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Study of the interaction between morphology and phonology
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics or morphonology) is the branch of linguistics
Morphophonology
Experimental constructed language
Fauconnier, and Len Talmy. For his influences, Quijada cites the obscure "morphophonology of Abkhaz verb complexes, the moods of verbs of certain American Indian
Ithkuil
Study of sound organization in languages
theory of phonetic alternations (what is now called allophony and morphophonology) and may have had an influence on the work of Saussure, according to
Phonology
Official language of the country of Georgia
grammatical framework with distinctive features such as syncope in morphophonology and a left-branching syntax. Georgian's vocabulary is highly derivational
Georgian_language
Language of the Basque people
Basque (/ˈbæsk, ˈbɑːsk/ BASK, BAHSK; endonym euskara [eus̺ˈkaɾa]) is a language spoken by Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that
Basque_language
Language spoken on the Kola Peninsula of northwestern Russia
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Kildin Sámi, also spelt
Kildin_Sámi
Uralic language
Skolt Sámi (sääʹmǩiõll, pronounced [ɕa̟ːmʰʲc͡çiɘlː], lit. 'the Sámi language'; or nuõrttsää′mǩiõll, pronounced [nuɘrʰtːɕa̟ːmʰʲc͡çiɘlː], lit. 'the Eastern
Skolt_Sámi
Indo-Aryan language spoken in Kashmir
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead
Kashmiri_language
Finnic language
Finnish (endonym: suomi [ˈsuo̯mi] or suomen kieli [ˈsuo̯meŋ ˈkie̯li]) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the
Finnish_language
Language spoken in Central Asia during the time of the Mongol Empire
Middle Mongol or Middle Mongolian was a Mongolic koiné language spoken in the Mongol Empire. Originating from Genghis Khan's home region of Northeastern
Middle_Mongol
Aspect of the language
re-analyzed by speakers as rules for changing sounds during inflection, the morphophonology of the language. In this way, the history of a language affects its
Old_Norse_morphology
Russian linguist and historian
structural linguistics. He is widely considered to be the founder of morphophonology. He was also associated with the Russian Eurasianists. Trubetzkoy was
Nikolai_Trubetzkoy
Hypothetical reconstructed proto-language
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Proto-Semitic is the reconstructed
Proto-Semitic_language
Dialect of English spoken in Birmingham, England
Speech example An example of a male speaker from Moseley, Birmingham (Carl Chinn). Problems playing this file? See media help. Speech example An example
Brummie_dialect
Kipchak Turkic language
of assimilation that characterize this agreement in Crimean Tatar morphophonology are backness harmony and rounding harmony. Using the transliteration
Crimean_Tatar_language
Scientific study of language
specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is morphophonology. Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics concerned with
Linguistics
Grammar of the Tagalog language
Tagalog grammar (Tagalog: Balarilà ng Tagalog) are the rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Tagalog language, one of the languages in
Tagalog_grammar
Language family of the central Andes of South America
Aymaran (also Jaqi or Aru) is one of the two dominant language families in the central Andes alongside Quechuan. The family consists of Aymara, widely
Aymaran_languages
Linguistic feature arising through language contact rather than common descent
In geolinguistics, areal features are elements shared by languages or dialects in a geographic area, particularly when such features are not descended
Areal_feature
Finnic language spoken by the Izhorians of Ingria, Russia
Ingrian (inkeroin keeli, Soikkola: [ˈiŋɡ̊e̞roi̯ŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi]), also called Izhorian (ižoran keeli, Soikkola: [ˈiʒ̥o̞rɑŋ ˈke̝ːlʲi], Ala-Laukaa: [ˈiʒo̞rəŋ
Ingrian_language
System of phonetic notation
pronunciation that is their target. ⫽ ... ⫽ { ... } | ... | ‖ ... ‖ Morphophonology Double slashes are used for morphophonemic transcription. This is also
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Language group
The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within
Permic_languages
Sounds and pronunciation of Modern Hebrew
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Modern_Hebrew_phonology
Extinct language of Tierra del Fuego
Yahgan or Yagán (also spelled Yaghan, Jagan, Iakan, and also known as Yámana, Inčikut 'Indian speech', Háusi Kúta, or Yágankuta) is an extinct language
