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Fatty substance insulating nerve cell axons
Myelin (/ˈmaɪ.əlɪn/ MY-ə-lin) is a lipid-rich material that in most vertebrates surrounds the axons of neurons to insulate them and increase the rate at
Myelin
Protein found in humans
Myelin protein zero (MPZ), also Myelin protein P0, is a single membrane glycoprotein which in humans is encoded by the MPZ gene. P0 is a major structural
Myelin_protein_zero
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
encodes the receptor for reticulon 4, oligodendrocytemyelin glycoprotein and myelin-associated glycoprotein. This receptor mediates axonal growth inhibition
Reticulon_4_receptor
Protein family
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a protein important in the process of myelination of nerves in the nervous system. The myelin sheath is a multi-layered
Myelin_basic_protein
Long projection on a neuron that conducts signals to other neurons
the myelin sheath of a myelinated axon. Oligodendrocytes form the insulating myelin in the CNS. Along myelinated nerve fibers, gaps in the myelin sheath
Axon
Formation of myelin sheaths in the nervous system
Myelination, or myelinogenesis, is the formation and development of myelin sheaths in the nervous system, typically initiated in late prenatal neurodevelopment
Myelination
Medical research and advocacy organization
The Myelin Project was a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1989 by Augusto Odone and his wife, Michaela and their friend Patti Chapman. Their
The_Myelin_Project
Class of enzymes
enzymology, a [myelin-proteolipid] O-palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.100) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction palmitoyl-CoA + [myelin proteolipid]
(myelin-proteolipid) O-palmitoyltransferase
(myelin-proteolipid)_O-palmitoyltransferase
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Myelin regulatory factor (MRF), Myelin gene regulatory factor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYRF gene. Myelin regulatory factor is encoded
Myelin_regulatory_factor
Glial cell type
Schwann cells wrap around axons of motor and sensory neurons to form the myelin sheath. The Schwann cell promoter is present in the downstream region of
Schwann_cell
Small pockets of cytoplasm
Myelin incisures (also known as Schmidt-Lanterman clefts, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman, segments of Lanterman, medullary segments)
Myelin_incisure
Neural cell type
oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main function is to provide the myelin sheath to neuronal axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Myelination
Oligodendrocyte
Support-cells in the nervous system
form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons. In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes (that produce myelin), astrocytes
Glia
Gaps between myelin sheaths on the axon of a neuron
Nodes of Ranvier (/ˈrɑːn.vi.eɪ/, RAHN-vee-ay), also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular
Node_of_Ranvier
Neuromuscular disease
of nerve cells' axons (responsible for transmitting signals) and their myelin sheaths (which insulate and accelerate signal transmission). When these
Charcot–Marie–Tooth_disease
Line of stem cells for research
A myelinoid or myelin organoid is a three dimensional in vitro cultured model derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that represents various
Myelinoid
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a glycoprotein believed to be important in the myelination of nerves in the central nervous system (CNS).
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Myelin_oligodendrocyte_glycoprotein
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), also called Growth arrest-specific protein 3 (GAS-3), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PMP22 gene.
Peripheral_myelin_protein_22
Natural partial recreation of myelin sheaths in the brain
oligodendrocyte precursor cells to form oligodendrocytes to create new myelin sheaths on demyelinated axons in the Central nervous system (CNS). This
Remyelination
Inflammatory demyelinating disease
MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) antibody disease (MOGAD) or MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM) is an inflammatory demyelinating
MOG_antibody_disease
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), or Siglec-4 is a type 1 transmembrane protein, a glycoprotein localized in periaxonal Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte
Myelin-associated glycoprotein
Myelin-associated_glycoprotein
Medical condition
the gene PMP22, which makes peripheral myelin protein 22. This protein has a role in the maintenance of the myelin sheath that insulates nerves, resulting
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
Hereditary_neuropathy_with_liability_to_pressure_palsy
Autoimmune disease
neurodegenerative autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks myelin, the insulating cover of nerve cells, causing damage to the central nervous
Multiple_sclerosis
Medical condition
problems in both sensory and motor function. Specifically, antibodies against myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) damage Schwann cells. While the disorder occurs
Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy
Anti-MAG_peripheral_neuropathy
Protein family
