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Ontology applicable across domains of knowledge
information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology, upper model, or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information
Upper_ontology
Specification of a conceptualization
In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the
Ontology (information science)
Ontology_(information_science)
Type of upper ontology for computer systems
The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO) is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems
Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology
independent view on reality, a formal (upper level) ontology gains the following properties: indefinite expandability: the ontology remains consistent with increasing
Formal_ontology
Representational model in metaphysics and information science
knowledge domain of operations. Often such ontologies take advantage of the benefits of an upper ontology. Planning software can be used to perform plan
Process_ontology
Philosophical study of being
Ontology is the philosophical study of being. It is traditionally understood as the subdiscipline of metaphysics focused on the most general features of
Ontology
Top-level ontology by Barry Smith
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is a top-level ontology developed by Barry Smith and colleagues to promote interoperability among domain ontologies. The BFO methodology
Basic_Formal_Ontology
The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is an upper ontology integrating processes and objects. GFO has been developed by Heinrich Herre, Barbara Heller and
General_formal_ontology
For example, CIDOC-CRM and CORA are considered as core ontologies. Semantic prime Upper ontology Prestes, Edson; Carbonera, Joel Luis; Fiorini, Sandro
Core_ontology
knowledge about particular domains and applications. The upper layers have the character of an upper ontology, covering general topics such as mereotopology, systems
OntoCAPE
Topics referred to by the same term
a flexible data structure for building search trees Gist (upper ontology), an upper ontology in information science Gist (GitHub), a pastebin service operated
Gist
permanent URIs for the UMBEL concepts; the connections within the UMBEL upper ontology enable concepts from sources at different levels of abstraction or specificity
UMBEL
Type of information
Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory Cultural literacy Core Knowledge Foundation Upper ontology – Ontology applicable across domains of knowledge Furnham et al. found positive
General_knowledge
Linguistic theory of semantic description
the meanings of phrases or concepts into less complex concepts Upper ontology – Ontology applicable across domains of knowledge Murphy, M. Lynne (2010)
Natural_semantic_metalanguage
Ontological framework for conceptual models
The Unified Foundational Ontology (UFO). is an ontological framework developed in the early 2000s with the objective of providing foundational support
Unified_Foundational_Ontology
Canadian computer scientist
Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto, known for his work on Ontologies in information science. particularly with the Process Specification Language
Michael_Gruninger
Artificial intelligence project
artificial intelligence (AI) project that aims to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the
Cyc
Computational lexicon of English
Standard Upper Ontology: A large ontology for the Semantic Web and its applications. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in
WordNet
Family of knowledge representation languages
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies
Web_Ontology_Language
prefix and upper case letters. In our ontology chart the node labelled #IBM is a particular organisation. The arcs represent ontological dependency relations
Ontology_chart
Methods in artificial intelligence research
Ontologies model key concepts and their relationships in a domain. Example ontologies are YAGO, WordNet, and DOLCE. DOLCE is an example of an upper ontology
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Hypothetical language created by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
constructed language that is constructed from first principles Upper ontology – Ontology applicable across domains of knowledge Leibniz, De Alphabeto cogitationum
Alphabet_of_human_thought
Study of fundamental reality
information for various purposes. Upper ontologies, such as Suggested Upper Merged Ontology and Basic Formal Ontology, define concepts at a more abstract
Metaphysics
Topics referred to by the same term
Commonwealth countries Suo (journal), a soil science journal Standard upper ontology, in computing Bouni language (ISO 639: suo), a language of Papua New
SUO
Topics referred to by the same term
DOLCE+DnS-Ultralite - A lighter OWL axiomatization of DOLCE and DnS upper ontologies. Dullingham railway station Dul (disambiguation) This disambiguation
DUL
Topics referred to by the same term
future proof open format for digital fonts Unified Foundational Ontology, an upper ontology for conceptual modelling purposes UFO (1956 film), directed by
UFO_(disambiguation)
principle of construction is a use of an applied ontology based in the upper ontology. In practice, these ontologies take on a form of breakdown structures such
Virtual design and construction
Virtual_design_and_construction
Concept in information technology
need for any given set of applications or ontologies. Having a foundation ontology (also called upper ontology) that contains all those primitive elements
Semantic_interoperability
first two hierarchical levels may be regarded as a top- or upper ontology for ontologies and other applications. The terms of the first three hierarchical
Information Coding Classification
Information_Coding_Classification
British technology expert
Rafael; West, Matthew; Leal, David; Price, David; Naka, Yuji (2005). "An upper ontology based on ISO 15926". 20: 1543–1548. doi:10.1016/S1570-7946(05)80099-9
Matthew_West_(technologist)
Knowledge representation language
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation.
CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
CIDOC_Conceptual_Reference_Model
(specifying conditions). According to the type–token distinction, the ontology is divided into individuals, who are real worlds objects, or events, and
Class (knowledge representation)
Class_(knowledge_representation)
representations of knowledge Ontology (information science) – Specification of a conceptualization Upper ontology – Ontology applicable across domains of
Outline of artificial intelligence
Outline_of_artificial_intelligence
Indian computer scientist
system, including the CycL knowledge representation language, the upper ontological layers of the Cyc Knowledge Base and some parts of the original Cyc
Ramanathan_V._Guha
American philosopher (born 1970)
between philosophical ontology (physical ontology), domain ontology, and upper ontology (also known as top-level or formal) ontology, and has attempted to
Robert_Arp
Foundations. 4(3): 151-158 (pp. 155-156). Short discussion in context of upper ontology and the inadequacy of serial (digital computer) modelling [1] Retrieved
Interactions_of_actors_theory
"Standard Upper Ontology Knowledge Interchange Format" (PDF). sigmakee.cvs.sourceforge.net. Retrieved 7 August 2014. Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. Weiming
Knowledge_Interchange_Format
group formation Metadata harvesting Glossary consolidation Initial upper ontology construction (abstract data elements) Draft data element loading Data
Metadata_publishing
Modelling language and methodology for capturing knowledge and designing systems
is "all levels down" (i.e., "k = ∞"). Formal ontology Process ontology Ontology language Upper ontology "ISO/PAS 19450:2015 - Automation systems and integration
Object_Process_Methodology
methods, and so on, for applicability to the current domain effort. Upper ontology Object-oriented design ^The Coad Letter (dead) (Wayback Machine's archived
Object_Modeling_in_Color
‘Event Type’, for temporal objects, and ‘Meta Types’ for expressing upper ontology. The objects in this group are essentially any thing about which the
GNOWSYS
Type of machine translation
intended to be subsumed under the smaller, manually-built upper (abstract) region of the ontology. Because of its size, it had to be created automatically
Rule-based machine translation
Rule-based_machine_translation
The Plant Phenology Ontology (PPO) is a collection of OBO Foundry ontologies that facilitate integration of heterogeneous data about seed plant phenology
Plant_Phenology_Ontology
of formal ontologies. It is designed for use with the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. It originally included only the Vampire theorem prover as its core
Sigma knowledge engineering environment
Sigma_knowledge_engineering_environment
This is a list of ontologies that are part of the OBO Foundry as of January 2020.[update] Hogan WR, Wagner MM, Brochhausen M, Levander J, Brown ST, Millett
List of OBO Foundry ontologies
List_of_OBO_Foundry_ontologies
Fundamental unit of cognition
systems with many entities, they employ formal ontologies, such as the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology, which are comprehensive conceptual hierarchies
Concept
Void between celestial bodies
known as the horror vacui. This concept built upon a 5th-century BCE ontological argument by the Greek philosopher Parmenides, who denied the possible
Outer_space
Field of artificial intelligence
Approach (3rd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-604259-7, p. 437-439 Hayes P, Naive physics I: Ontology for liquids. University
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Open-access, integrated ontology
The Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI) is an open-access, integrated ontology for the description of biological and clinical investigations
Ontology for Biomedical Investigations
Ontology_for_Biomedical_Investigations
Interpretation of sensory information
food. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue, called taste buds or gustatory calyculi. The human
Perception
Intelligence of machines
body of knowledge represented in a form that can be used by a program. An ontology is the set of objects, relations, concepts, and properties used by a particular
Artificial_intelligence
First-century Jewish preacher and religious leader
first seven ecumenical councils. Some early beliefs viewed Jesus as ontologically subordinate to the Father (Subordinationism), and others considered
Jesus
an initial upper common ontology that organizes the key upper common patterns that are shared and accepted by the community. These upper common patterns
Business_semantics_management
Philosophical problem-solving principle
that the ontology of folk psychology including such entities as "pain", "joy", "desire", "fear", etc., are eliminable in favor of an ontology of a completed
Occam's_razor
Branch of metaphysics
