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Protective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism
Coccolithophore shells Many protists have protective shells or tests, usually made from silica (glass) or calcium carbonate (chalk). Protists are a diverse
Protist_shell
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/ PROH-tist) or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus. Protists do not form a natural
Protist
Shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles
The turtle shell is a shield for turtles (order Testudines), completely enclosing all the turtle's vital organs and in some cases even the head. It comprises
Turtle_shell
Protists that live in saltwater or brackish water
Marine protists Marine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans
Marine_protists
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
organic–inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer. It is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong
Nacre
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
A seashell (or sea shell), also known simply as a shell, is a hard, protective outer layer usually created by an animal or organism that lives in the sea
Seashell
Part of the body of a gastropod or snail
The gastropod shell is part of the body of many gastropods, including snails, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators
Gastropod_shell
Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock
Diatomaceous earth consists of the fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled microalgae, that have accumulated over millions of years. It is used as
Diatomaceous_earth
Exoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
The mollusc (or mollusk) shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
Mollusc_shell
Hard, brittle internal structure found in all members of the family Sepiidae
as cuttlefish bone, is a hard, brittle internal structure (an internal shell) found in all members of the family Sepiidae, commonly known as cuttlefish
Cuttlebone
Part of arthropods
Vincent, Julian F. V. (2002-10-01). "Arthropod cuticle: a natural composite shell system". Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 33 (10):
Arthropod_exoskeleton
Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Silicate
Accumulation of calcium salts in bodily tissue, usually bone
in biological systems, such as the formation of stromatolites or mollusc shells. Calcification can manifest itself in many ways in the body depending on
Calcification
Fossil that requires the use of a microscope to see
another example, many fossil genera of Foraminifera, which are protists are known from shells (called tests) that were as big as coins, such as the genus
Microfossil
Internal support structure of an animal
and cuttlefish) have an internalized vestigial aragonite/calcite-chitin shell known as gladius or cuttlebone; these can serve as muscle attachments, but
Endoskeleton
Hard shell of some spherical marine animals
In biology, a test is the hard shell of some spherical aquatic animals and protists, notably sea urchins and microorganisms such as testate foraminiferans
Test_(biology)
Shell formation mechanism
Ocean acidification - a threat for marine biogenic calcification Protist shell Seashell Shell growth in estuaries Kawahata, Hodaka; Fujita, Kazuhiko; Iguchi
Marine_biogenic_calcification
External skeleton of an organism
sea squirts and sea urchins, and the prominent mollusc shell shared by snails, clams, tusk shells, chitons and nautilus. Some vertebrate animals, such as
Exoskeleton
Phylum of amoeboid protists
class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell called a test of
Foraminifera
Group of amoebae with shells
Testacea or Thecamoeba) are a polyphyletic group of unicellular amoeboid protists, which differ from naked amoebae in the presence of a test that partially
Testate_amoebae
Anatomical structure
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Frustule
Unicellular algae responsible for the formation of chalk
predator to utilise the organic content of coccolithophores. Heterotrophic protists are able to selectively choose prey on the basis of its size or shape and
Coccolithophore
Structural element of sea sponges
functional biominerals, such as endoskeletons and exoskeletons, protective shells, or teeth, had been a significant step in animal evolution. Calcium carbonate
Sponge_spicule
Type of biogenic mineral
evidence for hydrothermal conditions. Marine biogenic calcification Protist shell Coradin, T., Lopez, P.J. (2003). "Biogenic Silica Patterning: Simple
Biogenic_silica
Biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor
silicate shells. Phytoplankton that build calcium-carbonate shells (i.e. coccolithophores) release carbon dioxide as a byproduct during shell formation
Siliceous_ooze
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Immobilization_(soil_science)
Fossils from the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods
shells. These animals may have been molluscs or worm-like Sipuncula. Other molluscan univalved shells have been found in Canada. Some bivalve shells have
Small_shelly_fauna
Bio-geochemical process
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation
Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation
Classification of eukaryotes
A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form
Protist_classification
Biological tissues incorporating minerals
these tissues form a protective shield or structural support. Bone, mollusc shells, deep sea sponge Euplectella species, radiolarians, diatoms, antler bone
Mineralized_tissues
Process by which living organisms produce minerals
as support, defense, and feeding. Many protists, like this coccolithophore, have protective mineralised shells. Forams from a beach Many invertebrate
Biomineralization
Cellular body type
