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Phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations
Modality is the expression in language of how real, possible or necessary something said is. Languages commonly express modality using modal auxiliaries
Modality_(semantics)
Type of formal logic
as "necessarily P {\displaystyle P} ". In the standard relational semantics for modal logic, formulas are assigned truth values relative to a possible
Modal_logic
Type of linguistic modality
Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition. Epistemic modality is exemplified
Epistemic_modality
Formal semantics for non-classical logic systems
Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics, and often confused with possible world semantics) is a formal semantics for non-classical
Kripke_semantics
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up modality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Modality may refer to: Modality (theology), the organization and structure of the church, as distinct
Modality
Framework in logic and natural language semantics
discourse relations, and modality. The first systems of dynamic semantics were the closely related File Change Semantics and discourse representation
Dynamic_semantics
Concept of philosophy and logic used to express modal claims
theories of modality circular. (He referred to these theories as "ersatz modal realism" which try to get the benefits of possible worlds semantics "on the
Possible_world
Dynamic modality is a linguistic modality that is the ability or requirement of the subject to do something. Dynamic modality is non-subjective in contrast
Dynamic_modality
Approach to semantics in analytic philosophy
Two-dimensionalism is an approach to semantics in analytic philosophy. It is a theory of how to determine the sense and reference of a word and the truth-value
Two-dimensionalism
1947 book by Rudolf Carnap
Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic (1947; enlarged edition 1956) is a book about semantics and modal logic by the philosopher Rudolf
Meaning_and_Necessity
Extension of a concept, idea, or sign
treat the use of signs — for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language — the extension of a concept, idea
Extension_(semantics)
Volitive modality (abbreviated vol) is a linguistic modality that indicates the desires, wishes or fears of the speaker. It is classified as a subcategory
Volitive_modality
Phenomenon in natural language
disjunction and modality. Free choice inferences are most widely studied for deontic modals, but also arise with other flavors of modality as well as imperatives
Free_choice_inference
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
Kripke and others for modal logic and related systems), algebraic semantics (connecting logic to abstract algebra), and game semantics (interpreting logical
Semantics_(logic)
American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)
especially modal logic. His principal contribution is a semantics for modal logic involving possible worlds, now called Kripke semantics. He received
Saul_Kripke
Bearer of truth values
Epistemic and Metaphysical Modality, § 2. Metaphysical and Nomic Modality Garson 2024, Lead section, § 1. What is Modal Logic?, § 2. Modal Logics Newsome 2015
Proposition
Structured system of communication
uses the auditive modality, whereas sign languages and writing use the visual modality, and braille writing uses the tactile modality. Human language is
Language
Study of meaning in language
plurals, mass terms, tense, and modality. Montague semantics is an early and influential theory in formal semantics that provides a detailed analysis
Semantics
French philosopher (1859–1941)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Henri_Bergson
Entity whose presence indicates the probable existence of something else
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Sign
Linguistic term for jargon of a group
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Cant
Finnish and American philosopher and logician (1929–2015)
Early in his career, he devised a semantics of modal logic essentially analogous to Saul Kripke's frame semantics, and discovered the now widely taught
Jaakko_Hintikka
Less-restrictive form of modal logic
global modality to assert their equivalence. Whilst Kripke semantics is often applied as the semantics of normal modal logics, the semantics of non-normal
Non-normal_modal_logic
English philosopher and political theorist (1588–1679)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Thomas_Hobbes
Formal study of linguistic meaning
phenomena include intensionality, modality, negation, plural expressions, and the influence of contextual factors. Formal semantics is relevant to various fields
Formal semantics (natural language)
Formal_semantics_(natural_language)
Soviet psychologist (1896–1934)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Lev_Vygotsky
English philosopher (1919–2006)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
P._F._Strawson
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Aristotle
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
Words expressing a complete thought
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Sentence_(linguistics)
American philosopher (1941–2001)
Counterfactuals (1973), which gives a modal analysis of the truth conditions of counterfactual conditionals in possible world semantics and the governing logic for
David_Lewis_(philosopher)
Scientific study of language
and analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds and
Linguistics
presenting the modality of natural language; image is both a medium and a modality; music is a modality for the auditory media. So, the modality refers to
Modality_(semiotics)
Words and contextual actions which provide a complete meaning
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Language_game_(philosophy)
Fundamental unit of cognition
Semantics". Semantics. De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9783110226614.688. ISBN 978-3-110-22661-4. Jacobson, Pauline I. (2014). Compositional Semantics:
