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Programs by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon
The Soviet crewed lunar programs were a series of programs pursued by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon, in competition with the United States
Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs
Lunar lander designed for human spaceflight
States' Apollo program. The LK lunar module was developed by the Soviet Union in the 1960s as a part of several Soviet crewed lunar programs. Several LK
Lunar_module
Soviet lunar module intended to be used in the Soviet lunar landing attempts
crewed lunar programs. Its role was analogous to the American Apollo Lunar Module (LM). Three LK modules, of the T2K variant, were flown without crew
LK_(spacecraft)
Topics referred to by the same term
Soviet lunar exploration program may refer to: Soviet crewed lunar programs Luna programme Lunokhod programme Zond program This disambiguation page lists
Soviet lunar exploration program
Soviet_lunar_exploration_program
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Apollo program, American spaceflight program to land humans on the Moon Soviet moonshot, unsuccessful Soviet crewed lunar programs A mission to
Moonshot
Space exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from 1951 to 1991
spacewalk. Cancelled Soviet crewed lunar programs centered on the N1 super heavy-lift rocket. The Salyut program (1971–1986) operated six crewed space stations
Soviet_space_program
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
List of crewed spacecraft List of missions to the Moon Soviet crewed lunar programs Stolen and missing Moon rocks "How much did the Apollo program cost?"
Apollo_program
Spacecraft intended to land on the surface of the Moon
The LK lunar module was the lunar lander developed by the Soviet Union as a part of several Soviet crewed lunar programs. Several LK lunar modules were
Lunar_lander
Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface
Achieving a crewed circumlunar loop flight prior to a crewed lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program. The first
Moon_landing
China crewed lunar surface lander
China crewed lunar surface lander, is a spacecraft under development by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) for China's crewed lunar missions
Lanyue
but their full funding is unclear: Soviet crewed lunar programs – The Soviet Union had been pursuing a crewed lunar flyby mission using Soyuz 7K-L1 launched
List_of_missions_to_the_Moon
Soviet super heavy-lift launch vehicle (1965–1972)
Energia, the only Soviet super-heavy lift rocket to reach orbit, flying in 1987 and 1988. Details of the Soviet crewed lunar programs were kept secret
N1_(rocket)
Soviet crewed moonbase project
Lunar Base, was a Soviet plan and project from 1962 to 1974 to construct a crewed moonbase as successor to the N1-L3 human lunar expedition program.
Zvezda_(moonbase)
Soviet space capsule
for one of the Soviet crewed lunar programs, then the LK-700 redesign, it was later repurposed for the Almaz military space station program. The VA capsule
VA_spacecraft
Lunar lander variant of SpaceX Starship
the Artemis program Lanyue – China crewed lunar surface lander LK (spacecraft) – Soviet lunar module intended to be used in the Soviet lunar landing attempts
Starship_HLS
Lunar research program (2004–present)
Lanyue crewed lunar lander; they will launch separately on two Long March 10 rockets, and conduct lunar orbit rendezvous. China's crewed lunar program is
Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program
Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program
The Constellation program (abbreviated CxP) was a crewed spaceflight program developed by NASA, the space agency of the United States, from 2005 to 2009
Constellation_program
missions. The program to develop the spaceplane began in 1957 and was cancelled in 1963. LK, crewed Lunar lander for the Soviet crewed lunar programs. Several
List_of_crewed_spacecraft
American human spaceflight program
included a crewed lunar base, an Earth-orbiting space station, the so-called Grand Tour of the Outer Solar System, and the original Voyager program of Mars
Apollo_Applications_Program
NASA-led lunar exploration program
Apollo program – 1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program Chandrayaan programme – Indian Lunar Exploration Program (includes future crewed mission
Artemis_program
Robotic spacecraft missions to the Moon by the Soviet Union (1958–1976)
List of missions to the Moon Soviet crewed lunar programs Soviet space program Surveyor program Pioneer program Ranger program Amy Shira Teitel (13 April
Luna_programme
Soviet-era program that sent dogs to space
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet space program used dogs for suborbital and orbital space flights as proof-of-concept to determine whether human spaceflight
Soviet_space_dogs
Cancelled lunar orbital space station
the first crewed lunar orbiting spacecraft performing dockings and crew transfers with another spacecraft, the Apollo Lunar Module. Lunar bases, like
Lunar_Gateway
Sixth and most recent crewed Moon landing
final crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program, the sixth and most recent time humans have set foot on the Moon. Commander Gene Cernan and Lunar Module
Apollo_17
Vehicle that travels on the Moon's surface
have had operating rovers on the Moon: the Soviet Union, the United States, China, India, and Japan. Lunar rover designs have varied in several ways.
