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Study of sound organization in languages
Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics) is the branch of linguistics that concerns how languages organize the foundational elements that make
Phonology
Phonology of the English language
/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. English phonology is the system of sounds used in spoken English. Like many languages, English
English_phonology
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up phonology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Phonology is a branch of linguistics. It may also refer to: Phonology (journal), a journal published
Phonology_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
Chinese phonology is covered by the following articles: Concerning modern Chinese: Standard Chinese phonology Cantonese phonology For the phonology of other
Chinese_phonology
Topics referred to by the same term
Greek phonology may refer to: Ancient Greek phonology, discussing the classical language Koine Greek phonology, discussing the developments between Classical
Greek_phonology
Phonological system of the Japanese language
you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help. Japanese phonology is the system of sounds used in the pronunciation of the Japanese language
Japanese_phonology
Theoretical framework in linguistics
Government Phonology (GP) is a theoretical framework of linguistics, and more specifically of phonology. The framework aims to provide a non-arbitrary
Government_phonology
Sound system of the Korean language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of the Korean language covers the language's phonemic, or distinct and
Korean_phonology
Sound system of the French language
French phonology is the sound system of French. This article discusses mainly the phonology of all the varieties of Standard French. Notable phonological features
French_phonology
Topics referred to by the same term
Hebrew phonology may refer to: Biblical Hebrew phonology Modern Hebrew phonology Tiberian Hebrew This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
Hebrew_phonology
Phonology of the Irish language
comparison of the IPA system with those used in learners' materials. Irish phonology varies from dialect to dialect; there is no standard pronunciation of
Irish_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Italian language
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Italian describes the sound system—the phonology and phonetics—of standard Italian and its geographical
Italian_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Russian language
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. This article discusses the phonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise
Russian_phonology
Book edited by Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr & Gerard Docherty
Phonological Knowledge: Conceptual and Empirical Issues is a 2000 book edited by Noel Burton-Roberts, Philip Carr and Gerard Docherty in which the authors
Phonological_Knowledge
Phonology of the Turkish language
delimiters. The phonology of Turkish deals with current phonology and phonetics, particularly of Istanbul Turkish. A notable feature of the phonology of Turkish
Turkish_phonology
Phonology of the Vietnamese language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Vietnamese features 19 consonant phonemes, with 5 additional consonant
Vietnamese_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of Kurdish languages
transcription delimiters. Kurdish phonology is the sound system of the Kurdish dialect continuum. This article includes the phonology of the three Kurdish languages
Kurdish_phonology
Phonology of Hindi and Urdu
India and co-official and national language of Pakistan respectively. Phonological differences between the two standards are minimal. Hindustani natively
Hindustani_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Polish language
If you have trouble playing the files, see Wikipedia Media help. The phonological system of the Polish language is similar in many ways to those of other
Polish_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of Portuguese
The phonology of Portuguese varies among dialects, in extreme cases leading to some difficulties in mutual intelligibility. This article on phonology focuses
Portuguese_phonology
Loss of a sound within a word
In phonology, syncope (/ˈsɪŋkəpi/; from Ancient Greek: συγκοπή, romanized: sunkopḗ, lit. 'cutting up') is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior
Syncope_(phonology)
Topics referred to by the same term
Introducing Phonology may refer to: Introducing Phonology (Odden book), 2005 book by David Odden Introducing Phonology (Hawkins book), 1984 book by Peter
Introducing_Phonology
delimiters. While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, contemporary spoken Arabic is more properly described as a continuum
Standard_Arabic_phonology
Language of the Basque people
Basque Comparative Phonology" (PDF). Mother Tongue. VIII: 23–39. Bengtson, John D. (2004): "Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference
Basque_language
Sounds and pronunciation of the Swedish language
