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OSI model layer for packet routing
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the network layer is layer 3. The network layer is responsible for packet forwarding including routing
Network_layer
Reference model for network communication
communication system are distinguished in seven abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. The model
OSI_model
Highest layer in network protocol models
application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared communication protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. An
Application_layer
OSI model layer for physical data transmission
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer: the layer most closely associated with
Physical_layer
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
the layers are the link layer, containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the internet layer, providing
Internet_protocol_suite
Lowest abstraction layer in the Internet protocol suite
computer networking, the link layer is the lowest layer in the Internet protocol suite, the networking architecture of the Internet. The link layer is the
Link_layer
Type of artificial neural network
biological neural networks. In 1958, Frank Rosenblatt proposed the multilayered perceptron model, consisting of an input layer, a hidden layer with randomized
Feedforward_neural_network
Layer for end-to-end network communication
In computer networking, the transport layer is an abstraction layer in a network protocol stack that provides communication services between applications
Transport_layer
Network switch providing functionality above the data link layer
a computer networking device that switches on OSI layer 2 like an ordinary network switch and provides extra functions on higher OSI layers. The MLS was
Multilayer_switch
OSI model layer for node-to-node data transfer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers
Data_link_layer
System for exchanging messages between computing systems
communication protocols, an early example of the protocol layering concept. The CYCLADES network, designed by Louis Pouzin in the early 1970s, was the first
Communication_protocol
Data link layer communication protocol
In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer (layer 2) communication protocol between two routers directly without any host
Point-to-Point_Protocol
Cryptographic protocols for securing data in transit
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide secured communications over a computer network, such as the Internet. The
Transport_Layer_Security
OSI layers. Telephone network modems IrDA physical layer USB physical layer EIA RS-232, EIA-422, EIA-423, RS-449, RS-485 Ethernet physical layer 10BASE-T
List of network protocols (OSI model)
List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)
Application running at the network layer and above
In computer networking, a network service is an application running at the network layer and above, that provides data storage, manipulation, presentation
Network_service
Software or hardware-based network security system
and virtual private networking. As of 2012, the next-generation firewall provides a wider range of inspection at the application layer, extending deep packet
Firewall_(computing)
Low-power wireless mesh networking protocol for the Internet of things
are not natively IP-based. Thread defines only the networking layers and specifies no application layer of its own, leaving that role to standards such as
Thread_(network_protocol)
OSI model layer for data translation
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the presentation layer is layer 6 and serves as the data translator for the network. It is sometimes
Presentation_layer
Class of artificial neural networks
neural networks), gated update rules and jumping knowledge can mitigate oversmoothing. Modifying the final layer to be a fully-adjacent layer, i.e., by
Graph_neural_network
Computer network built on top of another network
An overlay network is a logical computer network that is layered on top of a physical network. The concept of overlay networking is distinct from the
Overlay_network
Networking hardware that forwards packets based on hardware address
switches are commonly known as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches. Switches for Ethernet are the most common form of network switch. The first MAC Bridge
Network_switch
Computer networking protocol
In computer networking, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is a tunneling protocol used to support virtual private networks (VPNs) or as part of the delivery
Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol
Way to traverse IP address spaces without routing
Transport Layer header) on the returned packet can be unambiguously mapped to the corresponding private network destination. RFC 2663 uses the term network address
Network_address_translation
Computational model used in machine learning
intermediate layers (hidden layers). A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least two hidden layers. Deep neural networks are capable
Neural network (machine learning)
Neural_network_(machine_learning)
Formatted unit of data carried by a packet-switched network
seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, packet strictly refers to a protocol data unit at layer 3, the network layer. A data unit at layer 2, the
Network_packet
Fourth version of the Internet Protocol
