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Biological classification system
initial version of a classification system of life by British zoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith appeared in 1978. This initial system continued to be modified
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
Cavalier-Smith's_system_of_classification
British evolutionary biologist (1942–2021)
Rhizaria, and Excavata. He was known for his systems of classification of all organisms. Cavalier-Smith was born on 21 October 1942 in London. His parents
Thomas_Cavalier-Smith
Biological classification system
scientists, such as the late Thomas Cavalier-Smith, still hold and held to the two-empire system. The late Ernst Mayr, one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary
Two-empire_system
Proposed biological kingdom
trichomonads, and Trimastix (see Cavalier-Smith's system of classification). With the rejection of Archeozoa, the meaning of the term Metakaryota became the
Archezoa
Taxonomic rank
infrakingdom, e.g., Protostomia and Deuterostomia in the classification of Cavalier-Smith. The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Classification of eukaryotes
contains plants. Thomas Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators use a fully rank-based classification of protists. Here is their classification: Legend: † Extinct
Protist_classification
Hypothesis for classification of life
difference from earlier classifications such as the two-empire system and the five-kingdom classification is the splitting of Archaea (previously named
Three-domain_system
Science of classifying organisms
of biological systematics, the Linnaean system has transformed into a system of modern biological classification intended to reflect the evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy_(biology)
Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
Ochrophyta → Myzozoa Cabozoa Cavalier-Smith's system of classification List of Chromista by conservation status Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Allsopp, M. T.; Chao
Chromista
Taxonomic rank
Cavalier-Smith system. Protist taxonomy has long been unstable, with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes
Phylum
Historically, a biological kingdom
between these two groups. Cavalier-Smith has published classifications in which the archaebacteria are part of a subkingdom of the Kingdom Bacteria. Although
Monera
Phylum of protozoa
Heterolobosea. Phylum Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991 Subphylum Pharyngomonada Cavalier-Smith 1991 Class Pharyngomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2008 [Macropharyngomonadidea]
Heterolobosea
Phylum of protozoans
classification of Euglenozoa is as described by Cavalier-Smith in 2016, modified to include the new subphylum Plicomonada according to Cavalier-Smith
Euglenozoa
Clade of archaeplastids including green algae and the land plants
Thieme Verlag. ISBN 978-3-13-551101-6. Cavalier-Smith, Tom (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. Bibcode:1981BiSys
Viridiplantae
Cellular body type
237–258. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(97)80051-6. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–266
Amoeba
Group of eukaryotic organisms
Chromalveolata by Cavalier-Smith. He believed them to be a monophyletic group, but this is not the case. In 2005, in a classification reflecting the consensus
Chromalveolata
Single-celled organisms
while applying it to differing scopes of organisms. In a series of classifications by Thomas Cavalier-Smith and collaborators since 1981, the taxon
Protozoa
Taxonomic clade
-murus "wall") is a proposed clade of life composed of the two domains Archaea and Eukaryota, coined by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002. Its name reflects the
Neomura
Group of flagellates
An alternative to Vørs' classification was proposed by the protozoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1993. Through observations of a single species Kathablepharis
Katablepharid
Phylum of alveolates
Chrompodellida by posterior studies. Between 2004 and 2017, Cavalier-Smith retained the classification scheme of Apicomonadea, from which he excluded Perkinsida,
Chrompodellid
Group of eukaryotes that are parasites of animals
Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-04-29). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms".
Ascetosporea
Class of protozoans
Dujardin 1841, emend. Kim et al. 2010 Entosiphon Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Vickerman 2016 The classification of euglenids is still variable, as groups are being
Euglenid
Group of amoebae closely related to fungi
different conflicting classifications for nucleariids remain in use depending on the authors. Cavalier-Smith maintained his system through the years, using
Nucleariid
Taxonomic rank
of infraphyla include the Mycetozoa, the Gnathostomata and the Agnatha. Hutchinson 1973. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2016-10-01). "Higher classification and
Subphylum
Phylum of protozoans
Conosa group was first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998 as a subphylum of Amoebozoa. Cavalier-Smith originally separated this group into two infraphyla:
Conosa
Phylum of protozoans
Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-06-11). "Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"
Amoebozoa
Group of single-celled organisms
Auranticordis (Cercozoa: Marimonadida) Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
Cercozoa
Clade of opisthokont eukaryotes
protozoologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1991 to refer to a group of basal protists that later proved not to form a clade. This group had the rank of phylum and contained
Choanozoa
Clade of eukaryotic organisms
first described in 1998 by protistologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his work A revised six-kingdom system of life, originally as a superphylum containing two
Gyrista
Genus of flagellar amoeboids
ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 12032256. Wikidata Q55035880. T Cavalier-Smith (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–266.