Myelin proteolipid protein (PLP or lipophilin) is the major myelin protein from the central nervous system (CNS). It plays an important role in the formation
Myelin_proteolipid_protein
Inflammation of the spinal cord
of the body to the brain. Inflammation in the spinal cord can cause the myelin and axon to be damaged resulting in symptoms such as paralysis and sensory
Myelitis
Protein-coding gene in humans
Myelin P2 protein also peripheral myelin protein 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PMP2 gene. Myelin protein P2 is a constituent of peripheral
Myelin_P2_protein
American medical research institute
The Myelin Repair Foundation (MRF) is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization based in Saratoga, California. The organization applies a collaborative business
Myelin_Repair_Foundation
Any neurological disease in which the myelin sheath of neurons is damaged
demyelinating disease refers to any disease affecting the nervous system where the myelin sheath surrounding neurons is damaged. This damage disrupts the transmission
Demyelinating_disease
Areas of myelinated axons in the brain
for its relatively light appearance resulting from the lipid content of myelin. Its white color in prepared specimens is due to its usual preservation
White_matter
Biological process of axonal degeneration
continue to clear up the myelin debris by degrading their own myelin, phagocytose extracellular myelin and attract macrophages to myelin debris for further
Wallerian_degeneration
Damage to nervous tissue
the myelin sheath occurs, disrupting salatory conduction and disrupting the propagation of impulses along the nodes of Ranvier. Damage to myelin can slow
Nerve_injury
Type of amino acid
precursor of ketone bodies and myelin, particularly during early childhood, when the developing brain requires high rates of myelin synthesis. This is in contrast
Ketogenic_amino_acid
Propagation of action potentials along the myelinated axons of neurons
Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath In neuroscience, saltatory conduction (from Latin saltus 'leap, jump')
Saltatory_conduction
Complex of different phospholipids and proteins
alveolar lining fluid, where the surfactant forms a meshwork of tubular myelin Full term infants are estimated to have an alveolar storage pool of approximately
Pulmonary_surfactant
Family members of Lorenzo Odone
continued to raise funds and drive the scientific task force known as The Myelin Project until his death. Michaela Odone battled lung cancer for some time
Augusto, Michaela, and Lorenzo Odone
Augusto,_Michaela,_and_Lorenzo_Odone
Disease pathology and physiology
demyelination has occurred, the degraded myelin sheath components, such as myelin basic proteins and Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteins, are then used
Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
Pathophysiology_of_multiple_sclerosis
American chemist (1904–1995)
a biochemist and neuroscientist known for purifying and characterizing myelin basic protein (MBP), investigating its potential role in the neurodegenerative
Elizabeth_Roboz_Einstein
Type of myelin-associated protein
Proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1) is a form of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). Mutations in PLP1 are associated with Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease. It is a
Proteolipid_protein_1
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Myelin and lymphocyte protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAL gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a highly hydrophobic integral
Myelin_and_lymphocyte_protein
Maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism
myelination. Myelin sheaths are formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS that wrap around segments of axons to increase their firing speed. Myelin is formed
Critical_period
barrier and spermatogenesis. PMP22/gas-3, called peripheral myelin protein, is located in the myelin sheath. The expression of this protein is associated with
Tight_junction_proteins
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OMG gene. Oligodendrocyte Myelin Glycoprotein GRCm38: Ensembl release
Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein
Oligodendrocyte-myelin_glycoprotein
Stain used in biology
abbreviated LFB stain or simply LFB, is a commonly used stain to observe myelin under light microscopy, first developed by Heinrich Klüver and Elizabeth
Luxol_fast_blue_stain
Inflammation of the optic nerve
neuromyelitis optica (NMO) / neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Other
Optic_neuritis
Group of disorders characterised by degeneration of white matter in the brain
by imperfect growth or development of the glial cells which produce the myelin sheath, the fatty insulating covering around nerve fibers. Leukodystrophies
Leukodystrophy
Involuntary quivering of a muscle
underlying tumor in the brainstem (typically a brainstem glioma), loss of myelin in the brainstem (associated with multiple sclerosis) or in the recovery
Myokymia
separates the CNS and PNS, there is a transition from Schwann cell myelin to oligodendrocyte myelin. In cranial nerves this is often the place of neuro-vascular
Redlich–Obersteiner's_zone
Layer present on Schwann cells of CNS neurons
fiber in the peripheral nervous system. The neurilemma is underlain by the myelin sheath (also known as the medullary sheath). In the central nervous system
Neurilemma
Neurological pain disorder
