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Physical effect in general relativity
generally as a redshift. The opposite effect, in which photons gain energy when travelling into a gravitational well, is known as a gravitational blueshift
Gravitational_redshift
Change in wavelength of light
forms of redshift occur in astronomy and cosmology: Doppler redshifts due to the relative motions of radiation sources, gravitational redshift as radiation
Redshift
the perihelion of Mercury, the bending of light in gravitational fields, and the gravitational redshift. The precession of Mercury was already known; experiments
Tests_of_general_relativity
General-relativistic effect
Gravity Probe A and other experiments. Gravitational time dilation is closely related to gravitational redshift, in which the closer a body emitting light
Gravitational_time_dilation
Test of gravitational redshift
would gain energy when descending a gravitational potential, and would lose energy when rising through a gravitational potential. It was proposed by Robert
Pound–Rebka_experiment
Attraction of masses and energy
physics, gravity (from Latin gravitas 'weight'), also known as gravitation or a gravitational interaction, is a fundamental interaction, which may be described
Gravity
Spatial distortion in cosmology
from general relativity. One is gravitational redshift distortion, which arises from the net gravitational redshift, or blueshift, that is acquired when
Redshift-space_distortions
Astronomical structure
as gravitational redshift. Using the data collected from 8000 galaxy clusters, Wojtak was able to study the properties of gravitational redshift for
Galaxy_cluster
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
appears to slow down, never quite crossing the horizon. Due to gravitational redshift, its image reddens over time as the object moves closer to the horizon
Event_horizon
Light bending by mass between source and observer
discovered at redshift z = 1.53. Gravitational Lensing Graphic (January 8, 2020) Hubble Showcases Hamilton's Object Illustration of gravitational lensing
Gravitational_lens
Compact astronomical body
hypothesis that inertial mass and gravitational mass have a common cause. Using the principle, Einstein predicted the redshift and the lensing effect of gravity
Black_hole
Aspect of relativity in physics
2015, directly through dedicated observatories. Gravitational waves transport energy as gravitational radiation, a form of radiant energy similar to electromagnetic
Gravitational_wave
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
voids, and hotter regions correlate with filaments because of gravitational redshifting. As the Sachs–Wolfe effect is only significant if the universe
Void_(astronomy)
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
consequences of general relativity are: Gravitational time dilation: Clocks run slower in deeper gravitational wells. Precession: Orbits precess in a way
Theory_of_relativity
principle of equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass and uses it to predict gravitational lensing and gravitational redshift, historically known as
Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity
Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity
Mathematical theory of the geometry of space and time
free-falling in the gravitational field of the Earth, exhibit tidal accelerations due to local inhomogeneities in the gravitational field such that each
Curved_spacetime
Time coordinate in relativity theory
hypothetical clock is unaffected by gravitational time dilation. Clocks inside gravity wells experience gravitational and motional time dilation relative
Coordinate_time
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
the propagation of light, and include gravitational time dilation, gravitational lensing, the gravitational redshift of light, the Shapiro time delay, singularities
General_relativity
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
equation of motion in a gravitational field, written out in full, is: inertial mass × acceleration = gravitational mass × gravitational acceleration Careful
Equivalence_principle
Theory of gravity by Albert Einstein
effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and an effect of gravity on time known as gravitational time dilation. Many of these
Introduction to general relativity
Introduction_to_general_relativity
Static exact solution in general relativity
suffers gravitational collapse into a black hole. As this is a time dependent process, the Schwarzschild solution does not hold any longer. Gravitational redshift
Interior_Schwarzschild_metric
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
of special relativity, or a difference in gravitational potential between their locations due to gravitational time dilation. When unspecified, "time dilation"
Time_dilation
Rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy
Yazici, S.; Ziegler, D.; Zins, G. (1 July 2018). "Detection of the gravitational redshift in the orbit of the star S2 near the Galactic centre massive black
Galactic_Center
Supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way
S2 would show a discernible gravitational redshift in addition to the usual velocity redshift. The gravitational redshift was detected, in agreement with
Sagittarius_A*
Hypothetical astrophysical effect
{2Mr\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}\right)}}}},} which is the Unruh effect. The gravitational redshift is given by the square root of the time component of the metric
Hawking_radiation
Clock that monitors the resonant frequency of atoms
relativity predicts that clocks tick slower deeper in a gravitational field, and this gravitational redshift effect has been well documented. Atomic clocks are
Atomic_clock
Field-equations in general relativity