social and dialectal context. Finland Swedish has a slightly different phonology. Swedish has nine vowels that, as in many other Germanic languages, exist
Swedish_phonology
Cognitive phonology is usually thought of as the study of the 'sound systems' of languages. It is an attempt to classify various correspondences between
Cognitive_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of Icelandic
upbeat". Another source of glottal stop for some speaker is the Icelandic phonology#Debbucalisation of stops before /l, n/ (or höggmæli). A large number of
Icelandic_phonology
Sound system of Spanish
IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Spanish language. Unless otherwise noted, statements
Spanish_phonology
Systematic organization of spoken sounds of the Danish language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Danish is similar to that of the other closely related Scandinavian
Danish_phonology
Phonological system of the Hawaiian language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonological system of the Hawaiian language is based on documentation from those
Hawaiian_phonology
Systematic organization of spoken sounds of the Norwegian language
and visual media. Unless noted otherwise, this article describes the phonology of Urban East Norwegian. The spelling is always Bokmål. /n, t, d/ are
Norwegian_phonology
Theory of stress or linguistic prominence
Metrical phonology is a theory of stress or linguistic prominence. The innovative feature of this theory is that the prominence of a unit is defined relative
Metrical_phonology
Sound system of standard Modern Greek
transcription delimiters. This article deals with the phonology and phonetics of Standard Modern Greek. For phonological characteristics of other varieties, see varieties
Modern_Greek_phonology
Standard pronunciation of the German language
delimiters. The Standard German phonology is the standard pronunciation of the German language. It consists of the current phonology and phonetics as well as
Standard_German_phonology
Phonology of the Dutch language
/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Dutch phonology is similar to that of other West Germanic languages, especially Afrikaans
Dutch_phonology
Reconstructed sound system of a proto-language
reconstruct its phonology. The reconstruction of abstract units of PIE phonological systems (i.e. segments, or phonemes in traditional phonology) is mostly
Proto-Indo-European_phonology
delimiters. This article deals with current phonology and phonetics and with historical developments of the phonology of the Tagalog language, including variants
Tagalog_phonology
Phenomenon in phonology
the phonological structures of a language (and likewise, phonological change may sway the process of sound change). One process of phonological change
Phonological_change
Book by Philip Carr and Jean-Pierre Montreuil
Phonology: An Introduction is a textbook by Philip Carr and Jean-Pierre Montreuil designed for both introductory courses and advanced courses in phonology
Phonology_(Carr_book)
System of sounds of the Finnish language
described as near-open back [ɑ̝] and open central [ɑ̈]. Finnish has a phonological contrast between single (/æ e i ø y ɑ o u/) and double (/ææ ee ii øø
Finnish_phonology
Kipchak Turkic language
August 2023. Öner, Özçelik. Kazakh phonology (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge University. Vajda, Edward (1994), "Kazakh phonology", in Kaplan, E.; Whisenhunt, D
Kazakh_language
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨l⟩ in IPA
(1991), A Comparative Phonology of Gbe, Foris Publications & Labo, ISBN 3-11-013392-X Chițoran, Ioana (2001), The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based
Voiced dental and alveolar lateral approximants
Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_approximants
Concept in linguistics
delimiters. A phonological rule is a formal way of expressing a systematic phonological or morphophonological process in linguistics. Phonological rules are
Phonological_rule
Vowel sound represented by ⟨u⟩ in IPA
1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 287. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. chpt. 17 "NZE Phonology" (PDF)
Close_back_rounded_vowel
Variety of English language
potentially related vowel shift, that are spreading across the nation. Phonological (accent) features that are typical of American dialects—in contrast to
American_English
Sound changes
identical) phonological system. Among other things, most dialects have vowel reduction in unstressed syllables and a complex set of phonological features
Phonological history of English
Phonological_history_of_English
The phonological word, or prosodic word (commonly shortened to pword, PrWd, or symbolised as ω) is a unit in the phonological hierarchy of words. It is
Phonological_word
Vowel sound represented by ⟨æ⟩ in IPA
(3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4 Berta, Árpád (1998)
Near-open front unrounded vowel
Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel
Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka
Marilyn M. (1979). Handbook of Phonological Data from a Sample of the World's Languages (Technical report). Stanford Phonology Archive. pp. 160–162. Silva
Sinhala_language
Phonology of the Cantonese language
