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Geological petrification process
In geology, silicification is a process in which silica-rich fluids seep into the voids of Earth materials, e.g., rocks, wood, bones, shells, and replace
Silicification
Process of fossilization
the water. Two common types of permineralization are silicification and pyritization. Silicification is the process in which organic matter becomes saturated
Petrifaction
Fossilized remains of plants
decomposes, so that cell walls are often preserved in great detail. Thus silicification begins within the cell walls, and the spaces within and between cells
Petrified_wood
Type of fossilization
remain intact surrounding the crystals.[need quotation to verify] In silicification, the weathering of rocks releases silicate minerals and the silica makes
Permineralization
Single-celled alga with a silica cell wall
characterisations of the biochemical processes and components involved in diatom silicification were made in the late 1990s. These were followed by insights into how
Diatom
Preserved remains or traces of organisms from a past geological age
Slate Pyritized Tornoceras uniangulare from Ludlowville Formation In silicification, the precipitation of silica from saturated water bodies is responsible
Fossil
Type of sedimentary rock
the sediments. Silicification occurs early in diagenesis, at low pH and temperature, and contributes to fossil preservation. Silicification takes place through
Limestone
Oxide of silicon
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cement and concrete manufacturing. Silicification in and by cells has been common in the biological world and it occurs
Silicon_dioxide
Circular geological feature in the Sahara desert
dissolution. The resulting fluids were also responsible for subsequent silicification and hydrothermal infilling. To the best of our knowledge, karst collapse
Richat_Structure
Process by which living organisms produce minerals
present in all eukaryotic supergroups. Notwithstanding, the degree of silicification can vary even between closely related taxa, from being found in composite
Biomineralization
Soft, siliceous sedimentary rock
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Diatomaceous_earth
Organic-inorganic composite material produced by some molluscs
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Nacre
Type of sedimentary rock
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Sandstone
Hard, brittle internal structure found in all members of the family Sepiidae
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Cuttlebone
Rock formed by the deposition and cementation of particles
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Sedimentary_rock
Two rock formations in the Harz, Germany
formation. The varying intensity of silicification produces distinctive weathering patterns: areas of lower silicification erode faster, while more heavily
Gegensteine
Type of sandstone block found in southern England
thought to have formed during Neogene to Quaternary weathering by the silicification of Upper Paleocene Lambeth Group sediments, resulting from acid leaching
Sarsen
Internal support structure of an animal
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Endoskeleton
External skeleton of an organism
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Exoskeleton
Any polyatomic anion containing silicon and oxygen
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Silicate
Gold mine in Ontario, Canada
basalt has been subjected to biotite-carbonate alteration and auriferous silicification. Gold mineralization has been dated to 2.712-2.723 billion years (during
Red_Lake_Mine
Hard, protective outer layers created by an animal that lives in the sea
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Seashell
Third and last era of the Proterozoic Eon
(September 2015). "Fossil preservation through phosphatization and silicification in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (South China): a comparative synthesis"
Neoproterozoic
could not rot and decay, but instead, over millions of years, underwent silicification, whereby each cell is individually fossilised, and the appearance, if
Petrified_forest,_Khorixas
Banded variety of chalcedony
original composition of an organic material. This process is called silicification, a form of petrification. Examples include petrified wood, agatized
Agate
Rock consolidated from volcanic ash
similar tuffs are known, but in all cases, they are greatly changed by silicification (which has filled them with opal, chalcedony, and quartz) and by devitrification
Tuff
Complex metal ores
formed by hydrothermal processes — chloritization, sericitization and silicification. These deposits are often iron hydroxides containing cerussite PbCO3
Polymetallic_ore
Bouldering area in France
Their appearance may have been accentuated by localised mineralisation (silicification) of the sandstone rock, forming large nodules. Two complementary grading
Fontainebleau_rock_climbing
Chemical mixture for absorbing carbon dioxide
hydrate (abbreviated as C-S-H in the cement chemist notation). This silicification reaction of calcium hydroxide on its turn continuously releases again
Soda_lime
Accumulation of calcium salts in bodily tissue, usually bone
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Calcification
Shield for the ventral and dorsal parts of turtles
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Turtle_shell
Type of soil layer
These cappings are related to translocation of fine material and the silicification of those materials which occurs in phreatic fluctuations causing silica
Silcrete
Mountain in Luzon, Philippines
resulting in the formation of chlorite and epidote. Generally, moderate silicification and pyritization occur along shear zones. This unit appears to be equivalent
Mount_Pico_de_Loro
Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
period" of weathering under non-glacial conditions may be a requirement. Silicification of peneplain surfaces exposed to sub-tropical and tropical climate for
