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Part of arthropods
Arthropods are covered with a tough, resilient integument, cuticle or exoskeleton of chitin. Generally the exoskeleton will have thickened areas in which
Arthropod_exoskeleton
External skeleton of an organism
organisms. Exoskeletons have roles in defence from parasites and predators and in providing attachment points for musculature. Arthropod exoskeletons contain
Exoskeleton
Phylum of invertebrates with jointed exoskeletons
Arthropods (/ˈɑːrθrəˌpɒd/ AR-thrə-pod) are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda. They possess an exoskeleton with a cuticle made of chitin, often mineralised
Arthropod
Hardened body part
teeth. Instead it refers most commonly to the hardened parts of arthropod exoskeletons and the internal spicules of invertebrates such as certain sponges
Sclerite
Arthropods are invertebrate animals having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They
List_of_arthropod_orders
Part of the body that forms the supporting structure
vertebral column, and their skeletons vary, including hard-shelled exoskeleton (arthropods and most molluscs), plated internal shells (e.g. cuttlebones in
Skeleton
Form of jointed appendage of arthropods
The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres)
Arthropod_leg
Plastic gun-like device used to kill bugs
cannot dodge the tiny salt particles, but will be protected by their arthropod exoskeleton and will only be stunned. Bug-A-Salt was invented by Lorenzo Maggiore
Bug-A-Salt
Various biological tissues or structures
of many invertebrates, notably arthropods and roundworms, in which it forms an exoskeleton (see arthropod exoskeleton). The main structural components
Cuticle
Soft outer covering organ of vertebrates
regulation, and sensation. Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition
Skin
Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock
properties. The fine powder adsorbs lipids from the waxy outer layer of the exoskeletons of many species of insects. This layer acts as a barrier that resists
Diatomaceous_earth
This list records new taxa of fossil arthropods that were announced or described in 2026 (for insects, see 2026 in paleoentomology). Other peer-reviewed
2026 in arthropod paleontology
2026_in_arthropod_paleontology
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Nacre
Class of extinct, Paleozoic arthropods
group of extinct arthropods morphologically similar to trilobites, though only the trilobites had heavily mineralised exoskeletons. Thus, other artiopodans
Trilobite
Shedding of the exoskeleton in arthropods and other invertebrates
recently undergone ecdysis. Some arthropods, especially large insects with tracheal respiration, expand their new exoskeleton by swallowing or otherwise taking
Ecdysis
Internal support structure of an animal
shape is largely maintained by their hydroskeleton. Compared to the exoskeletons of many invertebrates, endoskeletons allow much larger overall body sizes
Endoskeleton
Species of wood tick
also known as the Pacific coast tick, is a species of wood tick in the arthropod family Ixodidae. This species is part of the coastal California biome
Dermacentor_occidentalis
Species of fungus
dispersion. To survive, the fungal pathogen must attach securely to the arthropod exoskeleton and penetrate it—avoiding or suppressing host defenses—then, control
Ophiocordyceps_unilateralis
Long carbohydrate polymers such as starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
nitrogen-containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi. It also has multiple uses,
Polysaccharide
Protein family
many aspects of multicellular development. First known for its role in arthropod embryological development, working in consort with the Hox genes, engrailed
Engrailed_(gene)
Accumulation of calcium salts in bodily tissue, usually bone
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Calcification
Part of the body of a gastropod or snail
many gastropods, including snails, a kind of mollusc. The shell is an exoskeleton, which protects from predators, mechanical damage, and dehydration, but
Gastropod_shell
Hard shell of some spherical marine animals
should be "capsule". The more common word "shell" is used for mollusks, arthropods and turtles (even if the latter ones belong to the order "Testudines")
Test_(biology)
Subfamily of beetles
and as the common name implies, have one of the hardest of all arthropod exoskeletons; in some species, it is almost impossible to drive an insect pin
Zopherinae
Head section of an arthropod
The cephalon is the head section of an arthropod. It is a tagma, i.e., a specialized grouping of arthropod segments. The word cephalon derives from the
Cephalon_(arthropod_head)
Hard, brittle internal structure found in all members of the family Sepiidae
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Cuttlebone
Hard outer layer of diatoms
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Frustule
Extinct genus of Cambrian animals
legs were thought to have a jointed exoskeleton and Diania was suggested to be evolutionarily close to early arthropods, but many later studies have rejected
Diania
Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Silicate
Microstructure of natural materials
increases the toughness of the crab exoskeleton. The Homarus americanus (American lobster) is an arthropod with an exoskeleton structure similar to the crabs
Bouligand_structure
Exoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
The mollusc (or mollusk) shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses, supports and protects the soft parts of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
Mollusc_shell
protuberances vittate striped; longitudinally striped or plaited Arthropod exoskeleton – Part of arthropods Glossary of entomology terms Glossary of scientific naming
Glossary_of_arthropod_cuticle
Fossil flora and fauna of the Burgess Shale
