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Classification of eukaryotes
the 21st century, the classification shifted toward a phylogenetic classification of protists. The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta
Protist_classification
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
found to be evolutionarily related, and vice versa. In modern classifications, protists are spread across several large clades known as supergroups, many
Protist
Science of classifying organisms
method. Thomas Cavalier-Smith, who published extensively on the classification of protists, in 2002 proposed that the Neomura, the clade that groups together
Taxonomy_(biology)
Subkingdom of Fungi
paraphyletic. Under another style of protist classification, this group belongs in Opisthosporidia. This too is paraphyletic. Protists that have accepted the current
Rozellomyceta
Cellular body type
are no longer classified together in one group. The best known amoeboid protists are Chaos carolinense and Amoeba proteus, both of which have been widely
Amoeba
Rulebooks of taxonomic nomenclature, in biology
the ICZN and the ICN. The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion. Groups claimed by both protozoologists
Nomenclature_codes
Taxonomic rank
and Animalia. In this classification a protist is any of the eukaryotic unicellular organisms. The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Protists that live in saltwater or brackish water
Marine protists Marine protists are defined by their habitat as protists that live in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans
Marine_protists
Protective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism
Coccolithophore shells Many protists have protective shells or tests, usually made from silica (glass) or calcium carbonate (chalk). Protists are a diverse group
Protist_shell
Motion system of a type of eukaryotic organism
Protists are the eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, fungi or animals. They are mostly unicellular and microscopic. Many unicellular protists
Protist_locomotion
Taxonomic rank
Cavalier-Smith system. Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many
Phylum
Clade of archaeplastids
root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi". Protoplasma. 259 (3): 487–593
Rhodaria_(protist)
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
to Archaeplastida and are instead grouped into numerous other protist classifications, making the term "algae" a rather vague polyphyletic group. Archaeplastida
Archaeplastida
Centrohelid algae
Yogsothoth is a genus of centrohelid protists, distinguished by the shape and arrangement of their external scales as well as their colonial life strategy
Yogsothoth_(protist)
Single-celled organisms
flagellates= – analysis by PRIMER. Protist, 149: 229–43 Yaeger, Robert G. (1996). "Ch. 77: Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development". In
Protozoa
Organisation of viruses into a taxonomic system
Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular
Virus_classification
Clade of eukaryotes
lineages: the opisthokonts, which include animals, fungi, and their closest protist relatives (over 1.5 million species), and the amoebozoans, which include
Podiata
Biological classification system
[citation needed] Cavalier-Smith has published extensively on the classification of protists. One of his major contributions to biology was his proposal of
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
Cavalier-Smith's_system_of_classification
Clade of eukaryotes
The stramenopiles, also called heterokonts, are protists distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs. In most species, the hairs are
Stramenopile
Genus of plant pathogen
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Pustula" protist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how
Pustula_(protist)
Group of protists
known as breviate amoebae, are a group of free-living, amitochondriate protists with uncertain phylogenetic position. They are biflagellate, and can live
Breviatea
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
protists, animals, and rarely fungi. ssDNA viruses infect bacteria and most eukaryotes but are rare in archaea. dsRNA viruses infect plants, protists
Baltimore_classification
Species of single-celled organism
"head" at the end of a long slender "neck". The classification has been attributed to Müller (1786). The protist is notable for its ability to extend its "neck"
Lacrymaria_olor
Order of protozoans
Pawlowski J (August 2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002.
