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Variant of a linguistic expression
In generative grammar and related approaches, the logical form (LF) of a linguistic expression is the variant of its syntactic structure which undergoes
Logical_form_(linguistics)
Precisely specified semantic version of a statement
logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system. Informally, the logical form attempts
Logical_form
Mass: MIT Press. Stanley, Jason (30 August 2000). "Context and Logical Form". Linguistics and Philosophy. 23 (4): 391–434. doi:10.1023/A:1005599312747.
List_of_valid_argument_forms
Topics referred to by the same term
relationships Logical form, the abstract form of a set of sentences in logic Logical form (linguistics), a level of syntactic representation Logical framework
LF
Logical connective AND
mathematics and linguistics, and ( ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } ) is the truth-functional operator of conjunction or logical conjunction. The logical connective
Logical_conjunction
Linguistic theory
Discontinuity Extraposition Gapping Inversion Logical form (linguistics) Move alpha PRO (linguistics) Raising (linguistics) Scope (formal semantics) Scrambling
Syntactic_movement
Property or quality connoted by a word, phrase, or another symbol
several fields of study that treat the use of signs—for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language—an
Intension
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
In linguistics, syntax (/ˈsɪntæks/ SIN-taks) is the study of how words and morphemes combine to form well-formed larger units such as phrases and sentences
Syntax
Scientific study of language
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Specific areas of linguistic description and analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences)
Linguistics
Branch of applied mathematics
communication styles. Formal linguistics is the branch of linguistics which uses formal languages, formal grammars and first-order logical expressions for the
Mathematical_linguistics
Use of computational tools for the study of linguistics
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the computational modelling of natural language, as well as the study of appropriate
Computational_linguistics
Functional explanation of linguistic form
The economy principle in linguistics, also known as linguistic economy, is a functional explanation of linguistic form. It suggests that the organization
Economy_(linguistics)
Overview of and topical guide to linguistics
Formalism (linguistics) – the theory of language as a formal system with mathematical-logical rules and a formal grammar Functional linguistics – language
Outline_of_linguistics
Logical grammar or rational grammar is a term used in the history and philosophy of linguistics to refer to certain linguistic and grammatical theories
Logical_grammar
Proposed constraint in theoretical linguistics
particles often are not. Antisymmetry Syntactic movement Logical form (linguistics) Phonetic form Greenberg's linguistic universals E. Clem, ‘Disharmony
Final-over-final_constraint
Linguistic phenomenon
verb read. Verb phrase ellipsis Ellipsis (linguistics) Logical form (linguistics) Constituent (linguistics) Pseudogapping Phrase structure grammar Dependency
Antecedent-contained_deletion
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
satisfies a well-formed formula. A structure that satisfies all the axioms of the formal system is known as a model of the logical system. A logical system is:
Formal_system
Category of constructed language
least three subcategories, philosophical languages (or ideal languages), logical languages (sometimes abbreviated as loglangs), and experimental languages
Engineered_language
Words expressing a complete thought
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" (a pangram)
Sentence_(linguistics)
Type of determiner that indicates quantity
In linguistics and grammar, a quantifier is a type of determiner, such as all, some, many, few, a lot, and no, (but not specific numerals)[clarification
Quantifier_(linguistics)
Theory in the philosophy of mind
In the philosophy of mind, logical behaviorism (also known as analytical behaviorism, dispositional behaviorism or philosophical behaviorism) is the thesis
Logical_behaviorism
Semantic object to which an operator applies
Continuation-passing style De dicto and de re Generalized quantifier Logical form (linguistics) Quantifier (linguistics) Type shifter Heim, Irene; Kratzer, Angelika (1998)
Scope_(formal_semantics)
Structure of a formal language
the behavior of top-down parsers. Link grammars: a form of analytic grammar designed for linguistics, which derives syntactic structure by examining the
Formal_grammar
Branch of linguistics and semiotics relating context to meaning
In linguistics and the philosophy of language, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. This field of study evaluates how human
Pragmatics
Approach that considers language as a social semiotic system
Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is an approach to linguistics, among functional linguistics, that considers language as a social semiotic system
Systemic functional linguistics
Systemic_functional_linguistics
Rules used for constructing, or transforming the symbols and words of a language
of marks which form a particular pattern. Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols of anything. For instance there are logical constants which
Syntax_(logic)
Study of abstract structures described by formal systems
statements (theorems) are deduced. For this reason, in Rudolf Carnap's logical-positivist conception of the epistemology of science, theories belonging
Formal_science
Study of correct reasoning
informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure
Logic
Interaction between syntax and semantics
within generative linguistics, the input is taken to be a special level of syntactic representation called logical form. At logical form, semantic relationships
Syntax–semantics_interface
in an argument's logical form that makes a deductive argument invalid. Informal fallacies cannot ordinarily be identified from form alone, since their
List_of_fallacies
1921 philosophical work by Ludwig Wittgenstein
elements in logical space, then logical space itself cannot be depicted since it is itself not an arrangement of anything; rather logical form is a feature
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus
Binding relation that may employ a morphologically different set of anaphoric forms
personal knowledge Government and binding theory – Theory of syntax Logical form (linguistics) – Variant of a linguistic expression Obviative – Distinction
Logophoricity
Linguistics theory about syntax
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase structure and a theory of syntactic category formation that proposes a universal schema for how phrases
X-bar_theory
is a temporal logic for representing both propositional and first-order logical reasoning about periods of time that is capable of handling both sequential
Interval_temporal_logic
Architecture of early generative grammar
book titled A Course in Modern Linguistics. Chomsky first referred to these Hockettian concepts in his 1962 paper The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory (later
Deep structure and surface structure
Deep_structure_and_surface_structure
Swiss linguist and philosopher (1857–1913)
developments in both linguistics and semiotics in the 20th century. He is widely considered one of the founders of 20th-century linguistics and one of two major
Ferdinand_de_Saussure
Topics referred to by the same term
limited form of succession Entailment, a logical relation between sentences of a formal language Linguistic entailment, the use of the term in linguistics Textual
Entail_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
to the consequent Material conditional, in propositional calculus, or logical calculus in mathematics Relevance conditional, in relevance logic Conditional
Conditional
Translation of a text into a logical system
general since it is needed to establish a link between many forms of reasoning and abstract logical systems. The use of informal logic is an alternative to
Logic_translation
Philosophy using an idealized language
construed by means of expressing atomic facts in the form of atomic propositions, and linking them using logical operators. Formal language theory Linguistic
Ideal_language_philosophy
American linguist
grammar. His notable contributions include work addressing the nature of logical form[citation needed]. Hornstein graduated from McGill University in 1975[citation
Norbert_Hornstein
Personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb
In linguistics, a subject pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb. Subject pronouns are usually in the nominative case for
Subject_pronoun
Principle in linguistics about meaning
is that of logical metonymy, which has been studied at least since the mid-1990s by linguists James Pustejovsky and Ray Jackendoff. Logical metonymies
Principle_of_compositionality
Analytical philosophical view expounded by Bertrand Russell
aims, especially in his earlier works). Gustav Bergmann developed a form of logical atomism that focused on an ideal phenomenalistic language, particularly
Logical_atomism
Subset of a natural language
International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Posters. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010. Kuhn, Tobias (2014). "A Survey and Classification
Controlled_natural_language
Mathematical logic concept
that contains no logical connectives or equivalently a formula that has no strict subformulas. Atoms are thus the simplest well-formed formulas of the
Atomic_formula
Movement in Western philosophy
or if it is a tautology (true by virtue of its own meaning or its own logical form). The verifiability criterion thus rejected statements of metaphysics
Logical_positivism
Gerald James Michael (1976). Formal pragmatics for natural language implicature, presupposition and logical form (PhD thesis). University of Reading. v t e
Gerald_Gazdar