1017/pab.2015.17. Briggs, Derek E. G.; Collins, Desmond (1999). "The Arthropod Alalcomenaeus cambricus Simonetta, from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale
Paleobiota of the Burgess Shale
Paleobiota_of_the_Burgess_Shale
Biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Siliceous_ooze
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
Lighthouse in Louisiana, near Texas. Many arthropods have sclerites, or hardened body parts, which form a stiff exoskeleton made up mostly of chitin. In crustaceans
Seashell
Class of marine arthropods
chelicerates. The exoskeleton of the body is tube-like, lacking the dorsoventral division (tergite and sternite) seen in most other arthropods. Generalized
Sea_spider
Extinct genus of millipedes
period even for smaller arthropods) probably occurred underwater, allowing its weight to be supported while its new exoskeleton hardened. Wilson favoured
Arthropleura
Breakdown of organic matter to simple chemicals by living organisms
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Remineralisation
Opening in the exoskeletons of some arthropods
A spiracle or stigma is the opening in the exoskeletons of insects, myriapods, velvet worms and many arachnids to allow air to enter the trachea. Insect
Spiracle_(arthropods)
Group of extinct arthropods
Artiopoda is a clade of extinct arthropods that includes trilobites and their close relatives. It was erected by Hou and Bergström in 1997 to encompass
Artiopoda
Calcium carbonate scales covering some phytoplankton species
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Coccolith
Dubious genus of arthropod
genus of arthropod known from the Cambrian Burgess Shale, known from a fossil proposed to be the external mould of an arthropod exoskeleton. In its original
Tontoia
Class of arthropods
(originating from the Latin mille, "thousand", and pes, "foot") are a group of arthropods that are characterised by having two pairs of jointed legs on most body
Millipede
Geological petrification process
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Silicification
Extinct genus of Cambrian radiodont
produced stresses that exploited the weaknesses of arthropod cuticles, causing the prey's exoskeleton to rupture and allowing the predator to access its
Anomalocaris
Part of exoskeleton in some animals
upper section (dorsal section) of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods (such as crustaceans and arachnids) and
Carapace
Shell formation mechanism
proteins. The presence of a hard, calcified exoskeleton means that the crustacean has to molt and shed the exoskeleton as its body size increases. This links
Marine_biogenic_calcification
Group of arthropods
Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects
Crustacean
Structural element of sea sponges
The ability to form functional biominerals, such as endoskeletons and exoskeletons, protective shells, or teeth, had been a significant step in animal evolution
Sponge_spicule
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Biocrystallization
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Immobilization_(soil_science)
Phylum of amoeboid protists
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Foraminifera
Shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles
gastralia of other tetrapods. The plastron has been described as an exoskeleton, like osteoderms of other reptilians; but unlike osteoderms, the plastron
Turtle_shell
Group of amoebae with shells
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Testate_amoebae
Shell of a particular type of protist
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Foraminifera_test
Process by which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body
groups, other body parts may be shed, for example, the entire exoskeleton in arthropods, including the wings in some insects. In birds, moulting is the
Moulting
Developmental stage of arthropods between moults
of arthropods, such as insects, which occurs between each moult (ecdysis) until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order
Instar
Fossils from the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods
onychophoran-like organisms that may have been close to the ancestors of arthropods. One of the early explanations for the appearance of the SSFs – and therefore
Small_shelly_fauna
Biological tissues incorporating minerals
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Mineralized_tissues
Process by which living organisms produce minerals
shells. Forams from a beach Many invertebrate animals have external exoskeletons or shells, which achieve rigidity by a variety of mineralisations. Vertebrate
Biomineralization
Species of crab
At around 3.75 metres (12.3 ft), it has the largest leg-span of any arthropod. The Japanese name for this species is taka-ashi-gani, (Japanese: 高脚蟹;
Japanese_spider_crab
Calcium carbonate material echinoderms are made of
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Stereom
Unicellular algae responsible for the formation of chalk
produced large and heavily calcified coccoliths most heavily affected. Exoskeleton: coccospheres and coccoliths Each coccolithophore encloses itself in
Coccolithophore
Fossil that requires the use of a microscope to see
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Microfossil
Class of microscopic fossils
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Calcareous_nannofossils
Extinct stem-arthropod species found in Cambrian fossil deposits
did not have mineralized armor nor even tough organic exoskeletons like those of other arthropods, their bodies were flattened as they were buried and
Opabinia
Species of woodlouse
an arthropod, A. maculatum has an exoskeleton which it must shed (molt) as it grows. Unlike most other arthropods, A. maculatum sheds its exoskeleton in
Armadillidium_maculatum
Extinct genus of arthropod
Cambropodus is a genus of Cambrian arthropod from the Wheeler Shale of Utah. It contains one species, Cambropodus gracilis. Cambropodus is only known
Cambropodus
Class of arthropods