In formal ontology, a branch of metaphysics, and in ontological computer science, mereotopology is a first-order theory, embodying mereological and topological
Mereotopology
German–American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist (1898–1979)
in 1928 to write a habilitation under Martin Heidegger, titled Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity (Hegels Ontologie und die Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit
Herbert_Marcuse
Region in northern Sudan and southern Egypt
Reconstruction of the Lion Temple at Musawwarat es Sufra: 3D model and domain ontologies; in: The Kushite World (2015). Proceedings of the 11th International Conference
Nubia
Topics referred to by the same term
Central America Sumo language (disambiguation) Suggested Upper Merged Ontology, a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems
Sumo_(disambiguation)
Historical region of West Asia
empirical observation. Babylonian thought was also based on an open-systems ontology which is compatible with ergodic axioms. Logic was employed to some extent
Mesopotamia
US-based software and services company
interact with a digital representation of a company's business known as an ontology. This lets the models access an organization's documents and other external
Palantir
Overview of genocides before 1914
Ireland 1845–1849". Signet: New York: 19. Woolford, Andrew (2009). "Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples". Genocide Studies
Genocides in history (1490 to 1914)
Genocides_in_history_(1490_to_1914)
Idea that the universe is fundamentally computational or informational
appearance. Informational primacy, or digitalism: that information is ontologically fundamental and physical properties derive from it. This position was
Digital_physics
Prime Minister of India since 2014
June 2023, retrieved 22 June 2023 Kinnvall, Catarina (2019), "Populism, ontological insecurity and Hindutva: Modi and the masculinization of Indian politics"
Narendra_Modi
Columbia Press. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-0-7748-8096-1. Woolford, Andrew (2009). "Ontological Destruction: Genocide and Canadian Aboriginal Peoples". Genocide Studies
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Major Hindu scripture
Padmanabha Tirtha, Jayatirtha, and Raghavendra Tirtha. Central to his school's ontology is the distinction between svatantra (independent) reality, which belongs
Bhagavad_Gita
and bad spirits or between these spirits and human beings. There is no ontological difference between gods and demons, and humans may emulate the gods and
Religion_in_China
American drama television series
some way. The woman and Colter spend a romantic night together. 15 2 "Ontological Shock" Aprill Winney Sharon Lee Watson & Travis Donnelly October 20, 2024 (2024-10-20)
Tracker_(American_TV_series)
Traditional religion of Lakota people
v2i1.135. Posthumus, David C. (2018). All My Relatives: Exploring Lakota Ontology, Belief, and Ritual. New Visions in Native American and Indigenous Studies
Lakota_religion
Subset of artificial intelligence
Norvig, Peter (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2. Alpaydin, Ethem
Machine_learning
American filmmaker (1946–2025)
between distinct levels of reality and fiction, resulting in an ambiguous ontological situation in which "any apparent reality subsides into a dream". Kite
David_Lynch
Philosophical study of beauty and art
artworks belong to distinct ontological categories. Contextualists accept this view and further propose that the ontological category depends on the context
Aesthetics
German philosopher (1844–1900)
2020 Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 1011–1138. ISBN 978-0131585911
Friedrich_Nietzsche
being Metaphysical and moral principle that indicates the connection of ontology, obligation, and ethics. Agnus Dei Lamb of God Refers both to the innocence
List_of_Latin_phrases_(full)
Indian religion and philosophy
the Buddhist belief that causality is the basis of ontology, not a creator God nor the ontological Vedic concept called universal Self (Brahman) nor any
Buddhism
Ontology language
CycL in computer science and artificial intelligence, is an ontology language used by Douglas Lenat's Cyc artificial intelligence project. Ramanathan V
CycL
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016
Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84275-194-7. Newman, Jack, and Richard Hayton. "The ontological failure of David Cameron's 'modernisation' of the Conservative Party
David_Cameron
German philosopher and socialist (1818–1883)
line to receive a secular education. He became a lawyer with a comfortably upper middle class income and the family owned a number of Moselle vineyards,
Karl_Marx
421 Newquist 1994, pp. 255–267 Russell & Norvig 2021, p. 23 Cyc and ontological engineering McCorduck 2004, p. 489 Crevier 1993, pp. 239–243 Newquist
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Generative adversarial network variant