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, involving analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. Language use was first
History_of_linguistics
Topics referred to by the same term
potential Affirmative (linguistics), a property of a non-negated expression (the opposite of negative) Positive (linguistics), the form of an adjective or
Positive
Fundamental unit of cognition
learned and innate concepts, concrete and abstract concepts, and natural and logical concepts. The classical theory holds that concepts are essentially definitions
Concept
Syntactically correct logical formula
formula that contains no logical connectives nor quantifiers, or equivalently a formula that has no strict subformulas. The precise form of atomic formulas
Well-formed_formula
Constructed human language based on predicate logic
software. The name "Lojban" means "logical language". It is a compound formed from loj and ban, which are short forms of logji (logic) and bangu (language)
Lojban
Type of logical system
In mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science, first-order logic (FOL), also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational
First-order_logic
Convention where symbols represent concepts
Look up notation system in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In linguistics and semiotics, a notation system is a system of graphics or symbols, characters
Notation_system
British philosopher (born 1958)
the intersection of philosophy and linguistics. Neale is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Linguistics and holder of the John H. Kornblith
Stephen_Neale
Term in linguistics
In linguistics, the autonomy of syntax is the assumption that syntax is arbitrary and self-contained with respect to meaning: semantics, pragmatics, discourse
Autonomy_of_syntax
Letter of the Latin Alphabet and an IPA sample
script a, ɒ, which is used in the IPA for the open back rounded vowel. The logical symbol ∀ has the same shape as a sans-serif capital turned A. It is used
Ɐ
Omitted words still understood in context
Grammar meets Dependency Grammar. Cognitive Linguistics 23, 1: 163–214. Sag, Ivan 1976. Deletion and logical form. Doctoral Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute
Ellipsis_(linguistics)
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
validity, and logical consequence. While logical syntax concerns the formal rules for constructing well-formed expressions, logical semantics establishes
Semantics_(logic)
Overview of and topical guide to logic
Description Entailment Identity (philosophy) Inference Logical form Logical implication Logical truth Logical consequence Name Necessity Material conditional
Outline_of_logic
American linguist and activist (born 1928)
activist, and social critic. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the
Noam_Chomsky
Topics referred to by the same term
Agreement (linguistics) or concord, a change in the form of a word depending on grammatical features of another word Consistency, logical agreement between
Agreement
Natural language processing task
parsing is the task of converting a natural language utterance to a logical form: a machine-understandable representation of its meaning. Semantic parsing
Semantic_parsing
Topics referred to by the same term
polytopes Alternation (linguistics), a variation in the phonological form of a morpheme Diathesis alternation, a linguistics term relating to verb use
Alternation
In the field of linguistics, specifically in syntax, phonetic form (PF), also known as phonological form or the articulatory-perceptual (A-P) system, is
Phonetic_form
1923 book by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards
it form a context with further experiences” (210). The book later influenced A. J. Ayer's Language, Truth, and Logic, an introduction to logical positivism
The_Meaning_of_Meaning
Branch of Linguistics
extension of traditional grammar towards an entire text. Text linguistics takes into account the form of a text, but also its setting, i. e. the way in which
Text_linguistics
Type of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning
Greek: συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based
Syllogism
Bearer of truth values
Russell. Propositions are relevant to many fields. Logicians examine their logical form and inferential patterns as the premises and conclusions of arguments
Proposition
Number of arguments required by a function
logic and philosophy, arity may also be called adicity and degree. In linguistics, it is usually named valency. In general, functions or operators with
Arity
Logical fallacy
"Plain folks" is a form of propaganda and a logical fallacy. A plain folks argument is one in which the speaker presents themselves as an average Joe —
Plain_folks
20th-century dispute among American linguists
The linguistics wars were extended disputes among American theoretical linguists that occurred mostly during the 1960s and 1970s, stemming from a disagreement
Linguistics_wars
Token in a mathematical or logical formula
of anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g.