are no longer classified together in one group. The best known amoeboid protists are Chaos carolinense and Amoeba proteus, both of which have been widely
Amoeba
Geological stratum or deposit containing bones
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Bone_bed
Calcium carbonate scales covering some phytoplankton species
predator to utilise the organic content of coccolithophores. Heterotrophic protists are able to selectively choose prey on the basis of its size or shape and
Coccolith
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Biocrystallization
Shell of a particular type of protist
(or shells) of Foraminifera. Foraminifera (forams for short) are single-celled predatory protists, mostly marine, and usually protected with shells. These
Foraminifera_test
Protein family
development of the larval shell, but not the adult conch (a separate entity), suggesting a different evolutionary origin of the mature shell. In cephalopods, engrailed
Engrailed_(gene)
Shell-like protective outer covering of organisms
In biology, a lorica is a shell-like protective outer covering, often reinforced with sand grains and other particles that some protozoans and loriciferan
Lorica_(biology)
Calcium carbonate material echinoderms are made of
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Stereom
Carbon capture process in oceans
pump), as well as the cycling of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed into shells by certain organisms such as plankton and mollusks (carbonate pump). Budget
Biological_pump
Breakdown of organic matter to simple chemicals by living organisms
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Remineralisation
Geological petrification process
fluids seep into the voids of Earth materials, e.g., rocks, wood, bones, shells, and replace the original materials with silica (SiO2). Silica is a naturally
Silicification
Aspect of marine biology
Shell growth in estuaries is an aspect of marine biology that has attracted a number of scientific research studies. Many groups of marine organisms produce
Shell_growth_in_estuaries
Class of microscopic fossils
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Calcareous_nannofossils
Type of interface
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Biointerface
Single-celled organisms
character of the kingdom of protists. Ba. "Character of the protist Individualities. The essential tectological character of protists lies in the very incomplete
Protozoa
Variety of families of Mollusca
E., Wilson, W.G., Hastings, A. (eds.). Ecosystem Engineers – Plants to Protists. Theoretical Ecology Series. Vol. 4 (Ecosystem Engineers: Concepts, Theory
Oyster
Mollusc species native to the Americas
clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), also known as the round clam, hard-shell (or hard-shelled) clam, or the quahog, is an edible marine bivalve mollusk that is
Hard_clam
Fossils produced by magnetotactic bacteria
(shells) Arthropod exoskeleton cuticle Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone gladius Lorica Choanoflagellate lorica Protist shell
Magnetofossil
Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment
single-celled predatory protists, also protected with shells that have holes in them. Their name comes from the Latin for "hole bearers". Their shells, often called
Marine_microorganisms
Heterotrophic protistan or metazoan members of the plankton ecosystem
radiolarian shell Like radiolarians, foraminiferans (forams for short) are single-celled predatory protists, also protected with shells that have holes
Zooplankton
A protist is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely
Protists_in_the_fossil_record
Consumption of hard-shelled or exoskeleton-bearing organisms
eating behavior of animals that consume hard-shelled or exoskeleton-bearing organisms, such as corals, shelled mollusks, or crabs. It is mostly used to describe
Durophagy
Order of single-celled organisms
patterns of Cercomonas and Eocercomonas gen. nov. (Cercomonadida, Cercozoa)". Protist. 157 (2): 125–58. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.01.001. PMID 16647880. Bass
Cercomonad
Genus of protists
centrosome with two concentric granular shells and axopodia much simpler in structure than in visually similar protists (other 'heliozoa'). The generic name
Microheliella
High-calcite region of the Southern Ocean
called coccolithophores, which build their shells out of calcium carbonate. When these organisms die, their shells sink to the bottom of the ocean, and over
Great_Calcite_Belt
Order of Amoebozoa
Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell). Arcellinid testate amoebae are commonly found in
Arcellinida
Genus of protists
(from Latin tetra- 'four' and helio- 'sun') is a genus of four-ciliated protists belonging to the Endohelea, a group of heterotrophic eukaryotes previously
Tetrahelia
Species of single-celled organism
Samuel S; Bett, Brian J; Smith, Craig R (January 2000). "A large testate protist, Gromia sphaerica sp. nov. (Order Filosea), from the bathyal Arabian Sea"
Gromia_sphaerica
Group of single-celled organisms
"Molecular Phylogeny of the Widely Distributed Marine Protists, Phaeodaria (Rhizaria, Cercozoa)". Protist. 166 (3): 363–373. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.05.004
Cercozoa
Taxonomic rank
kingdoms, such as Protozoa and Chromista in the Cavalier-Smith system. Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions
Phylum
Species of single-celled organism
Stentor coeruleus (pronunciation) is a protist in the family Stentoridae which is characterized by being a very large ciliate that measures 0.5 to 2 millimetres
Stentor_coeruleus
Subphylum of single-celled organisms
Radiolarian shapes Radiolarians are unicellular predatory protists encased in elaborate globular shells (or "capsules"), usually made of silica and pierced
Radiolaria