consequently the upper bound: ‖ D ‖ L ≤ ∏ i = 1 n ‖ W i ‖ s {\displaystyle \|D\|_{L}\leq \prod _{i=1}^{n}\|W_{i}\|_{s}} Thus, if we can upper-bound operator
Wasserstein_GAN
Form of matter
chemical Fire diamond Hale, Bob (2013-09-19). Necessary Beings: An Essay on Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191648342
Substance_(chemistry)
Geometric theory based on regions
In mathematics, point-free geometry is a geometry whose primitive ontological notion is region rather than point. Two axiomatic systems are set out below
Whitehead's point-free geometry
Whitehead's_point-free_geometry
Grouping by physical or social qualities
questions, assumptions, and protocols. Each is also associated with opposing ontological consequences vis-a-vis the metaphysics of race. Philosopher Lisa Gannett
Race_(human_categorization)
"Walking The Planes 2: A History of the Planes in Dungeons & Dragons". The Ontological Geek. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved August 10
List of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition monsters
List_of_Advanced_Dungeons_&_Dragons_2nd_edition_monsters
History of supernatural phenomena
into being. Karenga explains the pivotal power of words and their vital ontological role as the primary tool used by the creator to bring the manifest world
History_of_magic
Ancient Greek goddess of the night
Hesiod's Theogony, she is the offspring of Chaos, and the mother of Aether (Upper Sky) and Hemera (Day) by Erebus (Darkness). By herself, she produces a brood
Nyx
Nigerian musician and activist (1938–1997)
Teresa N. (2014). The Architects of Existence: Aje in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature. Oya's Tornado. pp. 218–219. ISBN 978-0-9910730-1-6. Culshaw
Fela_Kuti
Ideas of 19th-century German philosopher
applied himself to such topics as morality, religion, epistemology, poetry, ontology, and social criticism. Because of Nietzsche's evocative style and his often
Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche
Sikh separatist movement in the Punjab region
India". Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-413570-7. Archived from the original
Khalistan_movement
One of the two categories of Indigenous Australians
through dancing, stories, songlines, and art that collectively weave an ontology of modern daily life and ancient creation known as the Dreaming. Studies
Aboriginal_Australians
Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
säveltaiteen ontologiaa" [Text as a Metacognitive Artifact: Literary and Musical Ontology]. Synteesi (in Finnish). 17 (4): 82–94. Lång, Markus (2002). "Elokuva metakognitiivisena
Metacognition
English modernist writer (1882–1941)
should certainly be killed"; "Jews" are greasy; a "crowd" is both an ontological "mass" and is, again, "detestable"; "Germans" are akin to vermin; some
Virginia_Woolf
French philosopher (1926–1984)
questioning of who we "are" and how this "we" came to be. Such a "critical ontology" of the present shows that peoples' current "being" is in fact a historically
Michel_Foucault
Country in Central Asia
from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. "Musical and Ontological Possibilities of Mugham Creativity in pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet
Uzbekistan
American experimental music group
"Unperformable music – an ontological approach". Improbable.com. May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016. "Unperformable Works and the Ontology of Music (Abstract)"
Bull_of_Heaven_(band)
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
teacher Plato, Aristotle's philosophy aims at the universal. Aristotle's ontology has the universal (katholou) exist in a lesser sense than particulars (kath'
Aristotle
Overview of and topical guide to natural language processing
encoding them with an ontology language for easy retrieval. Also called "ontology extraction", "ontology generation", and "ontology acquisition". Parsing
Outline of natural language processing
Outline_of_natural_language_processing
American writer (1890–1937)
Lovecraft with inspiring parts of his own articulation of object-oriented ontology. According to Lovecraft scholar Alison Sperling, this philosophical interpretation
H._P._Lovecraft
Country in the Horn of Africa
Rodríguez, Jorge; Franco Salvi, Valeria (14 March 2024). "Entanglements, ontologies, and grinding stones at the medieval site of Handoga (Djibouti)". World
Djibouti
Aniconic representation of the Hindu god Shiva
Liūga here denotes the subtle body, (liṇga śarīra) underlying and ontologically preceding anything perceptible. The perceptible state, in this context
Lingam
Ancient Hindu text on erotic love
Olivelle. Among with other ideas such as Atman (self, soul) and the ontological concept of Brahman, these early Upanishads discuss human life, activities
Kama_Sutra
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UPPER ONTOLOGY
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