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Type of linguistic modality
Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that encompasses knowledge, belief, or credence in a proposition. Epistemic modality is exemplified
Epistemic_modality
Type of modal logic
Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge. While epistemology has a long philosophical tradition
Epistemic_modal_logic
Phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations
Agatha must be the murderer. (expressing epistemic modality) (2) Agatha must go to jail. (expressing deontic modality) The sentence in (1) might be spoken
Modality_(semantics)
Type of formal logic
concepts such as knowledge, obligation, and causation. For instance, in epistemic modal logic, the formula ◻ P {\displaystyle \Box P} can be used to represent
Modal_logic
Modality in linguistics
impossibility. Alethic modality is often associated with epistemic modality in research, and it has been questioned whether this modality should be considered
Alethic_modality
Linguistic notion of claims' support
of modality found in European languages. For example, the modal verbs in Germanic languages are used to indicate both evidentiality and epistemic modality
Evidentiality
Type of verb, such as "might", that is used to indicate modality
necessity ("must"), in terms of one of the following types of modality: epistemic modality, concerned with the theoretical possibility of propositions being
Modal_verb
Verb adding grammatical meaning rather than content meaning
in use. Deontic modality expresses an ability, necessity, or obligation that is associated with an agent subject. Epistemic modality expresses the speaker's
Auxiliary_verb
Class of auxiliary verbs in English that lack untensed forms
Manfred (2009). "Modality and the history of English adhortatives". In Salkie, Raphael; Busuttil, Pierre; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). Modality in English:
English_modal_auxiliary_verbs
Bearer of truth values
§ 1. Epistemic and Metaphysical Modality, § 2. Metaphysical and Nomic Modality Garson 2024, Lead section, § 1. What is Modal Logic?, § 2. Modal Logics
Proposition
Spoken phrase used to reduce intensity
as a form of euphemism. Linguists consider hedges to be tools of epistemic modality; allowing speakers and writers to signal a level of caution in making
Hedge_(linguistics)
Principle in epistemology
Epistemic closure is a property of some belief systems and of many epistemic modal logics (viz. those which are "normal"). It is the principle that if
Epistemic_closure
Linguistic modality expressing how the world should be
Deontic modality (abbreviated deo) is a linguistic modality that indicates how the world ought to be according to certain norms, expectations, speaker
Deontic_modality
Grammatical feature of verbs
mood, permissive mood, precative mood, prohibitive mood Epistemic modality judgment modality: assumptive mood, declarative mood, deductive mood, dubitative
Grammatical_mood
Official language of Mongolia
There are five voices. Verbs are marked for voice, aspect, tense and epistemic modality/evidentiality. In sentence linking, a special role is played by converbs
Mongolian_language
Philosophical study of knowledge
Jayprakash; Wallner, Michael (2021). "The Epistemology of Modality and the Problem of Modal Epistemic Friction". Synthese. 198 (S8): 1909–1935. doi:10.1007/s11229-018-1860-2
Epistemology
Awareness of facts, or competency
instructional media and other forms of educational technology. Epistemic modal logic – Type of modal logic Knowledge economy – Approach to generating value Knowledge
Knowledge
One of five systems of modal logic
of a single modality. Under multimodal logic, e.g., "X is possibly (in epistemic modality, per one's data) necessary (in alethic modality)," it no longer
S5_(modal_logic)
Topics referred to by the same term
Might or MIGHT may refer to: Power (social and political) might, an epistemic modal verb in English Might (magazine), an American satirical periodical
Might
Method of deriving conclusions
of modal logic include temporal modal logic, which has operators for what is always or sometimes the case, as well as doxastic and epistemic modal logics
Rule_of_inference
deontic modality (i.e. modals concerned with expressing inclination, obligation and ability) and words realizing epistemic modality (i.e. modals concerned
List of loanwords in the Tagalog language
List_of_loanwords_in_the_Tagalog_language
Japanese American scholar (1937–2016)
linguistics, particularly known for her research on conditionals and epistemic modality. She was born in 1937 in Kyoto, Japan, to Chikara and Shizuko Shiga
Noriko_Akatsuka
Varieties of English spoken in the Southern United States
multiple modals are: As the table shows, there are only possible combinations of an epistemic modal followed by deontic modals in multiple modal constructions
Southern_American_English
Logical operator in modal logic
logic, including at least: alethic, deontic, axiological, epistemic, and doxastic. Alethic modal operators (M-operators) determine the fundamental conditions
Modal_operator
British linguist (1922–2019)
Modality can be classified as Propositional Modality and Event Modality. Propositional Modality can be further subdivided into Epistemic Modality and