Peneplain
Barium sulfate mineral
Hanor, J. S. (September 1987). "Origin and timing of the metasomatic silicification of an early Archaean komatiite sequence, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Baryte
Sedimentary deposit with well-preserved extraordinary fossils
phosphate, such as Orsten-type and Doushantuo-type preservations). Silicification (replacing or entombing soft tissues with silica, such as petrified
Lagerstätte
Exoskeleton of an animal in the phylum Mollusca
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Mollusc_shell
habitats. Hagen et al. (2026) determine the processes responsible for silicification of organic tissues of Cambrian cyanobacteria from the Harkless Formation
2026_in_paleontology
Part of arthropods
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Arthropod_exoskeleton
Aspect of marine biology
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Shell_growth_in_estuaries
Species of single-celled organism
diameter. Their cell walls have been reported to mostly have low degree of silicification; however, their rims and ribs are highly silicified. This probably enables
Thalassiosira_pseudonana
Transitional concept of geologic time
more than one of these alterations is in progress in the same rock. Silicification, the replacement of the minerals by crystalline or crypto-crystalline
Rock_cycle
Hard grey limestone in Kent, England
and lateral facies. The facies are glauconitic with some horizons of silicification. Shell debris (ammonites, belemnites, nautiloids, bivalves, etc.) and
Kentish_ragstone
Shell of a particular type of protist
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Foraminifera_test
Hydrostatic force in plants, fungi and also walled bacteria and protists
2017. Raven, J. A.; Waite, A. M. (1 April 2004). "The evolution of silicification in diatoms: inescapable sinking and sinking as escape?". New Phytologist
Turgor_pressure
Particulate solid matter deposited on a planetary surface
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Sediment
Fine-grained sediment that accumulates on the floor of the open ocean
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Pelagic_sediment
Structural element of sea sponges
Sponges. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-5214-6. Simpson, Tracy L. (1989). "Silicification Processes in Sponges: Geodia Asters and the Problem of Morphogenesis
Sponge_spicule
City in Gyeonggi, South Korea
Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite
Suwon
Tendency for particles in suspension to settle down
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Sedimentation
Paint coats with mineral binding agents
form a layer but instead permanently bonds to the substrate material (silicification). The result is a highly durable connection between paint coat and substrate
Silicate_mineral_paint
Chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids
production of jasperoids, manto ore deposits and pervasive zones of silicification, typically in dolomite strata. Stressed minerals and country rocks of
Metasomatism
expressions may show alteration of the host rocks. These alterations include; silicification, pyritization, sericitization, chloritization, carbonate alteration
Primary_mineral
Economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within the Earth's crust
effects. Other post-depositional alteration includes pyritization, silicification, and alteration of titanium minerals. The most prominent geochemical
Uranium_ore
Measure of the deviation in the ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 and oxygen-16
temperatures have been overestimated due to powerful carbonatization and silicification processes in the oceanic crust which consumed oxygen-18. Lisiecki and
Δ18O
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Immobilization_(soil_science)
Fossils from the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Small_shelly_fauna
Gold mine in Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador
(Aurelian Exploration Manager Steve Leary) and the observation that some silicification of these basin sediments had occurred at Fruta del Norte by geologist
Fruta_del_Norte_mine
Megalith in Hesse, Germany
sandstones in a tropical climate. This entailed bleaching of sandstone and silicification by movement of silica-saturated groundwater through the strata. Consequently
Riesenstein_(Wolfershausen)
British chemist and academic
research, supervised by Robert Williams where her research investigated silicification in biological systems. Perry moved to St Hilda's College, Oxford as
Carole_Perry
Geological formation of Danian (lowermost Paleocene) age
Bjerrum, C.J.; Stemmerik, L. (2020). "Stratigraphically controlled silicification in Danian chalk and its implications for reservoir properties, southern
Ekofisk_Formation
Hard shell of some spherical marine animals
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Test_(biology)
Accumulated material on seafloor
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Marine_sediment
Movement of solid particles, typically by gravity and fluid entrainment
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Sediment_transport
Place in Maidan Wardak and Bamyan, Afghanistan
has been observed within the host rocks, and includes sericitisation, silicification and carbonisation. Iron occurrences were observed during initial geological
Hajigak_mining_concession
Early Devonian sedimentary deposit in Scotland
PMID 9243014. Trewin, N.H.; Fayers, S.R.; Kelman, R. (2003). "Subaqueous silicification of the contents of small ponds in an Early Devonian hot-spring complex
Rhynie_chert
Global warming about 55 million years ago
Pascher KM, Dickens GR, Hull PM (January 2023). "Radiolarian size and silicification across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and into the early Eocene". Palaeogeography
Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Paleocene–Eocene_thermal_maximum
Fossils produced by magnetotactic bacteria
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Magnetofossil