energy–momentum conservation, the EFE reduce to Newton's law of gravitation in the limit of a weak gravitational field and velocities that are much less than the speed
Einstein_field_equations
Largest type of black hole
keV) from the galaxy MCG-6-30-15. The broadening was due to the gravitational redshift of the light as it escaped from just 3 to 10 Schwarzschild radii
Supermassive_black_hole
Condition in which spacetime itself breaks down
In theoretical physics, a gravitational singularity, spacetime singularity, or simply singularity, is a theoretical condition in which gravity is predicted
Gravitational_singularity
Origins of Einstein's gravitation theory
effects of gravity, such as gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and an effect of gravity on time known as gravitational time dilation. Many of these
History_of_general_relativity
Exact solution to the Einstein field equations
student Hartland Snyder studied this topic with their paper "On Continued Gravitational Contraction" making the opposite argument as Einstein's. They showed
Oppenheimer–Snyder_model
Phenomenon of redshift in cosmology
ten degrees. The non-integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect is caused by gravitational redshift occurring at the surface of last scattering. The effect is not constant
Sachs–Wolfe_effect
Proposed theories of gravity
non-gravitational experiment is independent of where and when it is performed. Spatial local position invariance is tested using gravitational redshift measurements
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
Time delay caused by space-time distortion near massive objects
need for dark matter. Astronomy portal Physics portal Gravitational lens Gravitational redshift and blueshift Gravitomagnetic time delay Proper time VSOP
Shapiro_time_delay
Star orbiting close to Sagittarius A*
(led by Andrea Ghez) revealed a combined transverse Doppler and gravitational redshift up to 200 km/s/c, in agreement with general relativity predictions
S2_(star)
Hypothetical object of spacetime
This region does not exist for black holes that have formed through gravitational collapse, however, nor are there any observed physical processes through
White_hole
German astronomer
relativity could be tested by astronomical observations based on the gravitational redshift. He was born in Biebrich, Germany the son of Friedrich Philipp Ernst
Erwin_Finlay-Freundlich
Class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms
light is a class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms that was proposed as an alternative explanation for the redshift-distance relationship. These models
Tired_light
Solution to Einstein field equations
In general relativity, a gravitational plane wave (or plane gravitational wave) is defined to be any non-flat solution to Einstein's empty space-time field
Gravitational_plane_wave
Tensor that describes the 4D geometry of spacetime
relativity, the metric tensor plays the role of the gravitational potential in the classical theory of gravitation, although the physical content of the associated
Metric tensor (general relativity)
Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)
Approximate solution to Einstein's field equations
manifold Phenomena Kepler problem Gravitational lensing Gravitational redshift Gravitational time dilation Gravitational waves Frame-dragging Geodetic effect
Hartle–Thorne_metric
the gravitational redshift effect (1924) A number of earlier experimenters claimed to have found the presence or lack of gravitational redshift, but
List of experimental errors and frauds in physics
List_of_experimental_errors_and_frauds_in_physics
Active galactic nucleus (AGN) containing a supermassive black hole
nearby objects, and that their redshift was not due to the expansion of space but rather to light escaping a deep gravitational well. This would require a
Quasar
Gravitational deflection of light
it, producing gravitational lensing. This effect rarely produces the giant arcs and multiple images associated with strong gravitational lensing. Most
Weak_gravitational_lensing
Black holes are characterized only by mass, charge, and spin
external observers after the black hole "settles down" (by emitting gravitational and electromagnetic waves). Physicist John Archibald Wheeler expressed
No-hair_theorem
Solution to the Einstein field equations
escape the gravitational field. Any physical object whose radius R becomes less than or equal to the Schwarzschild radius has undergone gravitational collapse
Schwarzschild_metric
2015 detection made by LIGO interferometers
their mass would theoretically be converted into gravitational energy, and travel outward as gravitational waves, allowing a greater than usual chance for
First observation of gravitational waves
First_observation_of_gravitational_waves
Physical constant equal to the speed of light
distance, of the gravitational field which it produces. In the relativistic sense, the "speed of gravity" refers to the speed of a gravitational wave, which
Speed_of_gravity
Tensor describing energy momentum density in spacetime
radiation, and non-gravitational force fields. This density and flux of energy and momentum are the sources of the gravitational field in the Einstein
Stress–energy_tensor
equivalence, Einstein field equations, gravitational time dilation, gravitational redshift, gravitational lensing, gravitational waves, perihelion of Mercury,
List of contributors to general relativity
List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
governed by Newtonian gravitational dynamics. For photons, expansion leads to the cosmological redshift. While the cosmological redshift is often explained
Expansion_of_the_universe
Hypothetical topological feature of spacetime
its gravitational field, and n, which determines the curvature of its spatial cross sections. When m is set equal to 0, the drainhole's gravitational field