Lunar_rover
2026 crewed flyby of the Moon
2026) was a crewed flyby of the Moon. It is the only crewed flight beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. It was the first crewed flight of the
Artemis_II
Rocket stage used on Soviet and later Russian expendable launch systems
Soviet crewed lunar programs. The stage first flew in March 1967 while testing the Zond spacecraft as a part of those programs. During crewed lunar flight
Blok_D
Fourth crewed Moon landing
Apollo 15 (July 26 – August 7, 1971) was the ninth crewed mission in the Apollo program and the fourth Moon landing. It was the first J mission, with a
Apollo_15
Human spaceflight programme of the Soviet Union
(1960); evolved into the Soyuz-A design L4-1960 crewed lunar orbiter proposal (1960) L1-1962 crewed lunar flyby spacecraft proposal (1962); early design
Soyuz_programme
of computing power was a factor in the failure of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. The Soviets realized the strategic implications of semiconductors
History of computing in the Soviet Union
History_of_computing_in_the_Soviet_Union
Moon exploration program by the Russian Federal Space Agency
completed, the program is intended to continue with crewed lunar missions, starting with a crewed orbiter spacecraft called Orel. The program is based on
Luna-Glob
NASA crewed Moon landing spacecraft (1969–1972)
United States' Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere
Apollo_Lunar_Module
Missions to the Moon
the Lunex Project and Project Horizon. Besides crewed landings, the abandoned Soviet crewed lunar programs included the building of a multipurpose Moon
Exploration_of_the_Moon
Series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme
Soviet crewed lunar programs. It is launched atop the similarly named Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Following the Soviet Union's
Soyuz_(spacecraft)
Soviet spacecraft for crewed lunar flyby
Earth to circle the Moon without going into lunar orbit in the context of the Soviet crewed Moon-flyby program in the Moon race. It was based on the Soyuz
Soyuz_7K-L1
Observance on 12 April
2011, a few days before the 50th anniversary of the flight. Yuri Gagarin crewed the Vostok 1 mission in 1961, completing one orbit around Earth over 108
International Day of Human Space Flight
International_Day_of_Human_Space_Flight
Long-term human settlement on the Moon
moonbase was cancelled with the rest of the Soviet human lunar programs. All crewed Soviet lunar programs, including a Zvezda moonbase, had been classified
Moonbase
Russian spacesuit model
gyrfalcon) is a space suit model developed for lunar excursion during the Soviet crewed lunar program. It was designed by NPP Zvezda. Development began
Krechet-94
Russian holiday
Space Flight in dedication of the first crewed space flight made on 12 April 1961 by the 27-year-old Soviet Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin orbited
Cosmonautics_Day
Fifth crewed Moon landing
though this proved not to be the case. The mission was crewed by Commander John Young, Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke and Command Module Pilot Ken Mattingly
Apollo_16
This is a list of designs for crewed lunar landers, spacecraft intended to land on the Moon. A key aspect is achieving a soft landing, and for an ascent
List_of_crewed_lunar_landers
United States federal law
China to monitor the moon lander and Yutu 2 rover on the lunar far-side using NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. NASA was able to do so by getting
Wolf_Amendment
Concept for a lunar spacecraft derived from Soyuz
Корабль, romanized: Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl meaning "Lunar Orbital Craft") was a Soviet crewed spacecraft designed to take humans from Earth to orbit
Soyuz_7K-LOK
1960s NASA program to soft-land robotic probes on the Moon
sites for crewed Apollo landings. Several Surveyor spacecraft had robotic shovels designed to test lunar soil mechanics. Before the Soviet Luna 9 mission
Surveyor_program
Series of Soviet robotic space probes launched between 1964 and 1970
4 April 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2024. Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-0-387-21896-0
Zond_program
Concepts for extended human presence on the Moon
2026 NASA plans to send a crewed mission to the lunar surface by early 2028. A crew was selected for the crewed mission to lunar orbit, Artemis II, in April
NASA_lunar_outpost_concepts
to reach the Moon for lunar exploration. The crewed Apollo missions are listed at List of missions to the Moon. Major programs encompassing several probes
List_of_lunar_probes
Abandoned lunar lander proposal
Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander List of crewed lunar lander designs Boyle, Alan (2019-11-06). "Boeing proposes lunar lander for NASA crews, rivaling Blue
Boeing_Lunar_Lander
Planned spaceflight mission
to be the third crewed mission and the first Moon landing in the NASA-led Artemis lunar exploration program, marking the first crewed Moon landing since
Artemis_IV
Soviet spaceflight program
'ascent, dawn', IPA: [vɐsˈxot]) was the second Soviet human spaceflight project. Two one-day crewed missions were flown using the Voskhod spacecraft
Voskhod_programme
Soviet moon lander program
was a Soviet direct ascent lunar lander program proposed in 1964. It was developed by Vladimir Chelomey as an alternative to the N1-L3 program. It was
LK-700
Program of missions to the moon by JAXA