protocol layer during transmission across the public network. Additionally, encapsulated packets may be encrypted for transmission across public networks to
IPv4
Associates addresses in the layers of a networked device implementation
address. ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies, such as IPv4, Chaosnet, DECnet and Xerox PARC Universal
Address_Resolution_Protocol
OSI model layer for communication sessions
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the session layer is layer 5. The session layer provides the mechanism for opening, closing and managing
Session_layer
Format defined in the H.264/AVC and HEVC video coding standards
Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) is a part of the H.264/AVC and HEVC video coding standards. The main goal of the NAL is the provision of a "network-friendly"
Network_Abstraction_Layer
Group of internetworking methods in the TCP/IP suite
internet layer is a group of internetworking methods, protocols, and specifications in the Internet protocol suite that are used to transport network packets
Internet_layer
Type of feedforward neural network
convolutional neural network consists of an input layer, hidden layers and an output layer. In a convolutional neural network, the hidden layers include one or
Convolutional_neural_network
Communication protocol property
delivered in order. Although the lower-layer switching is connectionless, or it may be a data link layer or network layer switching mode, where all data packets
Connection-oriented communication
Connection-oriented_communication
Low-power, low-bandwidth wireless mesh network
to join a network, and discovering and securing devices. The Zigbee network layer natively supports star and tree, and generic mesh networking topologies
Zigbee
Layer in the OSI model
Layer 8 is a term used to refer to user or political layer on top of the 7-layer OSI model of computer networking. The OSI model is a 7-layer abstract
Layer_8
Size of largest allowed packet on a network segment
communications protocols and network layers. The MTU is specified in terms of bytes or octets of the largest PDU that the layer can pass onwards. MTU parameters
Maximum_transmission_unit
Comprehensive computer networking implementation
[protocol stack is a] set of network protocol layers that work together. The OSI Reference Model that defines seven protocol layers is often called a stack
Protocol_stack
Service layer in IEEE 802 network standards
control are invisible to the LLC and upper layers of the network stack. Thus, any LLC sublayer (and higher layers) may be used with any MAC. In turn, the
Medium_access_control
Information exchange standards
data between systems in a network, using network-layer addresses of machines to keep track of destinations and sources. This layer uses routers and switches
OSI_protocols
Design of a communications network
of layered network architecture. Abstraction layers are used to subdivide a communications system further into smaller manageable parts. A layer is a
Network_architecture
Standard for computer networking over a cable television system
options available at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layers 1 and 2—the physical and data link layers. Channel width: Downstream: All versions of DOCSIS
DOCSIS
Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other
lower three layers of the OSI model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer. A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting
Computer_network
Computer network that connects devices over a limited area
medium. Network topology describes the layout of interconnections between devices and network segments. At the data link layer and physical layer, a wide
Local_area_network
Neural network technology
artificial neural networks, a convolutional layer is a type of network layer that applies a convolution operation to the input. Convolutional layers are some of
Convolutional_layer
Architectural motif in neural networks for aggregating information
In neural networks, a pooling layer is a kind of network layer that downsamples and aggregates information that is dispersed among many vectors into fewer
Pooling_layer
Sublayer of the Open Systems Interconnection model
of computer networking, the logical link control (LLC) data communication protocol layer is the upper sublayer of the data link layer (layer 2) of the seven-layer
Logical_link_control
Internet protocol used for error messages in network operations
be sent. ICMP is a network-layer protocol; this makes it a layer 3 protocol in the seven-layer OSI model. Based on the four-layer TCP/IP model, ICMP is
Internet Control Message Protocol
Internet_Control_Message_Protocol
Dynamic table that maps network addresses to ports
and what label to use when sending the packet out that interface. Network layer addresses, such as IP addresses, are used on different types of media
Forwarding_information_base
Communication protocol that allows connections between networks
Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing
Internet_Protocol
Secure network protocol suite
widespread use operate above the network layer, such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) that operates above the transport layer and Secure Shell (SSH) that
IPsec
Network communications domain that is isolated at the data link layer
area network (VLAN) is a local area network broadcast domain that is partitioned and isolated in a virtual network at the data link layer (OSI layer 2)
VLAN