Yahgan_language
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Ukrainian_phonology
Grammar of the Classical Sanskrit language
The grammar of the Sanskrit language has a complex verbal system, rich nominal declension, and extensive use of compound nouns. It was studied and codified
Sanskrit_grammar
Semitic language of Ethiopia
known to many phonologists and morphologists for its very complex morphophonology. According to Ethnologue, the dialects of SBG (Sebat Bet Gurage) are
Chaha_language
Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea
Daga (Dimuga, Nawp) is a non-Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea. Daga is spoken by about 9,000 people as of 2007. The peoples that speak Daga are
Daga_language
Orthography in which the graphemes correspond to the phonemes of the language
principle Defective script Hangul Phonetic transcription Spelling Morphophonology Orthographic depth Orthographic transcription Morris, Swadesh (June
Phonemic_orthography
Elision through dissimilation
Old English cyning → English king (expected form would be *kinning) morphophonology → morphonology conservativism → conservatism femininism → feminism
Haplology
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Czech_phonology
Abstract representation used in phonological analysis
see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In phonology and morphophonology, an underlying representation (UR) or underlying form (UF) is a hypothesized
Underlying_representation
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography
Munda language spoken in eastern India
Sora (pronounced [ˈsoːra] or [soʔoːˈra]) is a south Munda language belonging to the Austroasiatic family, spoken by the Sora people, an ethnic group of
Sora_language
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʕ⟩ in IPA
Education Authority. Retrieved July 4, 2026. "Somali Orthography and Basic Morphophonology". www.ling.upenn.edu. 1998. Retrieved 18 September 2025. "SLOnline"
Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative
Strongest grade of vowel gradation
Vṛddhi (also rendered vr̥ddhi) is a technical term in morphophonology given to the strongest grade in the vowel gradation system of Sanskrit and of Proto-Indo-European
Vṛddhi
Basic unit of phonology
well as other reasons, including dialect differences, the effects of morphophonology on orthography, and the use of foreign spellings for some loanwords)
Phoneme
Mambiloid language, spoken in Cameroon
Nizaa (Nizaa pronunciation: [nɪ˦zʌː˧˨], practical orthography: Nízɑɑ̀), also known as Galim, Nyamnyam, and Suga, is an endangered Mambiloid language spoken
Nizaa_language
Athabaskan language spoken in New Mexico
Jicarilla (Jicarilla Apache: Abáachi mizaa) is an Eastern Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Jicarilla Apache. The traditional homelands of the
Jicarilla_language
Study of how society shapes language and language use
Generative Quantitative Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics
Sociolinguistics
Muskogean language spoken in US
University of Georgia. pp. 251–263. Ulrich, Charles H. (1986). Choctaw morphophonology (PhD dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California. Ulrich,
Choctaw_language
Smallest meaningful unit in a language
of determining the morphemes from which a given word is constructed Morphophonology – Study of the interaction between morphology and phonology Morphotactics –
Morpheme
Wakashan language
Kwakʼwala or Kwak̓wala (/kwɑːˈkwɑːlə/), previously known as Kwakiutl (/ˈkwɑːkjʊtəl/), is a Wakashan language spoken by about 150 Kwakwakaʼwakw people around
Kwakʼwala
East Slavic language
surface phonology, whereas Russian orthography represents the underlying morphophonology. The most significant instance of this is found in the representation
Belarusian_language
Historical forms of Quechua
pronominal markers are: For the occurrence of the element -(ni)-, see the Morphophonology section. Possession is marked both on the dependent and on the head:
Classical_Quechua
Goilalan language spoken in Papua New Guinea
Fuyug (Fuyuge, Fuyughe, Mafulu) is a language of Papua New Guinea spoken in the Central Province of the country. The language's 14,000 speakers live in
Fuyug_language
Language spoken in Lombok, Indonesia
The Sasak language (/ˈsɑːsɑːk/ SAH-sahk; Base Sasaq, IPA: [ˈbasə ˈsasak], Sasak script: ᬪᬵᬲᬵᬲᬓ᭄ᬱᬓ᭄; Indonesian: Bahasa Sasak [baˈha.sa ˈsasak]) or Sasaknese
Sasak_language
Phonological system of the Japanese language
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Japanese_phonology