Dactylopodida
Genus of single-celled organisms
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Bremia" protist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2022) (Learn how
Bremia_(protist)
Parasitic disease caused by a protozoan
are not closely related to one another. While the terms protozoan and protist are usually discouraged in modern biosciences, this terminology is still
Protozoan_infection
Clade containing animals and some protists
revises the classification of eukaryotes. In classifications that use traditional taxonomic ranks (e.g. kingdom, phylum, class), all holozoan protists are classified
Holozoa
year of introduction Pathogenic bacteria Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. (1999)
List_of_antibiotics
Group of amoebae closely related to fungi
Opisthokonta)". Protist. 173 (4) 125895. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125895. hdl:2117/369912. PMID 35841659. Page, Frederick C. (1987). "The classification of 'naked'
Nucleariid
Family of protists
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Massisteriidae
Superfamily of eukaryotic microorganisms
Sainouroidea is a superfamily of microscopic protists belonging to the supergroup Rhizaria, both discovered through molecular phylogenetic analyses. It
Sainouroidea
Genus of slime mould
Metatrichia Metatrichia vesparium Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Amoebozoa Class: Myxogastria Order: Trichiales Family: Trichiaceae
Metatrichia_(protist)
Species of protist
Cristae that is Phylogenetically Distant from other Flagellate Groups". Protist. 153: 59–70. doi:10.1078/1434-4610-00083. PMID 12022276. "SPECIES Diphylleia
Diphylleia_rotans
Genus of single-celled organisms
& Ema E.-Y. Chao (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Massisteria
Species of single-celled organism
Cladospongia elegans Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (unranked): Opisthokonta (unranked): Holozoa Class: Choanoflagellatea Order: Craspedida
Cladospongia_elegans
Group of gliding protists
The pansomonads, order Pansomonadida, are a group of heterotrophic protists that belong to the phylum Cercozoa. Some of them are helioflagellates, with
Pansomonadida
Genus of protozoans
Unda Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Amoebozoa Class: Discosea Order: Vannellida Family: Vannellidae Genus: Unda Schaeffer 1926 Type
Unda_(protist)
Genus of protists
Acinetactis is a genus of protist first described in 1886 by A.C. Stokes, who also described the type species A. mirabilis. In 1928, Valkanov reported
Acinetactis
Species of single-celled organism
the protist exhibits an unusual life cycle of alternating autotrophy and heterotrophy. Genetic sequencing (of 18S rRNA gene) revealed that the protist can
Hatena_arenicola
Taxonomic group of slime molds
and ζῷον (zôion) 'animal'), or true slime molds, is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps
Eumycetozoa
Clade of excavate protists
"Phylogeny of Spironucleus (Eopharyngia: Diplomonadida: Hexamitinae)". Protist. 158 (2): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.12.003. ISSN 1434-4610. Kolisko
Metamonad
System to assess the conservation priorities of New Zealand species
published. Algae were assessed in 2005 but not reassessed since. Other protists have not been evaluated. Species that are ranked are assigned categories:
New Zealand Threat Classification System
New_Zealand_Threat_Classification_System
Genus of protists
Microheliella (from Greek micro 'small' and helios 'sun') is a monotypic genus of protists containing the sole species M. maris, first described in 2012. It is the
Microheliella
Biological kingdom
earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal
Animal
Class of single-celled organisms
and reticulose Cercozoa: Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea revised". Protist. 160 (1): 75–109. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.07.002. PMID 18952499. Wikispecies
Proteomyxidea
Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
traditionally grouped into four kingdoms, namely animals, plants, fungi and protists. "Protists" are a basal paraphyletic group that includes all algae, amoebae
Eukaryote
Subclass of Amoebozoa
Pawlowski J (August 2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002.
Flabellinia
Unicellular algae
membranes surrounding each chloroplast. Euglenophyceae are unicellular algae, protists that contain chloroplasts. Their chloroplasts originated from a secondary
Euglenophyceae
Group of protists
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (October 2003). "Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Monadofilosa
Class of protozoans
I. & Pawlowski, J. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny and classification of the lobose amoebae". Protist. 156 (2): 129–142. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2005.06.002
Tubulinea
Group of amoebae
Corycidia (alternatively spelt Corycida) is a clade of amoeboid protists within the eukaryotic supergroup Amoebozoa. It contains all amoebae of the families
Corycidia
Genus of algae
"Integrative taxonomy of the Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta): a reassessment". Protist. 162 (5): 738–761. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.05.001. PMID 21715228. Green
Rebecca_(protist)
Order of single-celled organisms
"Phylogeny and Classification of Cercomonadida (Protozoa, Cercozoa): Cercomonas, Eocercomonas, Paracercomonas, and Cavernomonas gen. Nov". Protist. 160 (4):
Cercomonad
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
"The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata)". Scientific
Ciliate
Genus of unicellular flagellate eukaryotes
Thomas; Chao, Ema E.-Y. (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–58. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Euglena
Group of single-celled microbes
Discoba is a diverse lineage of single-celled protists with two flagella. It is one of the main supergroups of eukaryotes, robustly supported by phylogenetic
Discoba
A protist is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely
Protists_in_the_fossil_record
Genus of protists
Bonamia is a genus of protists belonging to the family Haplosporiidae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: Bonamia exitiosa Hine, Cochennac