Pelomyxa
Taxonomic rank
a three-domain system. Carl Linnaeus made the classification "domain" popular in the famous taxonomy system he created in the middle of the eighteenth
Domain_(taxonomy)
Phylum of protozoans
Protamoebae is a grouping of Amoebozoa. Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 73 (3): 203–66
Protamoebae
Class of aquatic algae
Fibrocapsaceae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2013 Fibrocapsa Toriumi & Tokano 1975 Family Haramonadaceae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2013
Raphidophyte
Class of unicellular eukaryotes
Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008 Order Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith 1997 Family Ministeriidae Cavalier-Smith 2008 Genus Ministeria Patterson et al. 1993 Ministeria
Filasterea
Type of unicellular eukaryote
1550-7408.1964.tb01715.x. PMID 14119564. Cavalier-Smith, T (1995). "Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification". Tsitologiia. 37 (11): 1010–29. PMID 8868448
Zooflagellate
Infraphylum of protists
1016/j.protis.2012.11.005. PMID 23312407. Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 73 (3): 203–66
Archamoebae
Infrakingdom of bacteria
three-domain system. Also as noted above, the use of Gracilicutes by Cavalier-Smith can be rejected because it was a major alteration of an earlier taxonomic
Gracilicutes
Group of flagellates with flexible cells
early 2020s: Thomas Cavalier-Smith (15 September 2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 56: 250–276
Spirocuta
Phylum of fungi
Terresporidia. A second classification by Cavalier-Smith 1993: Subphyla Rudimicrospora Cavalier-Smith 1993 Class Minisporea Cavalier-Smith 1993 Order Minisporida
Microsporidia
Superphylum of unsegmented animals
"Platyzoa" /ˌplætɪˈzoʊ.ə/ are a group of protostome unsegmented animals proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998. Cavalier-Smith included in Platyzoa the phylum
Platyzoa
Subkingdom of fungi
publication, Thomas Cavalier-Smith referred to this group as the Neomycota. The 2007 classification of Kingdom Fungi is the result of a large-scale collaborative
Dikarya
Class of flagellate protists
1550-7408.1993.tb06117.x. S2CID 84129692. Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (2003). "Phylogeny and Classification of Phylum Cercozoa (Protozoa)". Protist. 154
Sarcomonadea
Online database and index of taxa
Thierry; Brusca, Richard C; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D; Kirk, Paul M (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS
Catalogue_of_Life
Phylum of micro-organisms
PMID 23083534. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003-01-01). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology
Apusozoa
Group of fungi-like protists
five-kingdom system, elevated the group to a separate phylum “Plasmodiophoromycota”, acknowledging them as protists instead of fungi. In 1993 Cavalier-Smith included
Plasmodiophore
Superkingdom of eukaryotes
superkingdom Metakaryota was defined by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as advanced eukaryotes resulting from the endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium, giving rise to the
Metakaryota
Class of bacteria
Nouioui et al. 2018 Streptomycetales Cavalier-Smith 2002 Streptosporangiales Goodfellow 2015 List of bacteria genera List of bacterial orders Actinomycetia
Actinomycetes
Phylum of single-celled organisms
Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. ISSN 0932-4739. Cavalier-Smith T (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life"
Bigyra
Group of algae and colorless flagellates
chloroplasts are closely related to those of the heterokonts and haptophytes, and the three groups were united by Cavalier-Smith as the Chromista. However, the case
Cryptomonad
Clade of animals
1186/1471-2164-10-167. PMC 2678162. PMID 19379522. Cavalier-Smith T (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 73 (3): 203–66
Brachiozoa
Clade containing animals and some protists
PMID 34940909. Cavalier-Smith T (May 2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan
Holozoa
Clade of animals
corroborated by the discovery of a fossil stem-group acanthocephalan. Cavalier‐Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six‐kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews
Syndermata
Clade of unicellular organisms
hdl:11104/0275098. PMID 28648822. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2022-05-01). "Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications
Pluriformea
Protists that live in saltwater or brackish water