Concept
Formal semantic phenomenon
In formal semantics and pragmatics, modal subordination is the phenomenon whereby a modal expression is interpreted relative to another modal expression
Modal_subordination
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
"The Semiotic Aspect of Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics" (PDF). ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 1. 40 (1). JSTOR: 16–21. doi:10.5840/cpsem19828
Linguistic_relativity
American philosopher (1917–2003)
Suppes and Sidney Siegel. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1957. Semantics of Natural Language, co-edited with Gilbert Harman, 2nd ed. New York:
Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)
System of names or terms in a particular field of arts or sciences
as well as the relationship between names, their referents, meanings (semantics), and the structure of language. Modern scientific taxonomy has been described
Nomenclature
Property or quality connoted by a word, phrase, or another symbol
treat the use of signs—for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language—an intension is any property or
Intension
British analytic philosopher (1919–2001)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
G._E._M._Anscombe
American linguist
He is known for his works on linguistic modality. Modality, Oxford University Press (Studies in Semantics and Pragmatics) What is Meaning?, Blackwell
Paul_Portner
German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Johann_Gottfried_Herder
Various systems of symbolic logic
work on semantics of modal logic, Saul Kripke created another semantics for intuitionistic logic, known as Kripke semantics or relational semantics. It was
Intuitionistic_logic
Principle in linguistics about meaning
In semantics, mathematical logic and related disciplines, the principle of compositionality (also known as semantic compositionalism) is the principle
Principle_of_compositionality
Semantic property of plurals
In formal semantics, homogeneity is the phenomenon where plural expressions that seem to mean "all" negate to "none" rather than "not all". For example
Homogeneity_(semantics)
French philosopher (1930–2004)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Jacques_Derrida
Approach to formal semantics
Game semantics is an approach to formal semantics that grounds the concepts of truth or validity on game-theoretic concepts, such as the existence of a
Game_semantics
Swiss linguist and philosopher (1857–1913)
conceptualisation, and later by the post-structuralists to criticise it. Cognitive semantics also diverges from Saussure on this point, emphasizing the importance
Ferdinand_de_Saussure
English philosopher (1911–1960)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
J._L._Austin
Linguistic modality expressing how the world should be
Deontic modality (abbreviated deo) is a linguistic modality that indicates how the world ought to be according to certain norms, expectations, speaker
Deontic_modality
Neighborhood semantics, also known as Scott–Montague semantics, is a formal semantics for modal logics. It is a generalization, developed independently
Neighborhood_semantics
Distinction in the philosophy of language
century this "Frege–Russell" view was the orthodox view of proper name semantics. Saul Kripke argued influentially against the descriptivist theory, asserting
Sense_and_reference
Sense or significance of an entity
sentence meaning, and utterance meaning, studied by lexical semantics, phrasal semantics, and pragmatics, respectively. Word meaning concerns the semantic
Meaning_(philosophy)
Type of verb, such as "might", that is used to indicate modality
necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality: epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being
Modal_verb
British philosopher (1900–1976)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Gilbert_Ryle
Distinction between using a word and mentioning it
1992, Revised 21 October 1993, Published in ETC: A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 51 No 1, Spring 1994. (accessed: 26 August 2006). "The evolution
Use–mention_distinction
Concept in situation theory
from situation semantics contribute to debates about the ontology of facts, the structure of propositions and the semantics of modality and conditionals
Situation_semantics
German philosopher, logician, and mathematician (1848–1925)
essays by philosophers, grouped under three headings: 1. Ontology; 2. Semantics; and 3. Logic and Philosophy of Mathematics. Rosado Haddock, Guillermo
Gottlob_Frege
American philosopher (born 1940)
Two-Dimensional Modal Semantics." Philosophical Studies 118 (2004): 299–322. "Conditional Assertions and Conditional Propositions." In New Work on Modality (MIT
Robert_Stalnaker
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
communication. Theories of pragmatics are closely linked to theories of semantics, which studies aspects of meaning, and syntax, which examines sentence
Pragmatics
Cant used by various peoples in English-speaking countries
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Thieves'_cant
(2009). Modality. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199292431. Hacquard, Valentine (2010). "Review of Modality (Oxford surveys in semantics and
Modality_(book)
Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Confucius
Formal semantics based on algebras
mathematical logic, algebraic semantics is a formal semantics based on algebras studied as part of algebraic logic. For example, the modal logic S4 is characterized
Algebraic semantics (mathematical logic)
Algebraic_semantics_(mathematical_logic)
German polymath (1646–1716)
philosophy, such as its adopted use of the term possible world to define modal notions. Gottfried Leibniz was born on 1 July [OS: 21 June] 1646, in Leipzig
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
Type of modal logic
work to suggest using modalities to capture the semantics of knowledge rather than the alethic statements typically discussed in modal logic. This work laid