IEEE standard for low-rate wireless personal area networks
the operation of a low-rate wireless personal area network (LR-WPAN). It specifies the physical layer and media access control for LR-WPANs, and is maintained
IEEE_802.15.4
Unit of information transmitted over a computer network
peer entities of a computer network. It is composed of protocol-specific control information and user data. In the layered architectures of communication
Protocol_data_unit
Spacecraft communications network
communication model to the network and transport layers of the OSI model. SpaceWire supports highly fault-tolerant networks and systems, which is one reason
SpaceWire
Network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage
fabric layer consists of SAN networking devices that include SAN switches, routers, protocol bridges, gateway devices, and cables. SAN network devices
Storage_area_network
Standard protocol suite for packet switched wide area network (WAN) communication
functionality not found in the OSI network layer. An X.25 WAN consists of packet-switching exchange (PSE) nodes as the networking hardware, and leased lines,
X.25
ETSI standard for cordless telephony
full data rate is 32 kbit/s, available in both directions. The DECT network layer always contains the following protocol entities: Call Control (CC) Mobility
DECT
Type of artificial neural network
A residual neural network (also referred to as a residual network or ResNet) is a deep learning architecture in which the layers learn residual functions
Residual_neural_network
HTTP extension supporting TLS encryption
over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or
HTTPS
Version 6 of the Internet Protocol
an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks, closely adhering
IPv6
Database of topography
OS MasterMap". MapServe. OS MasterMap Topography Layer OS MasterMap Integrated Transport Network Layer Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine Article
OS_MasterMap
Application-level throughput of a network
layer, network layer and sometimes data link layer protocol overhead is included in the throughput, but is excluded from the goodput. Transport layer
Goodput
International car standard
of 4095 bytes. In the OSI model, ISO-TP covers the layer 3 (network layer) and 4 (transport layer). The most common application for ISO-TP is the transfer
ISO_15765-2
Computer communications protocol
not normally provided by the network. Typically, the delivery protocol operates at an equal or higher level in the layered model than the payload protocol
Tunneling_protocol
Networking protocol
(IPv4, IPv6, MPEG, ATM, Ethernet, 802.1pQ VLANs, etc.) Transparency to network layer functions, including IP encryption and IP header compression. Support
Generic_Stream_Encapsulation
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
generating output text. Each encoder layer contains 2 sublayers: the self-attention and the feedforward network. Each decoder layer contains 3 sublayers: the causally
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Amateur radio data communications protocol
is used extensively on amateur packet radio networks. AX.25 v2.0 is responsible for establishing link layer connections, transferring data encapsulated
AX.25
Form of amateur radio data communications using the AX25 protocol
electronic mail), several network layer protocols have been developed for use with AX.25. Most prominent among these network layer protocols are NET/ROM &
Packet_radio
Computer mesh networking standard
has a layered architecture, with multiple layers as below. Nodes that support the various features can be formed into a particular mesh network topology
Bluetooth_mesh_networking
Extension of a private network across a public one
cascading additional switches. Network bridges are analogous to a two-port switch. Bridges and switches operate at the data link layer of the OSI model and bridge
Virtual_private_network
Computer network not fully connected by cables
telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the
Wireless_network
Network layer protocol in X.25
Packet Layer Protocol or PLP operates on the network layer of the OSI model for the X.25 protocol suite. It is responsible for addressing, routing, and
Packet_Layer_Protocol
Decentralized type of wireless network
routable networking environment on top of a link layer ad hoc network. The earliest wireless data network was called PRNET, the packet radio network, and
Wireless_ad_hoc_network
OSI network layer datagram service
Connectionless-mode Network Service (CLNS) or simply Connectionless Network Service is an OSI network layer datagram service that does not require a circuit
Connectionless-mode Network Service
Connectionless-mode_Network_Service
Suite of technologies
center. Application delivery networks are also offered by some CDN vendors. The ADC, one component of an ADN, evolved from layer 4-7 switches in the late
Application_delivery_network
Network routing scheme based on labels identifying paths
packet-switched networks. MPLS operates at a layer between traditional definitions of OSI Layer 2 (data link layer) and Layer 3 (network layer), and is often
Multiprotocol_Label_Switching
Device that creates a larger computer network from two smaller networks
connects two separate networks as if they were a single network. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the data link layer (layer 2). If one or more
Network_bridge
Free and open source project building an anonymous network