Frank_R._Palmer
English embedded clause type marking non-real possibilities
John Algeo. (2000). Stein, Dieter. "The expression of deontic and epistemic modality and the subjunctive: ". Studies in Early Modern English, edited by
English_subjunctive
Study of correct reasoning
time or that something is happening all the time. In epistemology, epistemic modal logic is used to represent the ideas of knowing something in contrast
Logic
Language of Ghana, Togo, and Benin
expression of epistemic modality in Ewe. Africana Linguistica. Nurse, Derek. Ewe. pp. 3–5. Ameka, Felix K. (2008). Aspect and modality in Ewe: a survey
Ewe_language
Indo-Iranian language of Iraq
4 2010, 1) Causatives in Shabaki (Vol. 4 2010, 2) An Account of Epistemic Modality in Shabaki The truth conditional content of evidentials in Shabaki
Shabaki_language
Area of physical and philosophical debate
common elements, treating the wavefunction as ontic and treating it as epistemic became interchangeable. Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation) Dialectical realism Empirical realism Entity realism Epistemic/ontic structural realism Epistemological realism Hermeneutic realism Internal/pragmatic
Realism
Field of philosophical and mathematical logic studying agency and action
have been studied that combine an action modality (for what an agent actually does) with an ability modality capturing what the agent could do in the
Agentive_logic
Ways how entities stand to each other
Brisard, Frank (2011). Cognitive Approaches to Tense, Aspect, and Epistemic Modality. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-2383-8. Perovic, Katarina
Relation_(philosophy)
Framework in logic and natural language semantics
meanings. The nonintersectivity of epistemic modals can be seen in the infelicity of epistemic contradictions. Epistemic contradiction: #It's raining and
Dynamic_semantics
Formal semantic phenomenon
Instances of modal subordination have been found in a variety of languages with a variety of other modal operators including epistemic modal auxiliaries
Modal_subordination
Type of modal logic
number of deontic and epistemic logics, for example, are non-normal, often because they give up the Kripke schema. Every normal modal logic is regular and
Normal_modal_logic
Language family
prominent, with reported, sensory and epistemic moods all appearing as a way of conveying the evidence. Epistemic modality is often tied to the tense. Most
Northeast_Caucasian_languages
of knowability. epistemic modal logic A branch of modal logic that deals with reasoning about knowledge and belief, using modalities to express what is
Glossary_of_logic
Type of logic regarding reasoning about beliefs
that derives propositions. Using doxastic logic, one can express the epistemic counterpart of Gödel's incompleteness theorem of metalogic, as well as
Doxastic_logic
Subject of inquiry in philosophy and linguistics
Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or
Contextualism
Indigenous language family with two surviving dialects in Peru
is suffixed after past tense markers. Inferential modality is marked with -ta and epistemic modality with -et. Future possibility is marked by -ipot. hak-ʔudn-ya
Harákmbut_language
Dynamic epistemic logic (DEL) is a logical framework dealing with knowledge and information change. Typically, DEL focuses on situations involving multiple
Dynamic_epistemic_logic
2002 phrase from Donald Rumsfeld
swan theory Cynefin framework Dunning–Kruger effect Emic and etic Epistemic modal logic Four stages of competence "I know that I know nothing" Ignoramus
There_are_unknown_unknowns
British logician and philosopher (1930 – 1966)
approach to tense logic, and Lemmon's later work on alethic modality and applications of modal logic to ethics bear the mark of Prior's influence. At this
John_Lemmon
School of thought in generative syntax theory
order is nevertheless visible. As an example, consider the categories epistemic modality which expresses a necessity or a possibility that is made by a speaker
Cartographic_syntax
Island country in Southeast Asia
9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.), s7. Gupta, A.F. Fischer, K. (ed.). "Epistemic modalities and the discourse particles of Singapore". Approaches to Discourse
Singapore
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
events. Epistemic logic is a form of modal logic applied to the field of epistemology. It aims to capture the logic of knowledge and belief. The modal operators
Philosophical_logic
Dialect of Teochew spoken in Pontianak, Indonesia
(‘exist’). This negative marker boi expresses inability and negates epistemic modality. The declarative form using oi ‘able’ indicates ability, while its
Pontianak_Teochew
Concept in philosophy and modal logic
In philosophy and modal logic, epistemic possibility relates a statement under consideration to the current state of our knowledge about the actual world:
Epistemic_possibility
TODAY. Retrieved 28 April 2025. Gupta, A.F. Fischer, K. (ed.). "Epistemic modalities and the discourse particles of Singapore". Approaches to Discourse
Languages_of_Singapore
Theory of science, reconstructing empirical theories
