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Method of enriching uranium
previous laser enrichment methods: one using atomic uranium (atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS)) and another molecular method that uses lasers to
Separation of isotopes by laser excitation
Separation_of_isotopes_by_laser_excitation
Topics referred to by the same term
precisely tuned lasers. The techniques are: Atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS), applied to atoms Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS), applied
Laser_isotope_separation
Molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) is a method of isotope separation, where specially tuned lasers are used to separate isotopes of uranium using
Molecular laser isotope separation
Molecular_laser_isotope_separation
Method of separating isotopes of uranium
similar technology, using molecules instead of atoms, is molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS). Natural uranium consists of a large mass of 238U and
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation
Atomic_vapor_laser_isotope_separation
Concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element
Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific isotopes of a chemical element by removing other isotopes. The use of the nuclides produced
Isotope_separation
Uranium processed to increase the percentage of uranium-235
collected. Molecular laser isotope separation uses an infrared laser directed at UF6, exciting molecules that contain a 235U atom. A second laser frees a
Enriched_uranium
Chemical additive used to remove or deactivate impurities
other contaminants, removing them from the atmosphere. In molecular laser isotope separation, methane is used as a scavenger gas for fluorine atoms. Hydrazine
Scavenger_(chemistry)
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
alternative laser method of enrichment is known as atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and employs visible tunable lasers such as dye lasers. Another
Uranium
Tactical High-Energy Laser Mode-locking Mode coupling Mode scrambler Modulating retro-reflector Molecular laser isotope separation Molecular tagging velocimetry
List_of_laser_articles
Topics referred to by the same term
MLIS may mean: Molecular laser isotope separation, an isotope separation method Master of Library and Information Science, a master's degree in the United
MLIS
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry (HIBGC) is the scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the environment using the distribution
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Hydrogen_isotope_biogeochemistry
Australian physicist
known for his contributions to neutron diffraction and infrared laser isotope separation. Pryor authored and co-authored a number of papers in the field
A._W._Pryor
Pakistani nuclear chemist, nuclear weapon and reactor expert
that had succeeded in attaining fresh supplies of weapons-grade plutonium isotopes, produced by the reactor. In 1990, Majeed was promoted and was made Director-general
Chaudhry_Abdul_Majeed
Former government agency
Development of synroc. Molecular laser isotope separation and support of laser development for atomic vapor laser isotope separation. Anti-nuclear movement
Australian Atomic Energy Commission
Australian_Atomic_Energy_Commission
Atoms of the same element, but different mass
sulfide process. Uranium isotopes have been separated in bulk by gas diffusion, gas centrifugation, laser ionization separation, and (in the Manhattan Project)
Isotope
Pakistani nuclear engineer (born 1940)
analysed the gaseous diffusion, gas centrifuge, jet-nozzle and molecular laser isotope separation method for uranium-enrichment; recommending the gas centrifuge
Sultan_Bashiruddin_Mahmood
Thorium (90Th) has seven naturally occurring isotopes but none are stable. One isotope, 232Th, is relatively stable, with a half-life of 1.40×1010 years
Isotopes_of_thorium
the yield of the isotopes. The laser excites only isotopes of the desired element, allowing an element-selective isotope separation for a given atomic
CERN-MEDICIS
Isotope Separation facility to enrich reactor-grade plutonium to weapon-grade. Virtual instruments -- A Los Alamos experiment.Molecular laser isotope
Reactor-grade_plutonium
Indian Bengali scientist (born 1953)
Radiation & Photochemistry Division at BARC, he launched the Molecular Laser Isotope Separation (MLIS) programme with the aid of Department of Atomic Energy
Sisir_Kumar_Sarkar
abundances can be measured in a variety of ways (e.g., isotope ratio mass spectrometry, laser spectrometry, NMR, ESI-MS). Early analyses varied in technique
Position-specific isotope analysis
Position-specific_isotope_analysis
of enrichment, including gaseous diffusion, jet nozzle and molecular laser isotope separation techniques, as well as centrifuges. Abdul Qadeer Khan officially
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Mass spectrometry technique
containing different isotopes, this technique has been suggested as a way to perform Isotope separation with difficult-to-separate isotopes, in a single pass
Infrared multiphoton dissociation
Infrared_multiphoton_dissociation
Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