Bio-geochemical process
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation
Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation
Highly altered granitic rock or pegmatite
most fluids escaping. This sealing is largely due to hornfelsing and silicification of the overlying rocks, and fracturing of these rock typically forms
Greisen
Calcium carbonate material echinoderms are made of
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Stereom
Anatomical structure
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Frustule
Science and technology of creating objects from inorganic, non-metallic materials
transmission Switches Laser amplifiers Lenses Infrared heat-seeking devices Silicification is quite common in the biological world and occurs in bacteria, single-celled
Ceramic_engineering
Class of microscopic fossils
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Calcareous_nannofossils
Group of amoebae with shells
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Testate_amoebae
Calcium carbonate scales covering some phytoplankton species
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Coccolith
Phylum of amoeboid protists
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Foraminifera
Cambrian Lagerstätte in Greenland
preservation of the Sirius Passet is traditionally considered to represent silicification associated with a death mask, recalling the 'Ediacara-type' preservation
Sirius_Passet
Part of the body of a gastropod or snail
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Gastropod_shell
Study of ancient viruses
Paleogenetics Viral eukaryogenesis Laidler, J.R.; Stedman, K.M. (2010). "Virus Silicification under Simulated Hot Spring Conditions". Astrobiology. 10 (6): 569–576
Paleovirology
(probably due to Sagaing fault) and intense hydrothermal alteration and silicification in late Eocene. The hydrocarbon basins in Myanmar are mostly situated
Geology_of_Myanmar
Geological stratum or deposit containing bones
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Bone_bed
Metal sulfide ore deposit
in nearly all examples, consisting of sericite ± chlorite ± silica, Silicification zone, often gradational with background silica-albite metasomatism.
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit
Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit
Type of interface
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Biointerface
Geologic structures formed during sediment deposition
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Sedimentary_structures
Protein family
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Engrailed_(gene)
Carbon capture process in oceans
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Biological_pump
Shell formation mechanism
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Marine_biogenic_calcification
Movement of sediment along coastal environments
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Coastal_sediment_transport
gastropods themselves, particularly their faeces, have contributed to the silicification, more in particular to the formation of pelletoidal wackestone, that
Intra-volcanic sedimentary rock in North Ethiopia
Intra-volcanic_sedimentary_rock_in_North_Ethiopia
Sedimentary deposit produced by thermohaline-induced deepwater bottom currents
calcification calcareous nannoplankton Siliceous ooze biogenic silica silicification diatomaceous earth radiolarite Microfossil Reverse weathering Sedimentary
Contourite
Biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Siliceous_ooze
Breakdown of organic matter to simple chemicals by living organisms
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Remineralisation
Type of sedimentary rock
from radiolarian-rich limestone layers which subsequently underwent silicification. Similar sediments in Greece incorporate layers with calcareous turbidites
Radiolarite
Extinct species of tree
(0.55–0.75 in) in width. While the preservation quality varies, the silicification in a number of the specimens was enough to allow examination of the
Carya_washingtonensis
Fossil that requires the use of a microscope to see
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Microfossil
Analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces
doi:10.1149/1.2667428. Mingjie Xu; et al. (March 2006). "Biomimetic silicification of 3D polyamine-rich scaffolds assembled by direct ink writing". Soft
Auger_electron_spectroscopy
environment. The fine-grained “thin layers“ on the other hand show no silicification and indicate a deposition in stagnant water. These layers were deposited
Devil's Table (Hinterweidenthal)
Devil's_Table_(Hinterweidenthal)
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Biocrystallization
Biological tissues incorporating minerals
Calcite microbial calcite precipitation calcite sea Great Calcite Belt Silicification biogenic silica siliceous ooze diatomaceous earth Other forms Bone bed
Mineralized_tissues
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : nickname from Middle English hext ‘tallest’, ‘highest’ (Old English hēhst, superlative of hēah ‘high’).
Girl/Female
Australian, Welsh
Genuine; Reliable
Female
Native American
 Native American Algonquin name KIMI means "secret." Compare with another form of Kimi.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Siddesh | ஸிதà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·
Lord of the blessed
Male
Swedish
Swedish form of Greek Nikolaos, NILS means "victor of the people."Â
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sarvodaya | ஸரà¯à®µà¯‹à®¤à®¯à®¾
Welfare of all, Universal uplift and progress of all
Girl/Female
Indian
Sister of the Moon
Girl/Female
Hindu
Supplanter
Boy/Male
English American
Herb garden. From the meadow farm. A surname and place name.
Boy/Male
British, English
Spear-friend
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
SILICIFICATION
n.
Thae act or process of combining or impregnating with silicon or silica; the state of being so combined or impregnated; as, the silicification of wood.
n.
Silicification.