predict the impact of climate change on the global ocean carbon cycle. Protist shells Coccolithus pelagicus foraminiferan carbonate compensation depth aragonite
Particulate_inorganic_carbon
Single-celled parasite
The quahog parasite unknown, or QPX, is a single-celled protist parasite in the class Labyrinthulomycota that affects hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria;
Quahog_parasite_unknown
Species of single-celled organism
Mackin, Owen and Collier in 1950. Perkinsus marinus is a protozoan of the protist superphylum Alveolata, the alveolates. Its phylum, Perkinsozoa, is a relatively
Perkinsus_marinus
Phylum of invertebrate animals
Neopilina uses its radula in the usual fashion, but its diet includes protists such as the xenophyophore Stannophyllum. Sacoglossan sea-slugs suck the
Mollusca
Genus of shelled amoebae
Genus of shelled amoebae
Orcadia_riedeli
Order of single-celled organisms
is an order of radiolarians in the class Polycystinea. They are ameboid protists appearing in abundance in the world's oceans, possessing a radially-symmetrical
Spumellaria
Large genus of protists
evolution of lobose testate amoebae shells (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) illustrates the importance of convergent evolution in protist phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics
Difflugia
Class of molluscs
refers to gastropods with a large external shell into which the body can fully retract, while slugs have no shell or a small internal one, and semislugs can
Gastropod
Group of protists
(October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494. Adl
Tectofilosid
Resting or dormant stage of a microorganism
research began to gain popularity exponentially, details about ciliated protist physiology and cyst formation led to increased curiosity about the role
Microbial_cyst
Organisms that live in salt water
communities that encompass all aquatic animals, plants, algae, fungi, protists, single-celled microorganisms and associated viruses living in the saline
Marine_life
Taxonomic group of foraminifera
foraminifera. Molecular evidence has also revealed that the freshwater protist Reticulomyxa is in fact a naked, testless foraminifera, and as such it
Monothalamea
Class of molluscs
enclosed by a calcified exoskeleton consisting of a hinged pair of half-shells known as valves. As a group, bivalves have no head and lack some typical
Bivalvia
Group of extinct creatures that were part of the Ediacaran biota
could have been cnidarians, or articulates; perhaps a fungus, colonial protist, alga, or lichen; or a group divergent from all current animals. The only
Vendobionta
Clade of gastropods
euthyneurans and single-celled protists. The Sacoglossa are divided into two clades - the shelled families (Oxynoacea) and the shell-less families (Plakobranchacea)
Sacoglossa
List of terms related to protist research
This glossary provides an overview of terms used in the description of protists, eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals nor plants nor fungi, as
Glossary_of_protistology
Genus of single-celled organisms
Paulinella is a genus of amoeboid protists with at least twelve species of freshwater and marine euglyphids. Like many other euglyphids, it is covered
Paulinella
Phylum of protozoans
major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial
Amoebozoa
Kingdom of life
earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal
Animal
Organism that consists of more than one cell
hard to separate colonial protists from true multicellular organisms, because the two concepts are not distinct; colonial protists have been dubbed "pluricellular"
Multicellular_organism
Order of single-celled organisms
Rhizaria and Stramenopiles) Share the Same Symbiont (Trebouxiophyceae)". Protist. 165 (2): 161–176. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.01.002. hdl:11380/1302343
Euglyphida
Species of mollusc
the conch's mantle for protection. A. gigas is very often parasitized by protists of the phylum Apicomplexa, which are common mollusk parasites. Those coccidian
Aliger_gigas
Genus of protists
Gromia /ˈgɹoʊmiə/ is a genus of protists, closely related to foraminifera, which inhabit marine and freshwater environments. It is the only genus of the
Gromia
Concept from evolutionary biology
with 20 spines Radiolarians are unicellular predatory protists encased in elaborate globular shells (or "capsules"), usually made of silica and pierced
Turing_pattern
Autotrophic members of the plankton ecosystem
comprising photosynthesizing bacteria (cyanobacteria) and various unicellular protist groups (notably the diatoms). Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually
Phytoplankton
1965 video [736] Property Taxation B&W 11m March 14, 1946 video [737] Protists: Form Function and Ecology Bert Van Bork & Jerry Paulin color 23m 1985
List of Encyclopædia Britannica Films titles
List_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica_Films_titles
Subclass of Amoebozoa
2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002. PMID 16171181. Cavalier-Smith
Flabellinia
Genus of shelled amoebae
Apodera is a genus of amoeboid protists belonging to the family Hyalospheniidae, a group of shelled amoebae. Their shells, or tests, are lageniform with
Apodera
Class of amoebae
"A revised classification of naked lobose amoebae (Amoebozoa: lobosa)". Protist. 162 (4): 545–570. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.04.004. ISSN 1618-0941. PMID 21798804
Discosea
Order of single-celled organisms
(2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112. PMID 14658494. Sina
Cryomonadida
Genus of flagellates
heterotrophic protists. They are unicellular eukaryotes with two flagella, characterized by the presence of a honeycomb or turtle shell pattern on the
Chelonemonas
Class of single-celled organisms