distinguished epistemic and ontic forms of structural realism. The philosophical concept of (scientific) structuralism is related to that of epistemic structural
Structuralism (philosophy of science)
Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)
Chibchan language spoken in Colombia
Arhuaco verbs has evolved to have effectively become a way to mark epistemic modality or evidentiality. The language uses a subject–object–verb (SOV) sentence
Arhuaco_language
Awareness of facts
fail to amount to knowledge. The reason for their failure is a type of epistemic luck. This means that the justification is not relevant to whether the
Declarative_knowledge
People of Singapore
Language education in Singapore Gupta, A.F. Fischer, K. (ed.). "Epistemic modalities and the discourse particles of Singapore" (DOC). Approaches to Discourse
Singaporeans
Metaphysical dependence relation between facts or entities
contemporary analytic philosophy, particularly in discussions of metaphysics, modality, ontology, and the philosophy of explanation. Proponents of grounding argue
Metaphysical_grounding
Attempts to analyze the concept of truth
philosophy and epistemology, epistemic theories of truth are attempts to analyze the notion of truth in terms of epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief
Epistemic_theories_of_truth
Branch of the Salishan languages of western North America
Lisa; Davis, Henry; Rullmann, Hotze (2007-12-31). "Evidentials as epistemic modals: Evidence from St'át'imcets". Linguistic Variation Yearbook. 7: 201–254
Interior_Salish_languages
Swedish linguist
topics in pragmatics and discourse, including ways of expressing epistemic modality/evidentiality, pragmatic markers, conversational routines and other
Karin_Aijmer
Formal semantics for non-classical logic systems
is named after Saul Kripke; axiom T is named after the truth axiom in epistemic logic; axiom D is named after deontic logic; axiom B is named after L
Kripke_semantics
the belief or knowledge of each agent, so that epistemic assertions can be formed about them. The modal operator ◻ {\displaystyle \Box } must be capable
Multimodal_logic
281–322. Sweetser, Eve (1982) ‘A proposal for uniting deontic and epistemic modals. In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics
Force_dynamics
Cushitic language of Northeast Africa
present/imperfective). Vanhove describes the potential as expressing "epistemic modalities of inference or near-certainty." Examples below, with the potential
Beja_language
Subjunctive possibility (also called alethic possibility) is a form of modality studied in modal logic. Subjunctive possibilities are the sorts of possibilities
Subjunctive_possibility
American philosophy professor
between epistemic and content externalism; virtue epistemology; epistemic value; modal epistemology; Wittgensteinian hinge epistemology; the history of
Duncan_Pritchard
Constitution of Singapore Art. 153A Gupta, A.F. Fischer, K. (ed.). "Epistemic modalities and the discourse particles of Singapore". Approaches to Discourse
List of multilingual countries and regions
List_of_multilingual_countries_and_regions
2013 film
Electoral history of Donald Rumsfeld Enhanced interrogation techniques Epistemic modal logic Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration Gerald Ford
The_Unknown_Known
Statement that players know and also know that other players know (ad infinitum)
Aumann (1976). Computer scientists grew an interest in the subject of epistemic logic in general – and of common knowledge in particular – starting in
Common_knowledge_(logic)
Grammar of the Japanese language
動く か？ Ugok-u ka? ('Does it move?') (-u cannot be left off) (3) Several epistemic modality predicates, e.g., mitai ('seem like') 本 みたい だ Hon mitai da ('It seems
Japanese_grammar
Topics referred to by the same term
measure of the likelihood that an event will occur Epistemic possibility, a topic in philosophy and modal logic Possibility theory, a mathematical theory
Possibility
American philosopher and logician (1940–2022)
positivism, claiming necessity is a metaphysical notion distinct from the epistemic notion of a priori, and that there are necessary truths that are known
Saul_Kripke
Philosophical conception of meaning
2026. Bielecka, Krystyna (2025). What is Misrepresentation?: The Role of Epistemic Accuracy in Cognition. Springer. ISBN 978-3-031-84375-4. Blackburn, Simon
Meaning_(philosophy)
Modal logic relationship
idea can be extended to various applications of modal logic. In epistemic logic, one can use an epistemic notion of accessibility where w R v {\displaystyle
Accessibility_relation
Epistemological study of Buddhism
used in Western scholarship to describe Buddhist systems of pramāṇa (epistemic tool, valid cognition) and hetu-vidya (reasoning, logic). While the term
Buddhist_logico-epistemology
Uninflected words used in colloquial spoken German
(Just to mention, I'm not from Prussia.) Wohl is often used instead of epistemic adverbs, such as vermutlich or wahrscheinlich or to emphasise a strong
German_modal_particles
averaging Ensemble axiom Entomopter Envelope (motion) Epigenetic robotics Epistemic modal logic Epson Robots Erek King Eric Paulos Ernest Lenard Hall Ernesto
Index_of_robotics_articles
Logical paradox