understand". This /ɛt/ final sound does not fit into general Cantonese phonology, though the final sound with the longer vowel -et /ɛːt/ has appeared in
Cantonese_phonology
Articulatory phonology is a linguistic theory originally proposed in 1986 by Catherine Browman of Haskins Laboratories and Louis Goldstein of University
Articulatory_phonology
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Standard Chinese has historically derived from the Beijing dialect
Standard_Chinese_phonology
1968 book by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle
phonology by linguists Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle, originally published in 1968. As the first exposition of the framework of generative phonology,
The_Sound_Pattern_of_English
Sounds and pronunciation of Ancient Greek
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. Ancient Greek phonology is the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of Ancient Greek. This article mostly
Ancient_Greek_phonology
British linguist (1953–2020)
Department of the University of Montpellier. He is best known for his works on phonology and philosophy of linguistics. Philip Carr earned his PhD at the University
Philip_Carr_(linguist)
Vowel sound represented by ⟨e⟩ in IPA
Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri
Close-mid front unrounded vowel
Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel
Phenomenon in linguistics
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In phonology, assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants
Assimilation_(phonology)
Sound system of Australian English
non-rhotic pronunciations of English used by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, Australian English is a relatively regionally homogeneous variety of
Australian_English_phonology
Book by Carlos Gussenhoven
Understanding Phonology is a textbook by Carlos Gussenhoven and Haike Jacobs designed for an introductory course in phonology for students with no prior
Understanding_Phonology
Dravidian language
and directly) languages. These words have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to Turkic rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms
Telugu_language
Sounds and pronunciation of Egyptian Arabic
This article is about the phonology of Egyptian Arabic, also known as Cairene Arabic or Masri. It deals with the phonology and phonetics of Egyptian Arabic
Egyptian_Arabic_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of Catalan
and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The Catalan phonology has a certain degree of dialectal variation. Although there are two standard
Catalan_phonology
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɬ⟩ in IPA
voiceless velar lateral approximant.[failed verification] See English phonology. Features of a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative: Its manner of articulation
Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives
Sounds and pronunciation of the Welsh language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Welsh is characterised by a number of sounds that do not occur in English
Welsh_phonology
Uto-Aztecan language of Mexico
Classical Nahuatl and most of the modern varieties have fairly simple phonological systems. They allow only syllables with maximally one initial and one
Nahuatl
Nguni language of southern South Africa
are generally not indicated in writing. For further details, see the phonology section below. Xhosa has an inventory of ten vowels: [a], [ɛ~e], [i],
Xhosa_language
Archaic form of the Hebrew language
June 2011. Rendsburg, Gary A. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew Phonology", in Kaye, Alan (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns, pp. 65–83, ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4
Biblical_Hebrew
Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨s⟩ in IPA
(2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4 Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider
Voiceless_alveolar_fricative
Indo-Aryan language
Odia (from the 18th century onward). The language displays a distinct phonological and morphological character shaped by centuries of interaction with tribal
Odia_language
Ukrainian). 2019. Vowel Alternations in Ukrainian: From the Perspectives of Phonological Universality (PDF), The University of Osaka: Naoya Watabe, 2025 §5, p
Ukrainian_phonology
Type of consonant used in many spoken languages
after its name in Hebrew. This is reflected in the names of certain phonological changes, such as yod-dropping and yod-coalescence. A palatal approximant
Voiced_palatal_approximant
Extinct language in Egypt
alphabet was derived from the Greek alphabet, with adaptations for Egyptian phonology. It was first developed in the Ptolemaic period, and gradually replaced
Egyptian_language
Sounds and pronunciation of Malay including Indonesian
/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Malay phonology is based on the pronunciation of several standard varieties of the pluricentric
Malay_phonology
Phonology of the Tamil language
/ / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Tamil phonology is characterised by the presence of "true-subapical" retroflex consonants
Tamil_phonology
Formal framework in linguistics