Siemensma, Ferry (2020). "Shell Colour in Cercozoa; a Simple Trait to Distinguish Thecofilosea from Imbricatea?". Protist. 171 (2) 125718. doi:10.1016/j
Thecofilosea
Single-celled alga with a silica cell wall
mild abrasive, in cat litter, and as a dynamite stabilizer. Diatoms are protists that form massive annual spring and fall blooms in aquatic environments
Diatom
Organism resembling a form long shown in the fossil records
extant †Posoniella tricarinelloides (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae)". Protist. 164 (5): 583–597. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2013.06.001. PMID 23850812. Mertens
Living_fossil
Animals of the phylum Porifera
gastropod shells until the crab and sponge outgrow the shell, eventually resulting in the crab using the sponge's body as protection instead of the shell until
Sponge
Class of protozoans
Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods". Protist. 171 (5): 125757. doi:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 33126020
Euglenid
Phylum of micro-organisms
Opisthokonts". Protist. 164 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2012.09.002. PMC 4342546. PMID 23083534. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003-01-01). "Protist phylogeny
Apusozoa
PROTIST SHELL
PROTIST SHELL
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English provost ‘provost’, an occupational name for the head of a religious chapter or educational establishment, or, since such officials were usually clergy and celibate, a nickname for a self-important person.French : northern and western form of Prevost.A Provost from Paris is documented in Quebec City in 1665. An Etienne Provost, a hunter and guide born in Canada c. 1782, is believed to be the first white man to visit the Great Salt Lake.
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Promise.
Boy/Male
Hebrew American English
Promise.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Symbol
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Pre-eminence
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord of Love
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Promise.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Hindu
God of Love, Lord of the world
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Statue
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Faith in God
Boy/Male
Hindu
Manifested, Confident
Boy/Male
Hindu
Hope, Expectation, Pre-eminence
Boy/Male
Hebrew American English
Promise.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
Measure for Measure'.
Boy/Male
Indian
Promise
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Girl/Female
Latin
Lover of Hercules.
PROTIST SHELL
PROTIST SHELL
Boy/Male
Indian
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Has Pearls; Knows the Truth; Wealthy; Wise
Boy/Male
Hebrew American Irish
Gift from God.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Shiddharth | ஷீதà¯à®¤à®¾à®°à¯à®¤Â
Boy/Male
English
Thick Brush; Surname Since Medieval Times; Now a Common Given Name; Diminutive of Bruce
Female
French
French form of Latin Regina, RÉGINE means "queen."
Female
Cornish
, Wenna by the sea.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Virtuous
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Indian
Battle Worthy; Fine
Female
Babylonian
, The Female Earth.
PROTIST SHELL
PROTIST SHELL
PROTIST SHELL
PROTIST SHELL
PROTIST SHELL
v. t.
To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like; to covenant; to engage; as, to promise a visit; to promise a cessation of hostilities; to promise the payment of money.
n.
A person who is appointed to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief magistrate in some cities and towns; as, the provost of Edinburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president; the provost or head of certain collegiate churches.
v. i.
To protest.
v. i.
To make a solemn declaration (often a written one) expressive of opposition; -- with against; as, he protest against your votes.
n.
An article or clause in any statute, agreement, contract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced, usually beginning with the word provided; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, or the like; as, the contract was impaired by its proviso.
n.
One of the Protista.
imp. & p. p.
of Protest
a.
An engagement by one person to another, either in words or in writing, but properly not under seal, for the performance or nonperformance of some particular thing. The word promise is used to denote the mere engagement of a person, without regard to the consideration for it, or the corresponding duty of the party to whom it is made.
n.
One of the Protista.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Protest
n.
Accession of good; valuable results; useful consequences; benefit; avail; gain; as, an office of profit,
n. pl.
A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.
pl.
of Protiston
v. i.
To give assurance by a promise, or binding declaration.
v.
A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act; especially, a formal and solemn declaration, in writing, of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body; as, the protest of lords in Parliament.
v. t.
To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to proclaim; to display; as, to protest one's loyalty.
n.
Acquisition beyond expenditure; excess of value received for producing, keeping, or selling, over cost; hence, pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation; emolument; as, a profit on the sale of goods.
n.
To be of service to; to be good to; to help on; to benefit; to advantage; to avail; to aid; as, truth profits all men.
v. t.
To afford reason to expect; to cause hope or assurance of; as, the clouds promise rain.
a.
That which causes hope, expectation, or assurance; especially, that which affords expectation of future distinction; as, a youth of great promise.