The (Japanese) Lunar Exploration Program (Japanese: 月探査計画, romanized: tsuki tansa keikaku) is a program of robotic and human missions to the Moon undertaken
Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program
Crewed flight of the Soyuz programme
time. The spacewalk crew transfer technique was intended to be repeated in the Soviet crewed lunar programs, to board the LK lunar lander design from the
Soyuz_4
Soviet dog, first animal to orbit Earth (c. 1954–1957)
Strelka, testing the crewed Vostok craft. After the success of Sputnik 1 in October 1957, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, wanted a spacecraft
Laika
Planned international lunar base
in preparation for crewed missions Objectives: Lunar research, exploration, and technology verification Supporting crewed lunar missions with the completed
International Lunar Research Station
International_Lunar_Research_Station
Artemis program crewed spacecraft
Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used by NASA for the Artemis lunar exploration program. It consists of a crew module
Orion_(spacecraft)
Upcoming crewed mission of the Artemis program
before crewed operations. Artemis III was originally planned as the first crewed lunar landing mission of the Artemis program and the first crewed landing
Artemis_III
spaceflight. Programs in this section are sorted by the years when the first successful crewed spaceflight took place. The Vostok program was a project
Human_spaceflight_programs
Soviet human spaceflight project
3K, which would be used for all six crewed Vostok missions. Despite the very large geographical size of the Soviet Union, there were obvious limitations
Vostok_programme
Rocket launch site in Kazakhstan
or "110L". The complex was built in the 1960s as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs, for use by the N1 rocket.[citation needed] A total of five launches
Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110
Projected Soviet crewed lunar flyby spacecraft
LK-1 was a projected Soviet crewed lunar flyby spacecraft. It would be launched on a three-stage Proton launch vehicle. The project started in 1962 under
LK-1
Lunar lander family for the Artemis program
payload. Apollo Lunar Module Lanyue – Chinese crewed lunar lander LK (spacecraft) – Soviet crewed lunar lander Starship HLS – SpaceX's lunar lander variant
Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)
Missions and flights of NASA's Apollo Program
carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission. Apollo
List_of_Apollo_missions
Type of spacecraft
majority of crewed spacecraft designs, although one crewed spaceplane, the Space Shuttle, has flown in orbit. Current examples of crewed space capsules
Space_capsule
Series of five uncrewed lunar orbiter missions
better. The first three missions were dedicated to imaging 20 potential crewed lunar landing sites, selected based on Earth-based observations. These were
Lunar_Orbiter_program
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
Chinese lunar programs have the goal to establish a lunar base in the 2030s with their international partners, being the first crewed lunar landings
Moon
the NASA Apollo program sent 24 astronauts on nine crewed lunar missions. Six of the missions landed two astronauts each on the lunar surface, while Apollo
List of people who have flown to the Moon
List_of_people_who_have_flown_to_the_Moon
Soviet aerospace engineer (1907–1966)
think it was doomed from the very beginning. Another reason the Soviet crewed lunar program didn't succeed was the rivalry between Korolev and Vladimir Chelomey
Sergei_Korolev
Joining of two or more space vehicles
crewed, with a pressurized habitable volume (e.g. a space station or a lunar lander) being the target—the exceptions were a few fully uncrewed Soviet
Docking and berthing of spacecraft
Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft
Soviet lunar rover; first rover to operate on the Moon
17/Lunokhod 1 Other Soviet lunar missions Don P. Mitchell's catalog of Soviet Moon images including Lunokhod 1 Image from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Lunokhod_1
Planned lander spacecraft component of NASA's cancelled Project Constellation
In Latin, aquila means "eagle", providing a connection to the first crewed lunar landing, Apollo 11's Eagle; the name Altair itself is a latinization
Altair_(spacecraft)
Assignment planned to achieve a objective
ICBM control-system Apollo program, which landed humans on the Moon Soviet atomic bomb project Soviet crewed lunar programs Project-706 Great Pyramid of
Project
Second crewed Moon landing
Apollo 12 (November 14–24, 1969) was the sixth crewed flight in the United States Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon. It was launched on
Apollo_12
1968 Soviet spaceflight, first lunar mission to carry animals
crewed lunar-flyby spacecraft. It was launched by a Proton-K carrier rocket with a Block D upper-stage to conduct scientific studies during its lunar
Zond_5
Independent confirmations of Apollo Moon landings
This was the first visible trace of crewed landings on the Moon seen from space since the close of the Apollo program.[citation needed] As with SELENE,
Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings
Planned lunar habitat module
The Lunar I-Hab (formerly known as International Habitation Module, International Habitat or I-HAB) was designed as a habitat module of the Lunar Gateway
Lunar_I-Hab