depression. The exact cause is unknown, but believed to involve loss of the myelin of the trigeminal nerve. This might occur due to nerve compression from
Trigeminal_neuralgia
Neurodegenerative disorder
referred to as leukodystrophies. It is characterized by degeneration of myelin in the phospholipid layer insulating the axon of a neuron and is associated
Canavan_disease
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue
Neuroregenerative mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system
Neuroregeneration
Cable-like bundle of axons
other supportive cells such as some Schwann cells that coat the axons in myelin. Each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the endoneurium
Nerve
Class of enzymes
ADAM10 endopeptidase (EC 3.4.24.81, Kuzbanian protein, myelin-associated disintegrin metalloproteinase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following
ADAM10_endopeptidase
Benign tumor composed of nerve tissue
different types of nervous tissue, including the nerve fibers and their myelin sheath, as in the case of genuine neoplasms (growths) like ganglioneuromas
Neuroma
Term to describe all brain white-matter diseases
underlying metabolic defect, and they include the leukodystrophies when myelin growth is the underlying problem. The acquired demyelinating diseases are
Leukoencephalopathy
Medical condition
sphingolipids. Leukodystrophies affect the growth and/or development of myelin, the fatty covering that acts as an insulator around nerve fibers throughout
Metachromatic_leukodystrophy
Mixture of modified vegetable oils used in treating adrenoleukodystrophy
invention of the oil. The royalties received by Augusto were paid to The Myelin Project which he and Michaela founded to further research treatments for
Lorenzo's_oil
Swiss neurobiologist
(born 23 June 1962 in Basel) is a Swiss neurobiologist with a focus on myelin. She is research group leader at the Department of Research (DBM) and lecturer
Nicole_Schaeren-Wiemers
Type of allergic reaction
other immune cells, inflammation Multiple sclerosis Myelin antigens (e.g., myelin basic protein) Myelin destruction, inflammation Rheumatoid arthritis Possibly
Type_IV_hypersensitivity
X-linked leukodystrophy
proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), a major myelin protein. It is characterized by a decrease in the amount of insulating myelin surrounding the nerves (hypomyelination)
Pelizaeus–Merzbacher_disease
Neuron communication by electric impulses
protrusion traveling away from the soma. The axon is insulated by a myelin sheath. Myelin is composed of either Schwann cells (in the peripheral nervous system)
Action_potential
Argentine entrepreneur and diplomat
CEO and chairman. In 2020, Oxenford joined a venture capital fund called Myelin VC, which focuses on North America, Europe, and Latin American region. In
Alec_Oxenford
Speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway
syndrome (GBS) is a peripheral neuropathy involving the degeneration of myelin sheathing and/or nerves that innervate the head, body, and limbs. This degeneration
Nerve_conduction_velocity
White matter tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
regions they connect. Myelination is the process of coating neurons with myelin, which helps the transfer of information between neurons. The process is
Corpus_callosum
Class of chemical compounds
is a marker for oligodendrocytes in the brain, whether or not they form myelin. α-Galactosylceramides are immunomodulatory and prevents or reduces autoimmune
Galactosylceramide
membrane to the compact myelin sheath. The inner mesaxon (Terminologia histologica: Mesaxon internum) is the connection between the myelin sheath and the inner
Mesaxon
Overview of and topical guide to the human nervous system
neuroglia or glia, are supportive cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons. Microglia Astrocyte
Outline of the human nervous system
Outline_of_the_human_nervous_system
Inflammation of the entire cross-section of the spinal cord
infections, immune system disorders, or damage to nerve fibers, by loss of myelin. As opposed to leukomyelitis which affects only the white matter, it affects
Transverse_myelitis
Disease affecting humans
associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES) is a clinical sub entity of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease. It is a rare condition
FLAMES_(medicine)
Class of enzymes
[myelin basic protein]-arginine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.126) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction S-adenosyl-L-methionine + [myelin
(Myelin basic protein)-arginine N-methyltransferase
(Myelin_basic_protein)-arginine_N-methyltransferase
Medication
acids found in myelin basic protein, namely glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and tyrosine. Myelin basic protein is the antigen in the myelin sheaths of the
Glatiramer_acetate
Class of vitamins
metabolism. It plays an essential role in the nervous system by supporting myelin synthesis and is critical for the maturation of red blood cells in the bone
Vitamin_B12
Neurological disorder
mechanism of MBD, and deficiency disrupts metabolic pathways, hindering myelin synthesis and impairing signal transmission. MBD is also due to a lack of
Marchiafava–Bignami_disease
Type of nerve damage in the brainstem
myelinolysis (CPM) is a neurological condition involving severe damage to the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the pons (an area of the brainstem). It is predominantly