The Invisible Internet Project (I2P) is an anonymous network layer (implemented as a mix network) that allows for censorship-resistant, peer-to-peer communication
I2P
IEEE standard
metropolitan networks. LLC is a software component that provides a uniform interface to the user of the data link service, usually the network layer. LLC may
IEEE_802.2
Cellular network standard
protocol is used in UMTS, LTE and 5G on the Air interface. It is a layer 3 (Network Layer) protocol used between UE and Base Station. This protocol is specified
Radio_Resource_Control
Standard for vehicle-to-grid communications
generation network layer and application layer requirements (being amended) ISO 15118-21: Common 2nd generation network layer and application layer requirements
ISO_15118
Protocol in the Internet protocol suite used with IPv6
operates at the internet layer of the Internet model, and is responsible for gathering various information required for network communication, including
Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol
Network protocol
define the communication between layers (like Network, Transport, Session, and the other layers of the seven-layer model), that is to identify which
Subnetwork_Access_Protocol
Communications protocol
WireGuard E. Rescorla; N. Modadugu (April 2006). Datagram Transport Layer Security. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC4347. RFC 4347. Obsolete. Obsoleted
Datagram Transport Layer Security
Datagram_Transport_Layer_Security
Branch of computer security
Sockets Layer (SSL), succeeded by Transport Layer Security (TLS) for web traffic, Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) for email, and IPsec for network layer security
Internet_security
Computer network management and monitoring protocol
Force (IETF). It consists of a set of standards for network management, including an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects
Simple Network Management Protocol
Simple_Network_Management_Protocol
Suite of computer network protocols developed by Xerox
XNS is its definition of the Internal Transport layer (layer 1), which corresponds to OSI's Network layer, and it is here that the primary internetworking
Xerox_Network_Systems
Computer network routing protocol
support the routing of datagrams in the Internet Protocol (IP), the network-layer protocol of the global Internet. This extension is known as Integrated
IS-IS
Protocol for establishing multicast group memberships on IPv4 networks
through IGMP to receive them. IGMP operates on the network layer (layer 3), just the same as other network management protocols like ICMP. IGMP is implemented
Internet Group Management Protocol
Internet_Group_Management_Protocol
Cisco tunneling protocol
wide variety of network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links or point-to-multipoint links over an Internet Protocol network. In conjunction
Generic_routing_encapsulation
Obsolete ARPANET network protocol
The Network Control Protocol (NCP) was a communication protocol for a computer network in the 1970s and early 1980s. It provided the transport layer of
Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)
Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)
Communication protocol design method
Encapsulation is the computer-networking process of concatenating layer-specific headers or trailers with a service data unit (i.e. a payload) for transmitting
Encapsulation_(networking)
Digital telecommunications protocol for voice, video, and data
The ATM network reference model approximately maps to the three lowest layers of the OSI model: physical layer, data link layer, and network layer. ATM is
Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode
Kernelvirtual network devices
packets at different layers of the network stack. TUN, namely network TUNnel, simulates a network layer device and operates in layer 3 carrying IP packets
TUN/TAP
IEEE standards for local and metropolitan area networks
IEEE 802 map to the lower two layers (data link and physical) of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model. IEEE 802 divides
IEEE_802
Means of addressing all devices on a network with a single transmission
device. For network layer communications, a broadcast address may be a specific IP address. At the data link layer on Ethernet networks, it is a specific
Broadcast_address
Type of computer security exploit
external domains or IP addresses, network segregation is recommended to block unauthorized traffic at the network layer. Capital One (2019) A SSRF exploit
Server-side_request_forgery
Type of feedforward neural network
modern feedforward neural network consisting of fully connected neurons with nonlinear activation functions, organized in layers, notable for being able
Multilayer_perceptron
Optimization algorithm for artificial neural networks
the network weights for a single input–output example. It does this by propagating derivatives backward, one layer at a time, from the output layer to
Backpropagation
Protocol used by network devices for advertising their identity
The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a link-layer protocol used by network devices for advertising their identity, capabilities, and neighbors on
Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol
Network protocol
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) is the network-layer protocol in the IPX/SPX protocol suite. IPX is derived from Xerox Network Systems' IDP. It also has the ability
Internetwork_Packet_Exchange
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