicting different experimental results from Einstein's special relativity, are Robertson's test theory (1949), and the Mansouri–Sexl
Test theories of special relativity
Test_theories_of_special_relativity
Tests of special relativity
general relativity such as loop quantum gravity, emergent gravity, Einstein aether theory, and Hořava–Lifshitz gravity. However, the Standard-Model Extension
Modern searches for Lorentz violation
Modern_searches_for_Lorentz_violation
American physicist (1866–1941)
with X-rays, Miller was an advocate of aether theory and absolute space and an opponent of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Born in Ohio to Charles
Dayton_Miller
General-relativistic effect
moving away from the source of gravitation). Albert Einstein originally predicted this in his theory of relativity, and it has since been confirmed by tests
Gravitational_time_dilation
Philosophical problem-solving principle
atomic theory until the reality of atoms was more evident in Brownian motion, as shown by Albert Einstein. In the same way, postulating the aether is more
Occam's_razor
Physics principle
moving in uniform translation relatively to K. — Albert Einstein: The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, Part A, §1 This defines an inertial frame
Principle_of_relativity
Scottish physicist and mathematician (1831–1879)
Albert Einstein to formulate the theory of special relativity; in the process, Einstein dispensed with the luminiferous aether as "superfluous". Einstein acknowledged
James_Clerk_Maxwell
Alleged anomalous behavior of pendulums and gravimeters
the Earth moves within the aether but the rotation of the Moon induces a "wind" of about 8 km/s. Thus Allais rejects Einstein's interpretation of the Michelson–Morley
Allais_effect
1901–1903 physics experiment
experiment was an attempt to detect motion of the Earth through the luminiferous aether, and was conducted in 1901–1903 by Frederick Thomas Trouton and H. R. Noble
Trouton–Noble_experiment
Fundamental interaction between charged particles
detect the presence of the aether. After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with
Electromagnetism
Whittaker, Edmund T. (1989). A history of the theories of aether & electricity. 2: The modern theories, 1900 - 1926 (Repr ed.). New York: Dover Publ.
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Category of theories
Electrodynamics and Classical Theory of Fields & Particles. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486640389. Einstein, Albert (2004) [1920]. Relativity
Classical_physics
The theory of special relativity was initially developed in 1905 by Albert Einstein. However, other interpretations of special relativity have been developed
Formulations of special relativity
Formulations_of_special_relativity
the theory of luminiferous aether in concept and in time frame but the two theories were not identical. While the theory had a significant impact on
History_of_atomic_theory
Historical development of physics
such as motion (and gravity) with the theory of four elements. Aristotle believed that all matter was made of aether, or some combination of four elements:
History_of_physics
German physicist
contrary to Albert Einstein, he didn't connect his rejection of the aether with the relativity of space and time. In 1904 he developed a theory of electrons
Alfred_Bucherer
Historical theory in geology
Bibcode:1971eesc.book.....J Born, M. (2003) [1964], Die Relativitätstheorie Einsteins (Einstein's theory of relativity), Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-publisher
Expanding_Earth
Physical effect in general relativity
The effect was first described by Albert Einstein in 1907, eight years before his publication of the full theory of relativity. Observing the gravitational
Gravitational_redshift
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
including Albert Einstein built on his work, and Planck's insight is now recognized to be of fundamental importance to quantum theory. Every physical body
Planck's_law
Chronology of development from 1905
of non-accelerated motions with respect to a Lorentzian aether in contradiction to Einstein's "unconditional" relativity principle that allegedly requires
History_of_the_twin_paradox
Hypothetical planet between the Sun and Mercury
Mercury's orbital peculiarities was later rendered unnecessary when Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity showed that Mercury's departure from an orbit
Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)
Physical quantities taking values at each point in space and time
resolved by the introduction of the special theory of relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905. This theory changed the way the viewpoints of moving observers
Field_(physics)
1938 experiment confirming relativistic time dilation
predictions of "classical" aether theory with the apparatus stationary in the hypothetical aether, even though the classical aether had already long been ruled
Ives–Stilwell_experiment
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Celtic, Irish
Bear; Rock; Noble Strength; A Bear
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German, Indian, Jamaican, Latin
Bowman; An English Surname; The Archer; Noteworthy and Valorous
Girl/Female
Biblical
The vale of trial or searching.