Bonamia_(protist)
Species of eukaryote
Quasibodo is a genus of free-living flagellate protist containing the single species Quasibodo laughtonii. The species was described in 2000 from anoxic
Quasibodo
Group of flagellates
spelling is maintained under zoological nomenclature. They are single-celled protists with two anteriorly directed flagella, an anterior cytostome for ingesting
Katablepharid
Group of protists with at least one whip-like appendage
these groups are known to be highly polyphyletic. In modern classifications of the protists, the principal flagellated taxa are placed in the following
Flagellate
Species of protist
host-parasite relationship. The organism is one of the most common intestinal protists in humans, with infection rates reaching up to 100% in some developing
Blastocystis_hominis
Species of single-celled organism
sporozoites. The only confirmed hosts for C. cayetanensis are humans. The protist pathogen lives out its lifecycle intracellularly within the host's epithelial
Cyclospora_cayetanensis
Genus of single-celled organisms
ciliates in the class Colpodea. They are relatively large and feed on other protists in freshwater habitats. The cell body of Bursaria is scoop-shaped, and
Bursaria_(ciliate)
Group of predatory microbes
eukaryotes made up of predatory microbes, whose name implies something such as "protists devouring voraciously". It was reported that ten strains were isolated
Provora
Superorder of protists
Euglyphia is a group of imbricate protists in the phylum Cercozoa. They are unicellular eukaryotes characterized by a cell body covered in large imbricate
Euglyphia_(protist)
Phylum of alveolates
Chrompodellids are a phylum of single-celled protists belonging to the Alveolata supergroup. It comprises two different polyphyletic groups of flagellates:
Chrompodellid
Species of single-celled organism
Paramecium caudatum is a species of unicellular protist in the phylum Ciliophora. They can reach 0.33 mm in length and are covered with minute hair-like
Paramecium_caudatum
Scientific study of identifying, classifying, describing, and naming plants
circumscription and placement of taxa. See the list of systems of plant taxonomy. Classification systems serve the purpose of grouping organisms by characteristics common
Plant_taxonomy
Genus of single-celled organisms
and its epibiontic protists, Filos agilis gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida) and Nanos amicus gen. et sp. nov. (Bicosoecida). Protist, 161(2), pages 177–196
Nanum_amicum
Clade of protists
group of protists, considered a major clade within Eukaryota. They are currently grouped with the Stramenopiles and Rhizaria among the protists with tubulocristate
Alveolate
Clade of opisthokont eukaryotes
paraphyletic. Its classification was the following: Phylum "Choanozoa" Subphylum "Choanofila", a paraphyletic group containing all holozoan protists in three classes:
Choanozoa
List of terms related to protist research
This glossary provides an overview of terms used in the description of protists, eukaryotic organisms that are neither animals nor plants nor fungi, as
Glossary_of_protistology
Cellular organelles found in protists
kingdoms have cortical alveoli in at least one phylum. At least three protist lineages exhibit these structures: Telonemia, Alveolata and Glaucophyta
Cortical_alveolum
Species of single-celled organism
Stentor coeruleus (pronunciation) is a protist in the family Stentoridae which is characterized by being a very large ciliate that measures 0.5 to 2 millimetres
Stentor_coeruleus
Clade of eukaryotes
PMID 11931142. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39
Diaphoretickes
Biological classification system
Timothy Y. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
Two-domain_system
Genus of flagellates
Dinema Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Euglenida Order: Anisonemida Family: Anisonemidae Genus: Dinema Perty, 1852
Dinema_(protist)
Classification of animals according to some authorities
et al. in 2003 in Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia is a system of classification which covers all the metazoans, from phyla to orders (or families, for
Taxonomy of the animals (Hutchins et al., 2003)
Taxonomy_of_the_animals_(Hutchins_et_al.,_2003)
major changes have been made within the classification of the Conoidea since 2011. Systems of classification are primarily of value to malacologists (people
Gastropod_classification
Group of fungi-like protists
plasmophorids or plasmodiophorids) are a group of obligate endoparasitic protists belonging to the subphylum Endomyxa in Cercozoa. Taxonomically, they are
Plasmodiophore
Anti-protist or antiprotistal refers to an anti-parasitic and anti-infective agent which is active against protists. Unfortunately due to the long ingrained
Anti-protist
Taxonomic group of foraminifera
foraminifera. Molecular evidence has also revealed that the freshwater protist Reticulomyxa is in fact a naked, testless foraminifera, and as such it
Monothalamea
Wetland sites designated to have international importance by the Ramsar Convention
wetland-dependent non-avian animal species." The Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type is a wetland classification developed within the Ramsar Convention intended
Ramsar_site
Order of Amoebozoa
or Arcellinida, Arcellacean or lobose testate amoebae are single-celled protists partially enclosed in a simple test (shell). Arcellinid testate amoebae
Arcellinida
Species of marine protist
other Mantamonas species, M. vickermani are heterotrophic unicellular protists with one anterior and one posterior flagellum in each cell. The transcriptome
Mantamonas_vickermani
Group of eukaryotes
1093/molbev/msl055. PMID 16829542. Thomas Cavalier-Smith (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39
Bikont
Order of protists
Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3–4): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Leucodictyida
Order of protists
The glissomonads are a group of bacterivorous gliding flagellated protists that compose the order Glissomonadida, in the amoeboflagellate phylum Cercozoa
Glissomonadida
Family of protozoans