seven stable isotopes and two long-lived radioactive isotopes. More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive decay, and the isotope ratios of
Xenon
Isotope of hydrogen with one neutron
(hydrogen-2, symbol 2H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen; the other is protium, or hydrogen-1, 1H. The deuterium nucleus
Deuterium
Methane molecules that contain two or more rare isotopes
Methane clumped isotopes are methane molecules that contain two or more rare isotopes. Methane (CH4) contains two elements, carbon and hydrogen, each
Methane_clumped_isotopes
Chemical element with atomic number 85 (At)
only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8
Astatine
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
ions tend to have m/z lower than the molecular ion (other than in the case of proton transfer and not including isotope peaks). The most common example of
Mass_spectrometry
Ionization technique
leads to a separation of the two substances during co-crystallization. The spot diameter of the target is much larger than that of the laser, which makes
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization
electrons. Improved capabilities in the separation of these positive ions enabled the discovery of stable isotopes of the elements. The first such discovery
History_of_mass_spectrometry
Chemical compound
agents have been examined. It can also be produced by various molecular laser isotope separation methods. The α form is a linear coordination polymer consisting
Uranium_pentafluoride
Physics facility at CERN
The ISOLDE (Isotope Separator On Line DEvice) Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, is an on-line isotope separator facility located at the centre of the CERN
ISOLDE
Form of water
hydrogen atoms are hydrogen-2 isotope or deuterium (2 H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (1 H, also called protium)
Heavy_water
Israeli chemist (1931–2018)
especially isotope separation, nonlinear optical processes in atomic systems, light propagation and storage, and also the effect of laser light on biological
Harry_Friedmann
Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)
in perchloric acid, and further separation was done by ion exchange to yield a certain isotope of curium. The separation of curium and americium was so
Curium
Particle physics laboratory in Canada
dedicated by the Queen, first commercial cyclotron on site, first isotope separation on-line (ISOL) study 1985 – First purpose-built surface muon channel
TRIUMF
American theoretical physical chemist
of those results include the design of lasers for inertial-confinement fusion and for uranium isotope separation. She was the first woman to teach physics
Katheryn_Edmonds_Rajnak
Branch of fusion energy research
applied (such as a laser, electron beam, or similar pulse). This create a shock wave orders of magnitude stronger. The separation of the compression process
Inertial_confinement_fusion
Chemical element with atomic number 18 (Ar)
Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas
Argon
Particle physics laboratory in South Korea
RAON is a heavy ion particle accelerator that will include both isotope separation on-line (ISOL) and in-flight fragmentation (IF) methods, and aims
RAON
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a soft ionization method in mass spectrometry (MS) used for the analysis of protein mixtures.
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization
Surface-enhanced_laser_desorption/ionization
American physicist
magnetically activated and guided isotope separation (MAGIS). One application of the work will be to produce enriched isotopes for medicine at a non-profit
Mark_G._Raizen
Chemical element with atomic number 68 (Er)
amplifier-lasers, a large variety of medical applications (e.g. dermatology, dentistry) rely on the erbium ion's 2940 nm emission (see Er:YAG laser) when
Erbium
Less abundant (~1%) stable isotope of carbon
environmental isotopes. A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak
Carbon-13
Application of mass spectrometry to aerosol particles
coupling of pre-separation methods with mass spectrometry. The benefit of this method relative to on-line sampling is greater molecular and structural
Aerosol_mass_spectrometry
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
element, with a value of 0.79 on the Pauling scale. It has only one stable isotope, caesium-133. Caesium is mined mostly from pollucite. Caesium-137, a fission
Caesium
Forms which matter can take
similarities. In 1937, it was discovered that helium-4, the most common isotope of helium, forms a superfluid below the lambda temperature of 2.17 K (−270
State_of_matter
and measured. However, due to isotope combinations, such as the isobars 13C14N-, and 12C15N-, nearly identical molecular weights of 27.000 and 27.006 daltons
Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry
Nanoscale_secondary_ion_mass_spectrometry
Large-scale study of proteins
and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) reagents are the widely used isotope tags. In this method, the cysteine residues
Proteomics
American physicist
tunable dye laser. Spaeth was involved with the development of tunable dye lasers, and their exploitation in atomic vapor laser isotope separation. In 1974
Mary_Spaeth
Nuclear research facility in Mumbai, India