Central_pontine_myelinolysis
Pharmaceutical compound
Ascending Dose Trial of Lucid-21-302 (Lucid-MS) in Healthy Volunteers: A Novel Myelin Protective Small Molecule to Prevent Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
Lucid-MS
One of three classes of nerve fiber
therefore transmit signals at different speeds. Larger diameter axons and more myelin insulation lead to faster signal propagation. Group A nerves are found in
Group_A_nerve_fiber
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
According to one theory, dysfunction of oligodendrocytes and their associated myelin during aging contributes to axon damage, which in turn generates amyloid
Alzheimer's_disease
Class of compounds
are found in the myelin sheath, one fifth of them are sulfatide. Sulfatide is primarily found on the extracellular leaflet of the myelin plasma membrane
Sulfatide
Italian neuroscientist
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Casaccia is a pioneer in the study of myelin. Her research focuses on understanding the neurobiological and neuroimmune
Patrizia_Casaccia
Diseases of the brain and spinal cord
group a normal and healthy myelin is destroyed by a toxic, chemical or autoimmune substance. In the second group, myelin is abnormal and degenerates
Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system
Lesional_demyelinations_of_the_central_nervous_system
Medical condition
Kilpatrick TJ, Willingham M, et al. (2012). "Myelin Gene Regulatory Factor is Required for Maintenance of Myelin and Mature Oligodendrocyte Identity in the
Niemann–Pick_disease
Medical condition
deterioration occurs in an accelerating cycle: myelin damage reduces conductance, and reduced conductance contributes to myelin degradation. The slowed conduction
Alcoholic_polyneuropathy
Antibody in molecular biology and neuroscience
Rat hippocampus stained with antibody to NeuN/Fox-3 (green), myelin basic protein (red) and DNA (blue). Antibodies and image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology
NeuN
Areas of neuronal cell bodies in the brain
myelinated axons. The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with
Grey_matter
Connection formed between neurons that allows neurotransmission
have myelin sheaths, then the pathway appears bright white because myelin is primarily lipid.[citation needed] If most or all of the axons lack myelin sheaths
Neural_pathway
Part of the brain at the back of the head
called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the stria of Gennari. Visually driven regions outside V1 are called extrastriate
Occipital_lobe
Natural stain derived from hearthwood and used in histology
haematoxylin will also stain rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, collagen, myelin, elastic fibers, and acid mucins. Haematoxylin alone is not an effective
Haematoxylin
Portion of a brain cell containing its nucleus
Dendrite Soma Axon Nucleus Node of Ranvier Axon terminal Schwann cell Myelin sheath In cellular neuroscience, the soma (pl.: somata or somas; from Greek
Soma_(biology)
Type of neurofibromatosis disease
biopsied or resected. They may represent a focally degenerative bit of myelin.[citation needed] Within the CNS, NF-1 manifests as a weakness of the dura
Neurofibromatosis_type_I
Subtype of glial cell in the central nervous system
system named for their essential role as precursors to oligodendrocytes and myelin. They are typically identified in the human by co-expression of PDGFRA and
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell
Medical condition
environmental circumstances. It occurs when the myelin sheath of the nerve cells becomes damaged. As the myelin sheath is responsible for protecting the nerves
Cerebellar_degeneration
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Myelin transcription factor 1 like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYT1L gene. This gene encodes a member of the zinc finger superfamily
MYT1L
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Myelin transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYT1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of a family of neural
MYT1
Medical condition
mutation in the genes encoding proteins necessary for the functioning of the myelin sheath, which impacts the conductance of nerve signals and results in loss
Roussy–Lévy_syndrome
Genetic neurological disease
tissues throughout the body. The most severely affected tissues are the myelin in the central nervous system, the adrenal cortex, and the Leydig cells
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Inflammation of nervous tissue
and plasma cells produce antibodies against the myelin sheath that insulates neurons, degrading the myelin and slowing conduction in the neurons. Additionally
Neuroinflammation
The makeup of the brain is about 12% lipids, most of which are located in myelin (which itself is 70–80% fat). Specific fatty acid ratios will depend in
Brain_as_food
1992 drama film directed by George Miller
myelin sheath (a lipid insulator) around the nerves, and Augusto is shown taking on the new challenge of organizing biomedical efforts to heal myelin
Lorenzo's_Oil
Class of jawed cartilaginous fish
with the forebrain not greatly enlarged. The structure and formation of myelin in their nervous systems are nearly identical to that of tetrapods, which
Chondrichthyes
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