Epistemic_modal_logic
Extension of propositional modal logic
operators; from this viewpoint, the modal μ-calculus is over the lattice of a power set algebra. The game semantics of μ-calculus is related to two-player
Modal_μ-calculus
Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Pyrrhonism
Branch of medieval logic
issues similar to modern accounts of reference, plurality, tense, and modality, within an Aristotelian context. Philosophers such as John Buridan, William
Supposition_theory
Utterance that serves a performative function
propositional content (given with classical semantics) and illocutionary force (given by intuitionistic semantics). Up to now the main basic formal applications
Speech_act
German philosopher (1900–2002)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Hans-Georg_Gadamer
1921 philosophical work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics". The Institute of General Semantics Store. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus
Grammatical mood in Sanskrit
The modal semantics of the augmentless forms may then be a later development within Indo-Iranian or Indo-Aryan. It's also possible that the modal semantics
Injunctive_mood
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
September 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2016. Wettstein, Howard, "Frege-Russell Semantics?", Dialectica 44(1–2), 1990, pp. 113–135, esp. 115: "Russell maintains
Bertrand_Russell
Intellectual current and methodological approach in the social science
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Structuralism
Principle of classical logic
Kaufmann, Magdalena; Kaufmann, Stefan (2015). "Conditionals and modality". In Lappin, Shalom; Fox, Chris (eds.). The handbook of contemporary semantic
Import–export_(logic)
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
especially modality. Quine was especially hostile to modal logic with quantification, a battle he largely lost when Saul Kripke's relational semantics became
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Deconstruction
American logician (born 1932)
generalisation of Kripke semantics for modal and tense logic, called Scott-Montague semantics (Scott 1970). John Lemmon and Scott began work on a modal-logic textbook
Dana_Scott
Class of auxiliary verbs in English that lack untensed forms
Manfred (2009). "Modality and the history of English adhortatives". In Salkie, Raphael; Busuttil, Pierre; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). Modality in English:
English_modal_auxiliary_verbs
American mathematician and philosopher (1926–2016)
of mathematics, which he believed could be provided by a "mathematics as modal logic" interpretation that need not imply the existence of abstract objects
Hilary_Putnam
English philosopher (1910–1989)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
A._J._Ayer
British philosopher (1925–2011)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Michael_Dummett
Idea of language as the principal framework in dictating human thought
to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. Institute of General Semantics, 2005. "General semantics | philosophy". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived
Linguistic_determinism
How clauses compose sentences in grammar and syntax
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Sentence_clause_structure
American philosopher (1932–2025)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
John_Searle
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
of larger misunderstandings of the metaphysics of modality, or of necessity and possibility. Modal logic was developed by pragmatist C. I. Lewis to deal
Analytic_philosophy
American linguist (1897–1941)
of Malotki's examples of a tense distinction in fact rather suggest a modality distinction. Unpublished paper quoted in Lee (2000:50) Whorf and Trager
Benjamin_Lee_Whorf
Conditionals that discuss what would have been if things were otherwise
1912 by C.I. Lewis as part of his axiomatic approach to modal logic. In modern relational semantics, this means that the strict conditional is true at w
Counterfactual_conditional
British philosopher of language (1913–1988)
pragmatics. His work on meaning has also influenced the philosophical study of semantics. Born in Birmingham, Grice was educated at Clifton College and then at
Paul_Grice
1953 work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Philosophical_Investigations
Standard of Object Management Group
alethic modality or deontic modality and require elements of modal logic as formalization. SBVR Structural Business Rules use two alethic modal operators:
Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
Semantics_of_Business_Vocabulary_and_Business_Rules
Chinese philosopher (4th century BCE)
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Zhuang_Zhou
Branch of philosophy
Wayback Machine. Carnap, R., (1956). Meaning and Necessity: a Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. University of Chicago Press. Collins, John. (2001). Truth
Philosophy_of_language
Branch of philosophy
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Philosophy_of_information
Differentiating and characterizing feature
paradox Identity of indiscernibles (or "Leibniz's law") Intension Opposite (semantics) Property (mathematics) Russell's paradox Similarity (philosophy) "Properties"
Property_(philosophy)
Philosophy emphasizing names and labels
Linguistic relativity Logical form Mental representation Metalanguage Modality (semantics) Presupposition Principle of compositionality Property Proposition
Nominalism
One of five systems of modal logic
of a single modality. Under multimodal logic, e.g., "X is possibly (in epistemic modality, per one's data) necessary (in alethic modality)," it no longer
S5_(modal_logic)
Hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality
natural languages but on a much more abstract level, possess a syntax and semantics very much like those of natural languages. For the Portuguese logician
Mental_representation
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