isotopes in industries, radiation technologies and their application to health, food and medicine, agriculture and environment, accelerator and laser
Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre
American physicist (1915–2015)
Technology, from which he received his Ph.D. in 1939 with a thesis on isotope separation and nuclear spins. During World War II, he worked on radar bombing
Charles_H._Townes
Materials with a well-defined isotopic composition
measurements of isotope ratios. Isotopic references are used because mass spectrometers are highly fractionating. As a result, the isotopic ratio that the
Reference materials for stable isotope analysis
Reference_materials_for_stable_isotope_analysis
Research apparatus for particle physics
taken over for World War II-related work connected with uranium isotope separation; after the war it continued in service for research and medicine over
Particle_accelerator
Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)
would first have to go through isotopic separation to remove the isotopes with odd mass number. Combined, these three isotopes make up about 17% of natural
Tin
Study of the separation, identification, and quantification of matter
calibrant. An ideal internal standard is an isotopically enriched analyte which gives rise to the method of isotope dilution. The method of standard addition
Analytical_chemistry
Type of structure in atomic physics
high-resolution inelastic neutron scattering. The atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) process uses the hyperfine splitting between optical transitions
Hyperfine_structure
Capacity of a material to conduct heat
conductivity of 99% isotopically enriched cubic boron nitride is ~ 1400 W·m−1·K−1, which is 90% higher than that of natural boron nitride. The molecular mechanisms
Thermal conductivity and resistivity
Thermal_conductivity_and_resistivity
Chemical element with atomic number 6 (C)
low-duration laser pulse on amorphous carbon dust. Q-carbon is reported to exhibit ferromagnetism, fluorescence, and a hardness superior to diamonds. Isotopes of
Carbon
Chemical element with atomic number 5 (B)
known isotopes of boron; the shortest-lived isotope is 7B which decays through proton emission and alpha decay with a half-life of 3.5×10−22 s. Isotopic fractionation
Boron
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
protons and 6 neutrons. The process known as laser isotope separation can be used to separate lithium isotopes, in particular 7Li from 6Li. Nuclear weapons
Lithium
Type of mass spectrometry that uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample
the isotope composition in cross-sections of rock samples, a tool which is lost if the rock is digested and introduced as a liquid sample. Lasers for
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry
Study of biochemical processes in an individual cell
and used isotope labeling and SIMS imaging to directly observe hotspots of metabolic activity within frozen HeLa cells. In matrix-assisted laser desorption
Single-cell_analysis
Device that creates charged atoms and molecules (ions)
fission of a suitable nuclide, typically the californium isotope 252Cf. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a soft ionization technique
Ion_source
Chemical element with atomic number 59 (Pr)
example of a molecular complex of praseodymium(IV) has recently been reported. Praseodymium has only one stable and naturally occurring isotope, 141Pr. It
Praseodymium
Code name for Pakistan's nuclear bomb program
The PAEC had worked on the most challenging method of isotope separation molecular laser isotopes, gaseous and thermal diffusion. All of these methods
Project-706
Application of mass spectrometry
mass spectrometry are electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). These ionization techniques are used in conjunction
Protein_mass_spectrometry
Smallest unit of a chemical element
the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element. Atoms are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers
Atom
presence of uranium isotopes and other impurities in the transmutation target could generate further radiotoxic transuranic isotopes by neutron capture
Advanced reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel
Advanced_reprocessing_of_spent_nuclear_fuel
Chemical element with atomic number 2 (He)
cheaper diode lasers. For its inertness and high thermal conductivity, neutron transparency, and because it does not form radioactive isotopes under reactor
Helium
Transport of substances between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes
separation process, the composition of the membrane and its electrochemical properties in addition to the pore size. With high selectivity, isotopes can
Membrane_technology
Analytical chemistry technique
Murray, Kermit K. (1997). "Coupling matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization to liquid separations". Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 16 (5): 283–299. Bibcode:1997MSRv
Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liquid_chromatography–mass_spectrometry
Molecular ion
John D.; Simon, Barry (1980). "Behavior of molecular potential energy curves for large nuclear separations". Int. J. Quantum Chem. 17 (6): 1143–1166.