where they are transferred to the surface of the cell. Cavalier-Smith's system of classification Cavalier-Smith T (December 1993). "Kingdom protozoa and
Marine_protists
Class of vascular plants
Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D. & Kirk, Paul M. (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS
Lycopodiopsida
Class of fungi
Powell and Letcher 2015 and Karpov et al. 2014. Cavalier-Smith T (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of Life". Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 73 (3): 203–266
Chytridiomycetes
Genus of heterokont algae
ultrastructure". Jap. J. Phycol. 40: 333–348. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate
Olisthodiscus
Phylum of flagellated fungi
[Allomycota Cavalier-Smith 1981; Allomycotina Cavalier-Smith 1998] Class Physodermatomycetes Tedersoo et al. 2018 Order Physodermatales Cavalier-Smith 2012 [Physodermatineae]
Blastocladiomycota
Hierarchical level in biological classification
denotes the level that a group of organisms—either taxon or clade—occupies in a hierarchical system of classification, which is usually but not necessarily
Taxonomic_rank
Warm-blooded animals with wings and feathers
Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (11 June 2015). "Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"
Bird
Clade of eukaryotes
PMID 11931142. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39
Diaphoretickes
1984 American science fiction film by W. D. Richter
humankind. The Cavaliers track the Red Lectroids to Yoyodyne Propulsion Systems in New Jersey. They realize that Orson Welles's broadcast of The War of the Worlds
The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension
The_Adventures_of_Buckaroo_Banzai_Across_the_8th_Dimension
Kingdom of archaea
database. Retrieved 2026-08-01. Cavalier-Smith T (January 2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial
Methanobacteriati
Family of protists
PMID 29765641. Cavalier-Smith T (2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla
Malawimonadidae
Rank based classification of bacteria
1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–66.
Bacterial_taxonomy
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015). "A higher level classification of all living organisms"
Protist
Genus of unicellular organisms
al. 2015, Cavalier-Smith & Allsopp, 1996). It possesses no cilia, no sagenogenetosome (Cavalier-Smith, 2001) and no pseudopods (Cavalier-Smith & Allsopp
Corallochytrium
Group of algae
Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms". PLOS
Biliphyta
Class of archaea
1947P. doi:10.1038/ncomms2847. Cavalier-Smith, T (2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial
Thermoplasmata
Class of single-celled organisms
Cryptomonadina. In some classifications, the cryptomonads were considered close relatives of the dinoflagellates because of their (seemingly) similar
Cryptophyceae
Matter with biological processes
Aristotle. Modern classification began with Carl Linnaeus's system of binomial nomenclature in the 1740s. Living things are composed of biochemical molecules
Life
Group of intracellular parasites
Wikidata Q111321231. Thomas Cavalier-Smith (30 July 2014). "Gregarine site-heterogeneous 18S rDNA trees, revision of gregarine higher classification, and the evolutionary
Perkinsea
Clade of microscopic fungi
non Cavalier-Smith 2013 – does not specify position of Microsporidia due to known issues with long branches, but does mention the possibility of being
Rozellida
Clade consisting of the charophyte algae and land plants
Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9781560987291. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). "The
Streptophyta
Public university in Blacksburg, Virginia, US
from semesters to the quarter system, which remained in place until the late 1980s. Under the 1891–1907 presidency of John McLaren McBryde, the school
Virginia_Tech
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3608682. PMID 23555709. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine?"". BioSystems. 14 (3–4): 461–481. Bibcode:1981BiSys
Archaeplastida
Class of archaea
Database. Retrieved 1 May 2026. Cavalier-Smith, T (2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial
Methanomicrobia
Extinct genus of sponge-like animals
evidence to show that the specimen had any of these cells. Cavalier-Smith (2017) challenges the assignment of Eocyathispongia to the Porifera since, unlike
Eocyathispongia
Proposed clade of ecdysozoan animals
resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature. 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life"
Cycloneuralia