Soviet space station programme
programme, undertaken by the Soviet Union. It involved a series of four crewed scientific research space stations and two crewed military reconnaissance space
Salyut_programme
missions of the Soviet space program and the Russian Federal Space Agency, including ethnic Russians and people of other ethnicities. Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
List_of_cosmonauts
the 2020s, the program has been contrasted against Western space programs as the "New Space Race". From the 1950s, aided by the Soviet Union, development
History of the Chinese space program
History_of_the_Chinese_space_program
Soviet rocket stage
from the RD-56 engine which were intended to be used for the Soviet crewed lunar programs. RD-56 (11D56) engines were developed for N1M rocket programme
KVD-1
resources; may 3D-print a structure using regolith. Crewed mission: by the year 2030, – crewed lunar missions employing the Mengzhou orbiter, Lanyue lander
Chinese_space_program
South Korean space program
Korean Lunar Exploration Program (Korean: 대한민국의 달탐사 계획) is led by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI), which develops lunar orbiters and landers
Korean Lunar Exploration Program
Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program
Spaceflight with a crew or passengers
human on an extraterrestrial body. The United States' Apollo program executed six crewed lunar landings between 1969 and 1972. Since the final landing in
Human_spaceflight
Vehicle driven by astronauts on the Moon (1971–72)
The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program (15
Lunar_Roving_Vehicle
NASA program contracting commercial transportation services to the Moon
Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) is a NASA program to hire companies to send small robotic landers and rovers to the Moon. Most landing sites
Commercial Lunar Payload Services
Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services
Second crewed mission to orbit the Moon
Apollo 7, the crewed-flight test of the Command and Service Module (CSM), was the "C" mission. The first crewed orbital test of the Lunar Module (LM) was
Apollo_10
Canceled space missions
"reboot" of all crewed mission plans. In September 1967, NASA created a list of remaining mission types necessary to achieve the first crewed lunar landing,
Canceled_Apollo_missions
US–USSR spaceflight capability rivalry
deny the Soviets were pursuing a "Moon race". As later disclosed, the Soviet Union secretly pursued two competing crewed lunar programs. Soviet Decree 655–268
Space_Race
Fifth orbital flight of the Artemis program
Artemis V is planned to be the fourth crewed mission and second lunar landing of the NASA-led Artemis program. The mission is expected to see the first
Artemis_V
US nonprofit spaceflight advocacy organization
Conference in Dallas, Convening Pioneers from Government and Private Space Programs" SpaceRef.com – Feb. 21, 2007 GuideStar – National Space Society Information
National_Space_Society
Soviet/Russian space station (1986–2001)
spacewalks. Mir was the next stage of the Soviet space programme's station development, following the success of six crewed single-module stations under the Salyut
Mir
introduction of a new crewed spacecraft and completion of the GLONASS constellation, among others. In the mid-2000s, funding of the space program continued to
Space_industry_of_Russia
Soviet robotic spacecraft program
1. With these four failures, the N-1 crewed lunar program was canceled. NASA used the Saturn V rocket for lunar missions, a super heavy-lift rocket like
Zond_failed_missions
Cancelled crewed circumlunar mission and art project
The dearMoon project was a proposed lunar tourism mission conceived and financed by Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa. It would have seen Maezawa and
DearMoon_project
Docking hardware of the Soviet crewed lunar spacecraft program
Contact) was the docking hardware of the Soviet crewed lunar spacecraft program. The Soviet lunar human program was canceled in 1974 after many failures
Soyuz_Kontakt
Third crewed Moon landing
eighth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program operated by NASA, the third to land on the Moon, and the first to land in the lunar highlands
Apollo_14
Lunar exploration concept
the help of international partners, mainly the Soviet Union, to assemble a lunar base and sustainable lunar transportation service. On July 20, 1989, the
International Lunar Resources Exploration Concept
International_Lunar_Resources_Exploration_Concept
Astronauts from NASA's Apollo program
nine crewed Apollo lunar missions. Apollo 4–6 and AS-201 and AS-202 were uncrewed, while AS-203 is considered a test flight. The Apollo program included
List_of_Apollo_astronauts
Lunar lander developed by Firefly Aerospace
a permanent crewed base on the Moon. In 2021, Firefly Aerospace received a NASA contract that was valued at US$93 million to conduct lunar landings for
Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost
Soviet Moon rover program
(Russian: Луноход, IPA: [lʊnɐˈxot], "Moonwalker") was a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1977. Lunokhod
Lunokhod_programme
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SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
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SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
SOVIET CREWED-LUNAR-PROGRAMS
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