Wormhole
Notation in general relativity
{\displaystyle \Psi _{4}} in the appropriate frame—encodes the outgoing gravitational radiation of an asymptotically flat system. Newman and Penrose introduced
Newman–Penrose_formalism
Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points
general-relativistic arguments. Although Bohr’s original reply invoked gravitational redshift to restore the energy–time uncertainty relation, later analyses
Einstein's thought experiments
Einstein's_thought_experiments
European space mission to measure gravitational waves
gravitational waves—slight ripples in the fabric of spacetime—from astronomical sources. LISA will be the first dedicated space-based gravitational-wave
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna
Differentiable manifold with nondegenerate metric tensor
manifold Phenomena Kepler problem Gravitational lensing Gravitational redshift Gravitational time dilation Gravitational waves Frame-dragging Geodetic effect
Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold
Coordinate system
{\displaystyle c} is the speed of light; and G {\displaystyle G} is the gravitational constant. This metric has a coordinate singularity at the Schwarzschild
Lemaître_coordinates
Theorem in general relativity
Lovelock's theorem of general relativity says that from a local gravitational action which contains only second derivatives of the four-dimensional spacetime
Lovelock's_theorem
masses radiated away as gravitational waves. The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detected the gravitational waves by using two mirrors
History_of_black_hole_physics
Exact gravitational-wave solution to Einstein's field equations
Nathan Rosen describing cylindrical gravitational waves. Einstein first predicted the existence of gravitational waves in 1916. He returned to the problem
Einstein–Rosen_metric
Observation in physical cosmology
galaxy's recessional velocity is typically determined by measuring its redshift, a shift in the frequency of light emitted by the galaxy. The discovery
Hubble's_law
Full range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies
Doppler shift), relative gravitational potential (gravitational redshift), or expansion of the universe (cosmological redshift). For example, the cosmic
Electromagnetic_spectrum
Equation explaining structure of a spherical body of isotropic material
spherically symmetric body of isotropic material which is in static gravitational equilibrium, as modeled by general relativity. The equation is d P d
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation
Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff_equation
Frame-dragging 2012 Search for the Higgs boson CERN Confirmation Higgs boson 2015 First observation of gravitational waves LIGO Confirmation Gravitational waves
List of experiments in physics
List_of_experiments_in_physics
Type of horizon in spacetime
ISBN 978-0-226-87033-5. Thorne, Kip S.; Misner, Charles; Wheeler, John (1973). Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company. Visser, Matt (2014). "Physical observability
Absolute_horizon
Statement of spherically symmetric spacetimes
Einstein's Gravitational Equations in Vacuo)". Arkiv för Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik. 15: 1–9. Penrose, Roger (1965-01-18). "Gravitational Collapse and
Birkhoff's theorem (relativity)
Birkhoff's_theorem_(relativity)
Tensor field in Riemannian geometry
Differential Geometry, vol. 1, Interscience Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John A. (1973), Gravitation, W. H. Freeman, ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0
Riemann_curvature_tensor
Concept in general relativity
{\displaystyle \kappa =8\pi Gc^{-4}} is the Einstein gravitational constant, G {\displaystyle G} is the gravitational constant and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed
Einstein–Hilbert_action
Classification used in differential geometry and general relativity
sometimes being called the classification of gravitational fields. Type D regions are associated with the gravitational fields of isolated massive objects, such
Petrov_classification
Closest known white dwarf star to Earth
The mass and radius of Sirius B can also be measured from its gravitational redshift, which results in values of 1.017 M☉ and 0.00803 R☉. As white dwarfs
Sirius_B
Tensor used in general relativity
In general relativity, it occurs in the Einstein field equations for gravitation that describe spacetime curvature in a manner that is consistent with
Einstein_tensor
Thought experiment in special relativity
that a homogeneous gravitational field appears in the rest frame of the traveler at turnaround, which is accompanied by gravitational time dilation; since
Twin_paradox
Velocity of an object relative to a rest frame
they have a significant gravitational effect one on another. Velocity dispersions of galaxies arising from this gravitational attraction are usually in
Peculiar_velocity
Reformulation of general relativity
ISBN 978-0-89573-752-6. J.A. Wheeler, C. Misner, K.S. Thorne (1973). Gravitation. W.H. Freeman & Co. p. 1190. ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0.{{cite book}}: CS1
Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation
Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein_equation
Gravitational wave observatory site
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics experiment and observatory designed to detect cosmic gravitational waves. Prior
LIGO
Theory of gravity on antimatter
astronomical tests (gravitational redshift and gravitational lensing, for example) been observed to interact with the gravitational field of ordinary matter
Gravitational interaction of antimatter
Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter
Interferometer which uses the wave-like nature of atoms
or π {\displaystyle \pi } Raman pulses. A precise measurement of gravitational redshift was made in 2009 by Holger Muller, Achim Peters, and Steven Chu
Atom_interferometer
Path of an object through spacetime
absolute position states—to reveal the nature of special relativity or gravitational interactions. The idea of world lines was originated by physicists and
World_line
Cosmological phenomenon
Mandel, Ilya; Sesana, Alberto (2016). "Detectability of Gravitational Waves from High-Redshift Binaries". Physical Review Letters. 116 (10) 101102. arXiv:1512
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
Linear perturbations to solutions of nonlinear Einstein field equations
when the gravitational field is weak. The usage of linearized gravity is integral to the study of gravitational waves and weak-field gravitational lensing
Linearized_gravity
Pioneers of gravitational theory In physics, theories of gravitation postulate mechanisms of interaction governing the movements of bodies with mass. There
History of gravitational theory
History_of_gravitational_theory
1984 graduate textbook by Robert M. Wald
General Relativity is a graduate textbook and reference written by the gravitational physicist Robert Wald. It provides a mathematically rigorous and thorough
General_Relativity_(book)
Description of gravity using discrete values
principles of quantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vicinity of black
Quantum_gravity
motion of any matter or non-gravitational fields, in the sense that the immediate presence "here and now" of non-gravitational energy–momentum causes a proportional
Exact solutions in general relativity
Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity
Scientific phenomenon
know of three sources of redshift/blueshift: Doppler shifts; gravitational redshifts (due to light exiting a gravitational field); and cosmological expansion
Relativistic_Doppler_effect
of matter, radiation, and non-gravitational force fields. The stress–energy tensor is the source of the gravitational field in the Einstein field equations
Introduction to the mathematics of general relativity
Introduction_to_the_mathematics_of_general_relativity
Facet of general relativity
that the gravitational field itself contributes to the total energy and momentum of a system. Unlike other physical fields, the gravitational field does
Mass_in_general_relativity
Physical phenomenon
quantum mechanics while under the influence of a classical gravitational field. It is the gravitational analog of the well-known Aharonov–Bohm effect, which
Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm effect
Gravitational_Aharonov-Bohm_effect
Paths of particles in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations
Schwarzschild geodesics describe the motion of test particles in the gravitational field of a central fixed mass M , {\textstyle M,} that is, motion in
Schwarzschild_geodesics
Formalism in general relativity
cosmological models, the Schwarzschild geometry and the propagation of gravitational waves, although finite-difference methods have remained dominant in
Regge_calculus
Concept in cosmology
the Giant Void, which measures 1.3 billion light-years across. Based on redshift survey data, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the "Great
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Approximate equations of motion in general relativity
approximate dynamics of a system of point-like masses due to their mutual gravitational interactions, including general relativistic effects. It uses a first-order
Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations
Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann_equations
Description of perturbed Kerr black holes
Teukolsky derived linear equations describing the scalar, electromagnetic, gravitational, and neutrino field perturbations specifically for the Kerr metric,
Teukolsky_Equation
Situation or occurrence located at a specific point in space and time
ISBN 0-520-20029-2, p. 9. Fock, V. (1964). The Theory of Space, Time and Gravitation. Pergamon Press. p. 33. By "event" we mean an instantaneous occurrence
Event_(relativity)
Exact solution for the Einstein field equations
2 {\displaystyle Mc^{2}} . The LIGO experiment that first detected gravitational waves, announced in 2016, also provided the first direct observation
Kerr_metric
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
The measurement of the speed of gravity in the first gravitational wave measured by non-gravitational means (GW170817) ruled out many modified gravity theories
Dark_energy
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
observed. One of the consequences of general relativity is the gravitational lens. Gravitational lensing occurs when massive objects between a source of light
Dark_matter
supposedly at odds with it. Thus, it illuminates the role of the gravitational redshift and the proper time in quantum mechanics." The theoretical idea
Matter_wave_clock
Electromagnetic quantum-mechanical effect in regions of zero magnetic and electric field
Anton; Müller, Holger (June 7, 2012). "Force-Free Gravitational Redshift: Proposed Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Experiment". Physical Review Letters.
Aharonov–Bohm_effect
Star orbiting close to the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way
orbits of these stars. Also general relativistic effects due to gravitational redshift should become observable. S301 Stuart Wolpert (4 October 2012).
S55_(star)
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GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
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GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT
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