Dihydrogen_cation
Extremely accurate clock in development
transition in the ytterbium-171 isotope is used for laser stabilization. In this case, experimenters stabilized a laser light to the corresponding electron
Nuclear_clock
Chemical compound
interest for laser enrichment of plutonium, in particular for the production of pure plutonium-239 from irradiated uranium. This isotope of plutonium
Plutonium_hexafluoride
Chemical compound, tautomer of hydrogen cyanide
radio telescope of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The main molecular isotope, H12C14N, was observed via its J = 1→0 transition at 88.6 GHz in six
Hydrogen_isocyanide
Chemical compound
expands and cools as it passes through a nozzle in a gas beam. Only the isotope 4He can form molecules like this; 4He3He and 3He3He do not exist, as they
Helium_dimer
Science of analyzing the age of zircons
S2CID 129728272. Hirata, T.; Nesbitt, R. W. (1995). "U-Pb isotope geochronology of zircon: Evaluation of the laser probe-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Detrital_zircon_geochronology
Chemical element with atomic number 53 (I)
of the organ specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer. Iodine is also used
Iodine
Scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites
molecular ion. Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is an atmospheric pressure technique that can be applied to all the above separation techniques
Metabolomics
Ambient ionization technique
Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) was first introduced in 2006 as a novel ambient ionization technique which combines
Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization
Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption_electrospray_ionization
Chemical compound
Xenon monochloride (XeCl) is an exciplex which is used in excimer lasers and excimer lamps emitting near ultraviolet light at 308 nm. It is most commonly
Xenon_monochloride
State of matter
be laser-cooled. As of 2021, using ultra-low temperatures of 10−7 K or below, Bose–Einstein condensates had been obtained for a multitude of isotopes with
Bose–Einstein_condensate
Subdiscipline of chemistry, focusing on carbon compounds
chemistry – hydrogen and carbon – exist naturally with NMR-responsive isotopes, respectively 1H and 13C. Elemental analysis: A destructive method used
Organic_chemistry
Chemical compound
duoplasmatron where an electric discharge passed through low pressure molecular hydrogen. This causes some H2 to become H+ 2. Then H2 + H+ 2 → H+ 3 +
Triatomic_hydrogen
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
light, stable isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron in a nucleus called helion. It is in contrast to the more common isotope, helium-4, which
Helium-3
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
stable isotopes is β+ decay to aluminium isotopes, and the most common decay mode for the heavier unstable isotopes is beta decay to phosphorus isotopes as
Silicon
Lab technique in biology and chemistry
water-cooled lasers (argon, krypton, dye laser); low-power air-cooled lasers (argon (488 nm), red-HeNe (633 nm), green-HeNe, HeCd (UV)); diode lasers (blue,
Flow_cytometry
Science instrument on the Curiosity rover
mixture into molecular components. The resulting gas flow is analyzed in the mass spectrometer with a mass range of 2–535 daltons. The tunable laser spectrometer
Sample_Analysis_at_Mars
American chemistry award
outstanding contributions through laser chemistry: in development of basic theories of angular distribution of products of molecular photodissociation and subDoppler
Willard_Gibbs_Award
Chemical element with atomic number 7 (N)
depletion of the product. The heavy isotope 15N was first discovered by S. M. Naudé in 1929, and soon after heavy isotopes of the neighbouring elements oxygen
Nitrogen
German union of research bodies
Separation of Materials" founded in 1957 under the direction of Prof Justus Mühlenpfordt. This was later renamed the "Institute for Stable Isotopes"
Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering
Leibniz_Institute_of_Surface_Engineering
Ion
of 65Cu, though common isotopomer has a molecular weight of 64.95 compared to 64.93 for the copper 65 isotope. This is called isobaric interference. Pilgrim
Magnesium_argide
Federal research center in Tennessee, US
solution chemistry and geochemistry; mass spectrometry and laser spectroscopy; separations chemistry; materials chemistry including synthesis and characterization
Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
carbon monoxide chemical laser in 1969, and development and demonstration of the so-called infrared process of laser isotope separation in the late 1970s. Interests
Curt_Wittig
American physical chemist (1875–1946)
successfully contributed to chemical thermodynamics, photochemistry, and isotope separation, and is also known for his concept of acids and bases. Lewis also
Gilbert_N._Lewis
Unusable radioactive materials
troublesome isotopes, which would require costly and energy intensive isotope separation for their use – a currently uneconomic prospect. A summary of the
Radioactive_waste
cubic metal Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research Facility for Rare Isotope Beams Factors of polymer weathering Faddeev equations Faddeev–Popov ghost
Index_of_physics_articles_(F)
Chemical element with atomic number 77 (Ir)
and 193Ir are the only two naturally occurring isotopes of iridium, as well as the only stable isotopes; the latter is the more abundant. It is one of
Iridium
Various forms of carbon crystal lattices
Technische Universität Berlin Molecular Diamond Technologies, Chevron Texaco Nanotechnology and the arrival of the Diamond Age Laser Raman Spectroscopy and Modelling
Diamondoid
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MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Wealth
Girl/Female
Biblical
Thick, wise.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of three places in Essex – Layer Breton, Layer de la Haye, and Layer Marney – all named from a river name, Leire, or from Leire in Leicestershire, also named from an identical river name. The river name is of Celtic origin and is probably the base of the tribal name Ligore, found in the place name Leicester.English : nickname or status name from Anglo-Norman French le eyr ‘the heir’. Compare Ayer.English : occupational name for a stone layer, Middle English leyer; the job of the layer was to position the stones worked by the masons.German : habitational name for someone from any of the various placed named Lay, in the Rhineland and Bavaria.