Fitch's paradox of knowability is a puzzle of epistemic logic. It provides a challenge to the knowability thesis, which states that every truth is, in
Fitch's paradox of knowability
Fitch's_paradox_of_knowability
Topics referred to by the same term
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Impossibility may refer to: Epistemic impossibility, in modal logic a statement that cannot be true, given what we know
Impossibility
Finnish and American philosopher and logician (1929–2015)
philosopher and logician. Hintikka is regarded as the founder of formal epistemic logic and of game semantics for logic. He was awarded the Rolf Schock
Jaakko_Hintikka
Possible truths which are not necessary
and necessary statements. These include analytic and epistemic distinctions as well as the modal distinctions already noted. But there is not always agreement
Contingency_(philosophy)
Personal sense of one's own gender
November 2010). "Liberating sex, knowing desire: scientia sexualis and epistemic turning points in the history of sexuality". History of the Human Sciences
Gender_identity
American philosopher
almost everything – mental states (intentionality and consciousness), epistemic justification, linguistic meaning, perception (especially color and smell)
William_Lycan
Formal fallacy about knowledge of objects
logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is the false assumption that knowledge or a belief about an object
Masked-man_fallacy
American philosopher and theologian (born 1932)
question. He stated that one only has the epistemic right to accept the premise if one understands the nested modal operators, and that if one understands
Alvin_Plantinga
Wide-ranging representation of a game in game theory
information set when making a decision". These can be made precise using epistemic modal logic; see Shoham & Leyton-Brown (2009, chpt. 13) for details. A perfect
Extensive-form_game
German physicist and historian of science
participated in a research project by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft on epistemic modal logic. In 1991 he was appointed assistant professor at the Institute
Klaus_Hentschel
Phenomenon in natural language
disjunction and modality. Free choice inferences are most widely studied for deontic modals, but also arise with other flavors of modality as well as imperatives
Free_choice_inference
Approach to semantics in analytic philosophy
between) epistemic and modal domains" in arguing from knowability or epistemic conceivability to what is necessary or possible (modalities). The reason
Two-dimensionalism
Interpretation of sensory information
touch location and intensity. Multi-modal perception refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception
Perception
Linguist
her work on veridicality, polarity phenomena, modal sentences, and the interactions of tense and modality. She holds a Research Associate position at Institut
Anastasia_Giannakidou
American philosopher (born 1940)
Context, and Epistemic Accessibility." Mind 118(470) (2009): 399–409. "Merely Possible Propositions." In Bob Hale and Aviv Hoffmann (eds.), Modality: Metaphysics
Robert_Stalnaker
Italian philosopher and logician (1940–2025)
area of formal semantics, especially in the field of the logic of epistemic, modal and temporal sentences. In particular, in Mental Events (1983), he
Andrea_Bonomi_(philosopher)
American philosopher (1883–1964)
University of New York Press Olsson, Erik (2017) "Coherentist Theories of Epistemic Justification", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition)
C._I._Lewis
Words that qualify sentences
and that do not carry referential meaning, but may relate to linguistic modality, register or other pragmatic effects. Sentence-final particles are common
Sentence-final_particle
Philosophical idea of things impossible to know
known. This conclusion is derived from minimal assumptions in modal logic and epistemic logic. This arises from the philosophy of science, particularly
Unknowability
Words that indicate a question is being asked, as a grammatical category
their broader function is to convey differing degrees of perceptual or epistemic certainty. Often, a singular ignorative stem may serve a variety of interrogative
Interrogative_word
Swiss linguist
from historical linguistics and corpus linguistics to examine epistemic stance and modality in Early Modern English, the pragmatics of scripted and improvised
Daniela_Landert
Argument for the existence of God
question. He stated that one only has the epistemic right to accept the premise if one understands the nested modal operators, and that if one understands
Ontological_argument
Approach to predicate logic
terms, or even revealing such fine logical structures like modal, temporal, dynamic, epistemic ones). In order to achieve its special goal, logic was forced
Intensional_logic
American philosopher (born 1963)
compatibilism (incompatibilism) problem. According to Rosen, there is an epistemic problem for positive judgments of responsibility: such judgments are never
Gideon_Rosen
Paradox about the perception of probability
Pollock 1986), which then invites comparisons of the lottery to other epistemic paradoxes, such as David Makinson's preface paradox, and to "lotteries"
Lottery_paradox
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