(July 2007). "Phylogeny, evolution, and taxonomy of vannellid amoebae". Protist. 158 (3): 295–324. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.04.004. PMID 17602867. "Family
Vannellidae
Genus of single-celled organisms
Thomas; Chao, Ema E. -Y. (2003-10-01). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154 (3): 341–358. doi:10.1078/143446103322454112
Reticulosida
Spore-forming organisms
amoebae remain individual for most of their lives as individual unicellular protists, feeding on microorganisms. When food is depleted and they are ready to
Slime_mold
Animals without organs
Ramon (2016-08-01). "Ecological and evolutionary significance of novel protist lineages". European Journal of Protistology. Current trends in protistology
Agnotozoa
Species of cercozoan
member of the family Astracanthidae. They are an unusual family of marine protists, but can be found across all oceans, from tropical to Arctic and Antarctic
Astracantha
Genus of flagellates
flagellates belonging to the Euglenida, a diverse group of flagellated protists in the phylum Euglenozoa. Species of Ploeotia are composed of rigid cells
Ploeotia
status of 15 species within Chromista. The IUCN has not evaluated any protist species other than those in Phaeophyceae. No Chromista subspecies or subpopulations
List of Chromista by conservation status
List_of_Chromista_by_conservation_status
Parasitic flagellate protist
Crithidia brevicula is a species of parasitic flagellate protist belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. It is a monoxenous parasite of insects. Other
Crithidia_brevicula
Species of protist
(from Latin tetra- 'four' and helio- 'sun') is a species of four-ciliated protists. Tetradimorpha pterbica are unicellular ciliates with four standard-length
Tetradimorpha_pterbica
Phylum of protozoans
of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In traditional classification schemes, Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa
Group of protists with spherical bodies
Heliozoa, commonly known as sun-animalcules, are microbial eukaryotes (protists) with stiff arms (axopodia) radiating from their spherical bodies, which
Heliozoa
travel, tourism, insurance
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
Boy/Male
Indian
Promise
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Lord of Love
Boy/Male
Bengali, Indian
Symbol
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Faith in God
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Statue
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English provost ‘provost’, an occupational name for the head of a religious chapter or educational establishment, or, since such officials were usually clergy and celibate, a nickname for a self-important person.French : northern and western form of Prevost.A Provost from Paris is documented in Quebec City in 1665. An Etienne Provost, a hunter and guide born in Canada c. 1782, is believed to be the first white man to visit the Great Salt Lake.
Boy/Male
Hebrew American English
Promise.
Boy/Male
Hindu
God of Love, Lord of the world
Boy/Male
Hindu
Manifested, Confident
Girl/Female
Latin
Lover of Hercules.
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Promise.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Promise.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Hope, Expectation, Pre-eminence
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
Pre-eminence
Boy/Male
Shakespearean
Measure for Measure'.
Boy/Male
Hebrew American English
Promise.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
Boy/Male
Muslim
Promise
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
PROTIST CLASSIFICATION
n.
One of the Protista.
n. pl.
A provisional group in which are placed a number of low microscopic organisms of doubtful nature. Some are probably plants, others animals.
v. i.
To make a solemn declaration (often a written one) expressive of opposition; -- with against; as, he protest against your votes.
v.
A solemn declaration of opinion, commonly a formal objection against some act; especially, a formal and solemn declaration, in writing, of dissent from the proceedings of a legislative body; as, the protest of lords in Parliament.
v. i.
To give assurance by a promise, or binding declaration.
n.
Acquisition beyond expenditure; excess of value received for producing, keeping, or selling, over cost; hence, pecuniary gain in any transaction or occupation; emolument; as, a profit on the sale of goods.
a.
An engagement by one person to another, either in words or in writing, but properly not under seal, for the performance or nonperformance of some particular thing. The word promise is used to denote the mere engagement of a person, without regard to the consideration for it, or the corresponding duty of the party to whom it is made.
n.
An article or clause in any statute, agreement, contract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced, usually beginning with the word provided; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, or the like; as, the contract was impaired by its proviso.
v. t.
To make a solemn declaration or affirmation of; to proclaim; to display; as, to protest one's loyalty.
n.
One of the Protista.
pl.
of Protiston
imp. & p. p.
of Protest
n.
A person who is appointed to superintend, or preside over, something; the chief magistrate in some cities and towns; as, the provost of Edinburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president; the provost or head of certain collegiate churches.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Protest
v. t.
To afford reason to expect; to cause hope or assurance of; as, the clouds promise rain.
n.
To be of service to; to be good to; to help on; to benefit; to advantage; to avail; to aid; as, truth profits all men.
n.
Accession of good; valuable results; useful consequences; benefit; avail; gain; as, an office of profit,
a.
That which causes hope, expectation, or assurance; especially, that which affords expectation of future distinction; as, a youth of great promise.
v. i.
To protest.
v. t.
To engage to do, give, make, or to refrain from doing, giving, or making, or the like; to covenant; to engage; as, to promise a visit; to promise a cessation of hostilities; to promise the payment of money.
travel, tourism, insurance