spinnerets in spiders, the abdomen has no appendages. Like all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton, and they also have an internal structure of cartilage-like
Arachnid
Opal with an insect inclusion
first and only known opal with an insect inclusion. It contains "the exoskeleton of a nymphal insect belonging to the order Hemiptera and either the family
Beverly_the_Bug
Gene involve in early stages of segmentation
1371/journal.pbio.0020271. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 514885. PMID 15340490. "Arthropod - Exoskeleton, Segmented, Jointed | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-10-25
Segmentation_gene
Shell-like protective outer covering of organisms
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Lorica_(biology)
Order of arachnids
solifuges live in dry climates and feed opportunistically on ground-dwelling arthropods and other small animals. The largest species grow to a length of 12–15 cm
Solifugae
Bio-geochemical process
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation
Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation
Extinct genus of arthropods
Utahcaris is a monotypic genus of fossil arthropod. The only known species is Utahcaris orion from the Spence Shale of Utah, dating back to the Cambrian
Utahcaris
Protective shell of a type of eukaryotic organism
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Protist_shell
framework of internal supports within an arthropod head. The tentorium is formed by ingrowths of the exoskeleton, called apodemes, which fuse in various
Tentorium
Topics referred to by the same term
crown of a newly erupted tooth Arthropod cuticle, the major part of the integument, including most of the exoskeleton, of the Arthropoda Plant cuticle
Cuticle_(disambiguation)
Index of articles on biophysics
Aquaporin 2 Aquaporin 3 Aquaporin 4 Archibald Hill Ariel Fernandez Arthropod exoskeleton Arthropod leg Avery Gilbert BEST2 BK channel Bacterial outer membrane
Index_of_biophysics_articles
Carbon capture process in oceans
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Biological_pump
In 2025, several new arthropod fossil taxa, including arachnids, crustaceans, trilobites, and other arthropods (for insects, see 2025 in paleoentomology)
2025 in arthropod paleontology
2025_in_arthropod_paleontology
Insect life stage
adult inside the pupal exoskeleton is termed pharate. Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an exuvia;
Pupa
Extinct order of arthropods
Fuxianhuiida is an extinct clade of arthropods from the Cambrian of China. All currently known species are from Cambrian Series 2 aged deposits in Yunnan
Fuxianhuiida
Mouthparts of spiders and horseshoe crabs
chelicerae (/kəˈlɪsəriː/) are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly
Chelicerae
Extinct order of basal arthropods
(segmented appendages) precede arthrodization (full set of trunk exoskeleton) in the arthropod stem lineage. The constricted neck region with feeding appendicular
Radiodonta
Long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine
fungi (especially filamentous and mushroom-forming fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks
Chitin
Extinct class of arthropods
Marrellomorpha are an extinct group of arthropods known from the Cambrian to the Early Devonian. It is divided into two major groups, Marrellida and Acercostraca
Marrellomorpha
Group of crustaceans
multiple groups: True crabs (Brachyura) are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton (jointed shell), composed primarily of highly mineralized chitin. Males
Crab
Extinct genus of Cambrian Arthropod
Mollisonia is an extinct genus of Cambrian marine arthropod. Four species have been described from North America and China. Studies suggest it is a basal
Mollisonia
Extinct genus of arthropods
arthropod, with a trunk measured up to 12 cm long. The body consists of a cephalic shield and a long, segmented trunk. All of the dorsal exoskeleton (tergite)
Messorocaris
Extinct genus of arthropods
the exoskeleton) are preserved on the second to seventh segments of one fossil, alongside a dark central stain which may be the gut. Its exoskeleton was
Winneshiekia
Extinct order of arachnids
body length and had segmented abdomens (opisthosoma), with the dorsal exoskeleton (tergites) across the backs of the animals' abdomens, which were characteristically
Trigonotarbida
Order of arthropods (fossil)
Cheloniellida is a taxon (usually referred to as an order) of extinct Paleozoic arthropods. As of 2018, 7 monotypic genera of cheloniellids had been formally described
Cheloniellida
Aspect of marine biology
research studies. Many groups of marine organisms produce calcified exoskeletons, commonly known as shells, hard calcium carbonate structures which the
Shell_growth_in_estuaries
Nutritional gift given in reproduction
mirabilis, males have been reported to carry gifts containing empty arthropod exoskeletons or plant parts: gifts of no nutritional value. However, some studies
Nuptial_gift
Extinct genus of cartilaginous fishes
and in some specimens (PF6672 and PF6646) this infill contains arthropod exoskeletons, conodonts, and plant matter. In other specimens (PF6645), the infill
Iniopteryx
Extinct genus of springtails
discovered in 1919. Reconstructed from the scattered bits and pieces of its exoskeleton, R. praecursor was described in 1926, and at first believed to be a larval
Rhyniella
Fossils produced by magnetotactic bacteria
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Magnetofossil
Species of centipede
hatch from eggs. As they grow and mature, like all arthropods they shed and molt away their exoskeleton. Each time they molt they enter a new stage of its
Scolopendra_heros
Geological stratum or deposit containing bones
Remineralisation Biocrystallization Biointerface Biofilm Exoskeletons (shells) Arthropod exoskeleton Brachiopod shell Cephalopod shell cirrate shell cuttlebone
Bone_bed
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