Ethnic group also unified by a common language
Generative Quantitative Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics
Ethnolinguistic_group
One of the International Science Olympiads for secondary school students
individual contest concerned Ubykh (Abkhaz-Adyghe) morphophonology, the semantics and morphophonology of Alabama (Muskogean) verbs, Nǀuuki (Tuu) syntax
International Linguistics Olympiad
International_Linguistics_Olympiad
1948–1954 orthography of the Korean language
and one vowel letter to the Hangul alphabet in an attempt to fit the morphophonology of the Korean language. Its use has since been discontinued and the
New_Korean_Orthography
Austronesian language spoken in New Guinea
Wogeo (Vokeo) is an Austronesian language of northeast New Guinea. It is spoken on Koil and Vokeo islands of Wewak Islands Rural LLG. /i u/ realized as
Wogeo_language
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
Kroonen, Guus (2011). The Proto-Germanic n-stems: a study in diachronic morphophonology. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi. Gerland, G. (1869). Intensiva und Iterativa
Proto-Germanic_language
Continuous sequence of sounds in spoken language
Coalescence Lenition Elision Assimilation Simplification Liaison Juncture Morphophonology Phonology Prosody (linguistics) RIPAC (microprocessor) David Crystal
Connected_speech
Sign language of Brazil
Souza, Guilherme Lourenco. "Verb agreement in Brazilian Sign Language: morphophonology, syntax & semantics." (2018). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais:
Brazilian_Sign_Language
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
Mwotlap (local pronunciation: [ŋ͡mʷɔtˈlap]; formerly known as Motlav) is an Oceanic language spoken by about 2,100 people in Vanuatu. The majority of speakers
Mwotlap_language
Variety of Peninsular Arabic spoken in Oman
doi:10.2307/416614. ISSN 0097-8507. Glover, Bonnie C. (1988). The morphophonology of Muscat Arabic. University of California at Los Angeles. Al-Balushi
Omani_Arabic
Arabic scholar and grammarian (932–1002)
expanded the study of Arabic linguistics to include phonetics and morphophonology, marking a significant advancement in the field. He studied for 40
Ibn_Jinni
Language of Enga Province, Papua New Guinea
Ipili is an Engan language of the East New Guinea Highlands in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea. The name of the language means 'salt-people' in Huli language
Ipili_language
Austroasiatic language spoken in India
India: New Delhi pp: 339 – 431. [2] Pucilowski, A. (2013). Topics in Ho Morphophonology and Morphosyntax (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon). Uxbond
Ho_language
Common ancestor of the Siouan languages
subject–object–verb word order. The language also had a fairly complex morphophonology, using sound symbolism, phonesthemes, and apophony as ways of conveying
Proto-Siouan_language
Northeast Caucasian language or dialect in Dagestan, Russia
Chirag (Chirag: хьаргънилла, xarʁnilla kub) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia. It is spoken around the village of
Chirag_language
Language family of Northeastern Europe
languages, nor are there articles or definite or indefinite forms. The morphophonology (the way the grammatical function of a morpheme affects its production)
Finnic_languages
Grammar of the Old Irish language
This article describes the grammar of the Old Irish language. The grammar of the language has been described with exhaustive detail by various authors
Old_Irish_grammar
Malayic language spoken in Indonesia
Kerinci (basê Kinci or basê Kincai) is an Austronesian language primarily spoken by the Kerinci people in Sungai Penuh and Kerinci Regency, as well as
Kerinci_language
Type of sound change at morpheme or syllable boundaries
the grammatical function of the adjacent words. Sandhi belongs to morphophonology. Sandhi occurs in many languages, e.g. in the phonology of Indian languages
Sandhi
Grammatical features of Classical Nahuatl
YNQ:yes–no question ANT:antecessive particle; IN:particle 'in'; V:verb; S:subject; O:object; P:possessive; R:reflexive; H:human; L:linker; PLUP:pluperfect;
Classical_Nahuatl_grammar
Ladin dialect of Italy
Cadorino, a dialect of Ladin, is the language of Cadore, at the feet of the Dolomites in the province of Belluno. It is distinct from neighboring dialects
Cadorino_dialect
Language native to Brazil
Bororo (Borôro), also known as Boe, is the sole surviving language of the small Bororoan family believed by some to be part of the Macro-Jê languages.