Group of protists
uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help) Cavalier-Smith, Prog. Phycol. Res. 4: 324, 1986. Cavalier-Smith, In: Green, Leadbeater, and Diver (eds.), The
Hyphochytriomycetes
Species of archaeon
family of the Thermococci (called "Protoarchaea" by Cavalier-Smith), a class in the phylum Euryarchaeota of Archaea. Thermococcus species live in extremely
Thermococcus_gammatolerans
urkaryote. The clade composed of Archaea and the nuclear genome of eukaryotes is called Neomura by T. Cavalier-Smith Branching order of bacterial phyla (Woese
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Woese, 1987)
Branching_order_of_bacterial_phyla_(Woese,_1987)
employed). Clade Diatomista Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017 (diatoms plus a subset of other ochrophyte groups) Phylum Diatomeae Dumortier
Taxonomy_of_diatoms
Phylum of fungi
abundance due to amplification biases. Prototaxites Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of Life". Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 73 (3):
Glomeromycota
Genus of single-celled organisms
(Bass, Mylnikov & Cavalier-Smith 2009) Cavalier-Smith & Karpov 2012 Neocercomonas magna (Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009) Cavalier-Smith & Karpov 2012 Neocercomonas
Neocercomonas
Taxon of protozoans with hair-like organelles called cilia
"ITIS Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 December 2014. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2018-01-01). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight
Ciliate
Group of amoebae with shells
Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-04-29). "A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms".
Testate_amoebae
American political organization
Anglo-Saxon Club" (PDF). "Anglo-Saxon Club Founds Two Posts in Community". The Cavalier Daily. October 5, 1923. Retrieved October 3, 2025 – via Google News. Cox
Anglo-Saxon_Clubs_of_America
Kingdom of archaea
two-domain system of classification over the three-domain system. After including the kingdom category into ICNP, the only validly published name of this group
Asgard_archaea
Clade of plants with xylem and phloem
M. L. (1966). A Dictionary of Biology. Penguin Books. Cavalier-Smith, T. (August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73
Vascular_plant
Class of archaea
1987.tb02254.x. PMID 3308971. Cavalier-Smith, T (2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial
Methanobacteria
Public university in Charlottesville, Virginia, US
the Virginia Cavaliers, have twice won the Capital One Cup for overall athletics prowess and compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Atlantic Coast
University_of_Virginia
System for identifying vehicles
platform used, the model, and the body style. Each manufacturer has a unique system for using this field. Most manufacturers since the 1980s have used the eighth
Vehicle_identification_number
several models of the Branching order of bacterial phyla, one of these was proposed in 2002 and 2004 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith. In this frame of work, the branching
Branching order of bacterial phyla (Cavalier-Smith, 2002)
Branching_order_of_bacterial_phyla_(Cavalier-Smith,_2002)
Class of archaea
Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19. Cavalier-Smith, T (2002). "The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial
Methanococci
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
PMID 28798133. Cavalier-Smith T (March 2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". International Journal of Systematic
Prokaryote
Country in Central and South Asia
Asvaka in the sense of a cavalier, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of Alexander" (Hobson-Jobson:
Afghanistan
Change in the heritable traits of populations
|citeseerx= (help) Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (29 June 2006). "Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Evolution
Clade of algae
org/browse/taxonomy/?id=142048; searched on 25 April 2018. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998-08-01). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews. 73 (3): 203–266
Chlorophytina
Infraphylum of protists
Nelson, Michaela; Pawlowski, Jan; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Baldauf, Sandra L. (January 2010). "Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Slime Moulds (Mycetozoa)". Protist
Mycetozoa
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
CAVALIER SMITHS-SYSTEM-OF-CLASSIFICATION
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