Autosegmental phonology is a framework of phonological analysis proposed by John Goldsmith in his PhD thesis in 1976 at the Massachusetts Institute of
Autosegmental_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Hungarian language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Hungarian is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent
Hungarian_phonology
Language sound system
delimiters. This article is about the sound system of the Navajo language. The phonology of Navajo is intimately connected to its morphology. For example, the
Navajo_phonology
Vowel sound represented by ⟨a⟩ in IPA
133–154. Bekker (2008), pp. 83–84. "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25
Open_front_unrounded_vowel
Austroasiatic language
the 13th century. The following centuries saw changes in morphology, phonology and lexicon. The language of this transition period, from about the 14th
Khmer_language
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɾ⟩ in IPA
(2015). "En innføring i norsk fonologi" [An introduction to Norwegian phonology] (PDF) (in Norwegian) (4 ed.). University of Bergen. p. 21. Archived from
Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps
Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps
Phonology of the Latvian language
transcription delimiters. This article is about the phonology of Latvian. It deals with synchronic phonology as well as phonetics. Table adopted from Nau (1998:6)
Latvian_phonology
West Germanic language
modified version of that, rather than a distinct speech form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries. This
Scots_language
Middle Indo-Aryan language
Pali by a set of conventional phonological transformations. These transformations mimicked a subset of the phonological developments that had occurred
Pali
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA
(2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF). p. 6. Retrieved March 9, 2013. Ulbrich, Christiane;
Voiced_velar_fricative
Approach to phonology
Laboratory phonology is an approach to phonology that emphasizes the synergy between phonological theory and scientific experiments, including laboratory
Laboratory_phonology
Eastern Iranian language of Ossetia, in the Caucasus
direct transliteration of the Greek text, scholars have attempted a phonological reconstruction using the Greek as clues, thus, while τ (tau) would usually
Ossetian_language
Sounds and pronunciation of the Persian language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of the Persian language varies between regional dialects and standard
Persian_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Hittite language
combining characters and Latin characters. Hittite phonology is the description of the reconstructed phonology or pronunciation of the Hittite language. Because
Hittite_phonology
Turkic language
between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and sources of loanwords. The standardized
Azerbaijani_language
Afro-Asiatic language native to the Horn of Africa
Afar, also known as ’Afar af, Qafar af, or عَفَر أَف, is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch, primarily spoken by the Afar people
Afar_language
Sounds and pronunciation of the Romanian language
original spellings, but their pronunciation has been adapted to Romanian phonology. The table below gives some examples. Borrowings such as whisky and week-end
Romanian_phonology
Linguistic model for phonological analysis
models of representation, such as autosegmental phonology, prosodic phonology, and linear phonology (SPE), are equally compatible with rule-based and
Optimality_theory
Semitic language spoken mostly in Malta
Klabb Kotba Maltin. Borg, Alexander (1997). "Maltese Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. 1. Eisenbrauns. pp. 245–285
Maltese_language
than the Koine Greek period, Boeotian phonology is shown here as it prefigures several traits of later Koine phonology. By the 4th century BC, Boeotian had
Koine_Greek_phonology
British linguist (born 1947)
research focuses on Luganda phonology and morphology, English phonology and morphology, morphological theory, phonological theory, and African linguistics
Francis_Katamba
Vowel sound represented by ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩ in IPA
Merrill (2008), p. 109. Abdoh, Eman Mohammed (2010), A Study of the Phonological Structure and Representation of First Words in Arabic (PDF), archived
Mid_back_rounded_vowel
consonants in clusters as a fricative would, and so is considered to be phonologically a sonorant (approximant). /t͡s, f, x/ are voiced [d͡z, v, ɣ] before
Serbo-Croatian_phonology
Phonology of the Bengali language
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. The phonology of Bengali, like that of its neighbouring Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
Bengali_phonology
Approach to historical phonology
Panchronic phonology is an approach to historical phonology. Its aim is to formulate generalizations about sound changes that are independent of any particular
Panchronic_phonology
Size hierarchy of phonological units
The phonological hierarchy describes a series of increasingly smaller regions of a phonological utterance, each nested within the next highest region
Phonological_hierarchy
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