Bororo_language
Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia
is common to all Semitic languages, Inor exhibits the very complex morphophonology characteristic of West Gurage languages. Endegegn, Enner, Gyeto, and
Inor_language
Branch of Atlantic-Congo languages
University Press. Pozdniakov, Konstantin. 2022. Proto-Fula–Sereer: Lexicon, morphophonology, and noun classes. (Niger-Congo Comparative Studies 3). Berlin: Language
Senegambian_languages
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For
Greenlandic_phonology
Academic discipline
Generative Quantitative Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics
Ethnolinguistics
Type of linguistic hypercorrection
word-ending positions. Another common pattern, influenced by French morphophonology, is the omission of word-final consonants. Hyperforeign application
Hyperforeignism
Cariban language of Brazil, Suriname and Guyana
Tiriyó (tarëno ijomi; Eastern Maroon Creole: Tiiyotongo) is the Cariban language used in everyday life by the Tiriyó people, the majority of whom are monolingual
Tiriyó_language
logophonetic, megaphone, microphone, misophonia, monophonic, monophony, morphophonology, phonaesthesia, phonaesthetics, phone, phonemic, phonesthemic, phonetic
List of Greek and Latin roots in English/P–Z
List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English/P–Z
Sepik language of Papua New Guinea
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) Pouye
Pouye_language
Use of grammar in a language to express number
ISBN 978-0-203-82038-4. Gasser, Emily Anne (2014). Windesi Wamesa Morphophonology (PhD thesis). Yale University. pp. 192–193, 194n21, 249–250. Archived
Grammatical_number
Chinese linguist
Lexicalization, Grammaticalization and Subjectification: Towards a Theory on Morphophonology From Northern Yu Chinese Dialects. Chen's work emphasizes the typological
Wei-Heng_Chen
Hausa-language sound law
In historical linguistics, Klingenheben's law is a set of four sound changes governing the lenition (softening) of certain syllable-final consonants in
Klingenheben's_law
Grammatical features of Old English
Indo-European languages generally), each noun's gender derives from morphophonology rather than directly from semantics. In other words, the gender of
Old_English_grammar
Group of Ancient Greek dialects
evidence for Northwest Doric features, especially the phonology and morphophonology, but most of the features thus attributed to Northwest Doric are not
Doric_Greek
Nilotic ethnic group of South Sudan
ISBN 3921389410. Reid, Tatiana (2010). Aspects of phonetics, phonology and morphophonology of Thok Reel (M.Sc.). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/5312. Roettger
Atuot_people
Way of classifying the world's languages
also be expressed by internal phonological changes in the root (i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant gradation and vowel gradation, or by suprasegmental
Morphological_typology
interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes. morphophonology muscology The branch of botany concerned with the scientific study
List of words with the suffix -ology
List_of_words_with_the_suffix_-ology
Consonant mutation in the Breton language
Like all modern Celtic languages, Breton is characterised by initial consonant mutations, which are changes to the initial sound of a word caused by certain
Breton_mutations
Bantu language spoken in DR Congo
2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online Thomas, John Paul (1992). A morphophonology of Komo: non-tonal phenomena (MA thesis). University of North Dakota
Komo_language_(Bantu)
British-American linguist (born 1949)
phonology of Chinese. Her publications include papers on reduplication, morphophonology, prosodic phonology, and feature theory. Her frequently cited dissertation
Moira_Yip
Language family of central Siberia
presence of tone, the prefixing verb inflection, and highly complex morphophonology. The Yeniseian languages have been described as having up to four tones
Yeniseian_languages
Phonology of the Belarusian language
spelling closely represents surface phonology rather than the underlying morphophonology. For example, akannye, tsyekannye, dzyekannye and the [w] allophone
Belarusian_phonology
Verb system of the Circassian languages
g. Къоплъ "he looks at you"). Adyghe shows comparable but lighter morphophonology; notably the 2SG ergative is standard -о- in the literary language
Circassian_verbs
Indigenous language isolate from the Southeastern Woodlands, U.S.
(frightened/surprised) One of the most significant aspects of Yuchi morphophonology is the prevalence of contractions. Contraction should not here be taken
Yuchi_language
Word initial consonantal sound changes in Irish
This article uses the IPA to transcribe Irish. Readers familiar with other conventions may wish to see Help:IPA/Irish for a comparison of the IPA system
Irish_initial_mutations
Hungarian linguist and poet (1947–2026)
obtained his doctorate in 1977 with a dissertation titled Phonology and morphophonology in the English curriculum. In 1994, he was awarded a Candidate of Linguistics
Ádám_Nádasdy
restructured the Proto-Slavic language with a strong influence on its morphophonology. Proto-Balto-Slavic, the ancestor of Proto-Slavic, possessed three
Monophthongization of diphthongs in Proto-Slavic
Monophthongization_of_diphthongs_in_Proto-Slavic
Proto-Indo-European sound change
[in Lithuanian] (2011). The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi. p. 65. ISBN 978-90-420-3292-7.
Asno_law
American linguistic anthropologist
Generative Quantitative Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics
Paul_V._Kroskrity
Word that is only pronounceable in combination with another word
In linguistics, a clitic (/ˈklɪtɪk/ KLIT-ik, backformed from Ancient Greek ἐγκλιτικός (enklitikós) 'leaning, enclitic') is a morpheme that has syntactic
Clitic
Concept in dialectology analyzing phonemes across dialects of a language
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects Lexical set Morphophonology Phonological history of English vowels Robert A. Hall, Jr. Northern
Diaphoneme
Bantu language spoken in western Kenya
Tonology. University of California, Santa Barbara. 1988. Ekegusii morphophonology: an analysis of the major consonantal processes. University of Nairobi
Gusii_language
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