Symbol_(formal)
Concept in functional linguistics
originates in systemic functional linguistics and is considered to be a property of all languages. Systemic functional linguistics is functional and semantic
Metafunction
1957 book by Noam Chomsky
doctorate in linguistics. Even so, he struggled at first to publish his theory and views on language. He offered the manuscript of The Logical Structure
Syntactic_Structures
Intellectual current and methodological approach in the social science
evolutionary linguistics. Structuralism in Europe developed in the early 20th century, mainly in France and the Russian Empire, in the structural linguistics of
Structuralism
Diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a collection of sets
A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams
Venn_diagram
Use of pitch to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning
[ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In linguistics, tone is a language's use of pitch contour, pitch register, or both to
Tone_(linguistics)
Concept in linguistics
Groote, Philippe; Morrill, Glyn; Retor, Christian (eds.). Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics: 4th International Conference. Springer Verlag. pp. 17–43
Model-theoretic_grammar
Philosophy of science applied to linguistics
topics including what the subject matter and theoretical goals of linguistics are, what forms linguistic theories should take, and what counts as data in linguistic
Philosophy_of_linguistics
Processing of natural language by a computer
information retrieval, knowledge representation, computational linguistics, and linguistics more broadly. Major processing tasks in an NLP system include:
Natural_language_processing
Formal study of linguistic meaning
Dictionary of Linguistics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-920272-0. May, Robert C. (2001). "Logical Form in Linguistics". In Wilson,
Formal semantics (natural language)
Formal_semantics_(natural_language)
1987 non-fiction book by George Lakoff
psychology, and linguistics to support its claims. It introduces the concept of radial categories, in which related senses of a word or category form a network
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things
Women,_Fire,_and_Dangerous_Things
All the words in a language collectively
In linguistics, the term lexis (from Ancient Greek: λέξις 'word') designates the complete set of all possible words in a language, or a particular subset
Lexis_(linguistics)
American linguist and philosopher
Generative Linguistics, Oxford University Press, 2011. A version of this account can be found in Ludlow's paper "Interpreted Logical Forms, Belief Attribution
Peter_Ludlow
One or more words used to refer to something
Identifier List of adjectival forms of place names Name calling – a form of verbal abuse Name change Names of God Numeral (linguistics) Onomastics – the study
Name
American linguist (1897–1941)
in a condensed form, and that it was mainly through this report that Whorf exerted influence on the discipline of descriptive linguistics. In late 1938
Benjamin_Lee_Whorf
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet".
Formal_language
Philosophical theory by Bertrand Russell
syntactic form of descriptions (phrases that took the form of "The flytrap" and "A flytrap") is misleading, as it does not correlate their logical and/or
Theory_of_descriptions
Study of meaning in language
premises and arrive at a conclusion. These procedures only take the logical form of the premises on the level of syntax into account and ignore what meaning
Semantics
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
logic that studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often in the form of extended logical systems like modal logic. Some theorists
Philosophical_logic
Australian linguist (born 1943)
Encyclopedia of Linguistics, as well as section editor for "Logical and Lexical Semantics" in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. He also edited
Keith_Allan_(linguist)
Usage of punctuation
prevailing style in the United Kingdom – called British style, logical quotation, and logical punctuation – is to include within quotation marks only those
Quotation_marks_in_English
Request for information
towards the truth without direct instruction, and also helps students to form logical conclusions. A widespread and accepted use of questions in an educational
Question
Non-language factors that enhance understanding of communication
In semiotics, linguistics, sociology and anthropology, context refers to those objects or entities which surround a focal event, in these disciplines
Context
Inference seeking the simplest and most likely explanation
(also called abduction, abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a
Abductive_reasoning
German-American philosopher (1891–1970)
thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism. Carnap was born Paul Rudolf Carnap on 18 May 1891 in Ronsdorf
Rudolf_Carnap
Hungarian linguist
Psychology and Language Sciences (accessed on 14 December 2010) Brody, Michael (1995). Lexico-logical Form: A Radically Minimalist Theory. MIT Press.
Michael_Brody
Danish linguist (1899–1965)
high degree of logical rigour. Hjelmslev regarded linguistics – or glossematics – as a formal science. He was a pioneer of formal linguistics. Hjelmslev's
Louis_Hjelmslev
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LOGICAL FORM-LINGUISTICS
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