Surname or Lastname
German
German : nickname for someone with boils or lumpy skin, or perhaps for a hunchback, from Middle High German maser ‘lump’, ‘protuberance’.German and English : from Middle High Germanmaser, Middle English maser ‘maple-wood bowl’ (Old French masere, of Germanic origin), hence a metonymic occupational name for a wood-turner producing such ware.English : variant spelling of Macer, an occupational name for a mace-bearer, from Old French maissier, massier, a derivative of Old French masse ‘mace’.German (Maaser) : pet form of Thomas.
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Assister; Friend
Surname or Lastname
English (Sussex)
English (Sussex) : unexplained.Americanized form of German Löscher (see Loescher).Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : habitational name for someone from the village of Lasha, now in Belarus.
Boy/Male
Indian
Helper of God, One who helps, Assister, Friend, One who scatters, Exposer, Announcer, Protector, Supporter
Surname or Lastname
English (East Anglia)
English (East Anglia) : variant of Lester.English (East Anglia) : occupational name for a maker of cobblers’ lasts, from Middle English last, lest, the wooden form in the shape of a foot used for making or repairing shoes (Old English lÇ£ste from lÄst ‘footprint’).
Boy/Male
Muslim
Helper of God, One who helps, Assister, Friend, One who scatters, Exposer, Announcer, Protector, Supporter
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Wealthy
Male
Yiddish
(לֵייזֶער) Yiddish form of Hebrew Elazar, LAZER means "my God has helped."
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Wave; Flow
Boy/Male
Indian
Lives forever
Boy/Male
Australian, Hebrew, Irish
God has Helped
Girl/Female
Hindu
The wave
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a maker of cord and string, derived from Middle English lace ‘cord’ (Old French laz, las).
Boy/Male
Muslim
Lives forever
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a washerman, Anglo-Norman French laver (an agent derivative of Old French laver ‘to wash’, Latin lavare).English : habitational name from High, Little or Magdalen Laver in Essex, named from Old English lagu ‘flood’, ‘water’ + fær ‘passage’, ‘crossing’.English : topographic name for someone living where bulrushes or irises grew, Old English lǣfer.
Surname or Lastname
English (Sussex and Kent)
English (Sussex and Kent) : topographic name for someone who lived by a stream, from Old English lacu ‘stream’ (see Lake) + the suffix -er denoting an inhabitant.
Biblical
thick; wise
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
MOLECULAR LASER-ISOTOPE-SEPARATION
n.
One of the very small invisible particles of which all matter is supposed to consist.
n.
Lager beer.
adv.
With molecules; in the manner of molecules.
n.
The state of consisting of molecules; the state or quality of being molecular.
pl.
of Later
a.
Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies.
n.
See 2d Lasher.
a.
Monocular.
n.
The fronds of certain marine algae used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; -- called also sloke, or sloakan.
n.
That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.
a.
Pertaining to, connected with, produced by, or consisting of, molecules; as, molecular forces; molecular groups of atoms, etc.
imp. & p. p.
of Stope
a.
Having only one eye; with one eye only; as, monocular vision.
a.
Adapted to be used with only one eye at a time; as, a monocular microscope.
n.
A laver.
n.
The smallest part of any substance which possesses the characteristic properties and qualities of that substance, and which can exist alone in a free state.
n.
Isotropy.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Stope
n.
A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state; as, a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Cf. Atom.
n.
Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence.
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