Girl/Female
Greek
Mother of Theseus.
Male
Hebrew
(יֶתֶר) Hebrew name YETHER means "abundance" or "overhanging." In the bible, this is the name of many characters, including the father-in-law of Moses. He is also known by the name Yithrow. Jether is the Anglicized form.
Biblical
he that excels
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Flowering Heather
Boy/Male
Norse
Rock or hard spear.
Biblical
the vale of trial or searching
Boy/Male
Biblical
He that excels.
Female
English
English name derived from the plant name, HEATHER means "heather."
Male
Welsh
Variant spelling of Welsh Gethin, GETHEN means "dark, swarthy."
Male
Greek
(ΑιθήÏ) Greek name AITHER means "bright, upper air." In mythology, this is the name of one of the first gods, the son of Erebos and Nyx. He is the god of the pure, upper air that only the gods breathe, as opposed to the gloomy, lower "aer" breathed by mortals.
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, Christian
He that Excels; Overhanging
Boy/Male
Norse
Lucky.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Arthur was a great king lives in th century
Boy/Male
Norse
Lucky.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Yether, JETHER means "overhanging" or "abundance." In the bible, this is the name of many characters, including the father-in-law of Moses. He is also known by the name Jethro.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Lancashire and Yorkshire)
English (chiefly Lancashire and Yorkshire) : metonymic occupational name for a leatherworker or seller of leather goods, from Middle English lether, Old English leþer ‘leather’.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Division, or in the trial.
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
Girl/Female
Norse
Battle maiden.
Biblical
an assembly,ornament,ornament, beauty
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Balham, a habitational name from a place in Surrey (now part of south London), named with Old English bealg ‘smooth’ or ‘round’ + hamm ‘water meadow’, ‘land hemmed in by water’.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kasturi | கஸà¯à®¤à¯‚ரீ
Musk
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Whole; Entire
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Crystal
Boy/Male
British, Indian, Malaysian, Telugu
Spiritual; Analytical; Focused
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone living by a smithy, from Middle English smithe, smythy ‘smithy’, or a habitational name from a place named with this word, as for example Smitha in Devon. It could also be a metonymic occupational name for the smith himself.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Full Moon of the dark
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Goddess Durga
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
EINSTEIN AETHER-THEORY
v. i.
To form lather, or a froth like lather; to accumulate foam from profuse sweating, as a horse.
n.
Bustle; confusion; tumult; flutter; bother.
n.
See Ether.
a.
More advanced; more perfect; as, upon better acquaintance; a better knowledge of the subject.
n.
A brother by the marriage of one's father with the mother of another, or of one's mother with the father of another.
compar.
In a higher or greater degree; more; as, to love one better than another.
a.
Having good qualities in a greater degree than another; as, a better man; a better physician; a better house; a better air.
v. t.
To make one's self the father of; to beget.
a.
In some degree; somewhat; as, the day is rather warm; the house is rather damp.
n.
To spread over with lather; as, to lather the face.
conj.
Neither; nor.
adv.
On the weather side, or toward the wind; in the direction from which the wind blows; -- opposed to alee; as, helm aweather!
v. t.
To provide with a father.
conj. Either
precedes two, or more, coordinate words or phrases, and is introductory to an alternative. It is correlative to or.
n.
A letter; an epistle.
v. i.
To become better; to improve.
a.
Not either; not the one or the other.
a.
Being on the side next or toward the person speaking; nearer; -- correlate of thither and farther; as, on the hither side of a hill.
v. t.
To beat, as with a thong of leather.
n.
Any similar oxide of hydrocarbon radicals; as, amyl ether; valeric ether.