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Exposure of objects or people to radiation
blood.[citation needed] Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to lack of public acceptance. Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging
Irradiation
Food sterilization method
require that the specific food be thoroughly tested for irradiation safety. Food irradiation is permitted in over 60 countries, and about 500,000 metric
Food_irradiation
Topics referred to by the same term
sterilization Food irradiation Gamma knife, used in radiosurgery This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gamma irradiation. If an internal
Gamma_irradiation
Process to remove contaminants from cannabis
Cannabis irradiation is a process used in the cannabis industry to remove or inactivate microbial contaminants (mold, fungus, etc.) from cannabis meant
Cannabis_irradiation
Form of radiotherapy
Total body irradiation (TBI) is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow)
Total_body_irradiation
Look up irradiation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The irradiation illusion is an illusion of visual perception in which a light area of the visual
Irradiation_illusion
Process to enhance a gemstone's optical properties
residual radioactivity in the irradiated gemstones have led to government regulations in many countries. The term irradiation broadly refers to the exposure
Gemstone_irradiation
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation
the total irradiation. While solar photovoltaics panels are able to convert to electricity both direct irradiation and diffuse irradiation, concentrated
Solar_irradiance
Alternative medical procedure
claimed that ultraviolet irradiation of blood kills bacteria by DNA damage and also activation of the immune system. Blood irradiation therapy is highly controversial
Blood_irradiation_therapy
Form of electromagnetic radiation
detectors that are sensitive to UV in any part of the spectrum respond to irradiation by sunlight and artificial light. A burning hydrogen flame, for instance
Ultraviolet
Hypothetical salted nuclear bomb
2013, resulting in catastrophic levels of radiation, and easily the most irradiated area visited in the three Metro games. While the city is left largely
Cobalt_bomb
Disinfection method using ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection technique employing ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UV-C (180–280 nm), to kill or inactivate
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation
Mail exposed to radiation for disinfection
stamps and covers that had been ruined by irradiation. Although at one time the USPS expected to irradiate all mail, it later scaled back to just treating
United States Postal Service irradiated mail
United_States_Postal_Service_irradiated_mail
Therapy using ionizing radiation, usually to treat cancer
and stage, as well as the general health of the patient. Total body irradiation (TBI) is a radiation therapy technique used to prepare the body to receive
Radiation_therapy
Atom displaced from its lattice site by an incident particle
Most of the displaced atoms resulting from electron irradiation and some other types of irradiation are PKAs, since these are usually below the threshold
PKA_(irradiation)
Light emitted by the Sun
assume the solar radiation power P as a constant over time and the solar irradiation given by the inverse-square law, we obtain also the average insolation
Sunlight
to irradiation and show symptoms of phytotoxicity at low irradiation levels. Sensitivity to irradiation depends on many factors, such as irradiation dose
Phytosanitary_irradiation
Process of making diamonds more attractive
fracture filling to make small internal cracks less visible, color irradiation and annealing treatments to make yellow and brown diamonds a vibrant
Diamond_enhancement
Empirical relationship between actual and perceived changed intensity of stimulus
arm Warmth 1.3 Irradiation of skin, small area Warmth 0.7 Irradiation of skin, large area Discomfort, cold 1.7 Whole-body irradiation Discomfort, warm
Stevens's_power_law
Medical intervention
irradiation". Cancer Treat Rep. 65 (9–10): 811–4. PMID 6268295. Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. (1999). "Prophylactic cranial irradiation for
Prophylactic cranial irradiation
Prophylactic_cranial_irradiation
Material changes caused by high neutron flux
Neutron irradiation damage refers to material changes caused by high neutron flux, typically in a nuclear reactor after many years. Graphite may shrink
Neutron_irradiation_damage
Symbol for irradiated food items
the Radura are often intertwined with common misconceptions of irradiation. Irradiation of food has not been widely adopted in the state of New York due
Radura
Use of high-energy electrons to treat an object
material. The effects of irradiation may also include changes in crystallinity, as well as microstructure. Usually, the irradiation process degrades the polymer
Electron-beam_processing
Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation
significantly reduce this problem (see International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility). For example, chromium-51 will form by neutron activation in
Neutron_activation
Study of used nuclear materials
Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination
Post_Irradiation_Examination
Matli, Emanuele; Moll, Michael (2015). "A New High-Intensity Proton Irradiation Facility at the CERN PS East Area". Proceedings of Technology and Instrumentation
Irradiation_Facility_(CERN)
Method of problem-solving
Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem-solving characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the practitioner
Trial_and_error
Inhibition of microbial growth in food
radioactive. Activists have also opposed food irradiation for other reasons, for example, arguing that irradiation can be used to sterilize contaminated food
Food_preservation
Most common color variety of natural diamonds
brown stones. There are several causes for the brown color, including irradiation treatment, nickel impurities and lattice defects associated with plastic
Brown_diamond
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
were synthesized up to 1955, either through neutron or alpha-particle irradiation, or in nuclear explosions in the cases of 99 (einsteinium) and 100 (fermium)
Periodic_table
Medical condition
platinum-based combination chemotherapy, thoracic irradiation, and prophylactic cranial irradiation. Patient five-year survival rate has significantly
Limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma
Limited-stage_small_cell_lung_carcinoma
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
radiation is often used to kill living organisms, in a process called irradiation. Applications of this include the sterilization of medical equipment
Gamma_ray
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
neutron sources available, would take several months to produce neutron irradiation equivalent to one day in B Reactor. This was the starting point for large-scale
Nuclear_graphite
Fictional monster, or kaiju
dinosaurian creature, known only by the people of Odo Island, who was irradiated by nuclear bomb testings during Operation Crossroads in 1946, causing
Godzilla_(Takashi_Yamazaki)
Equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation
thermodynamic sense, irradiation of trans-stilbene results in a mixture that is predominantly the cis isomer. As an extreme example, irradiation of benzene at
Photostationary_state
Use of ions to cause chemical changes
characterisation of noble-metal nano-crystals formed in sapphire by ion irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing". Applied Surface Science. 259: 574–581
Ion_implantation
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
the body easily, so whole-body irradiation generally causes ARS before skin effects are evident. Local gamma irradiation can cause skin effects without
Acute_radiation_syndrome
Nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor
hands) will become a highly lethal gamma emitter after 1–2 years of core irradiation, unsafe to approach unless under many feet of water shielding. This makes
Spent_nuclear_fuel
Treatment using irradiation with light of low power intensity
biostimulation, laser phototherapy, low-level laser therapy, low-power laser irradiation, low-power laser therapy, and photobiomodulation therapy. The term photobiomodulation
Low-level_laser_therapy
Process that eliminates all biological agents on an object or in a volume
poorer penetration. Sterilization by irradiation with gamma rays may however affect material properties. Irradiation is used by the United States Postal
Sterilization_(microbiology)
Simultaneous absorption of two photons by a molecule
(1981). "Formation of free radicals in water under high-power laser UV irradiation". Chemical Physics Letters. 77 (1): 208–210. Bibcode:1981CPL....77..208N
Two-photon_absorption
Continent
renewable source, while solar energy offers immense potential due to high irradiation levels, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel. There are regional differences:
Africa
Hardening and dislocation pinning due to nanometer features created by irradiation Generation of lattice defects in collision cascades via the high-energy
Neutron_embrittlement
Vitamin D2, a chemical compound
could not be detected. Vitamin D levels correlate positively with UV irradiation. Plantae Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), shoot: 4.8 μg (192
Ergocalciferol
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
From 1997 to 2002, a series of published papers suggested that the self-irradiation of the lava would convert all 1200 tonnes into a submicrometre and mobile
Chernobyl_disaster
Method used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials
suitable irradiation facility and bombarded with neutrons. This creates artificial radioisotopes of the elements present. Following irradiation, the artificial
Neutron_activation_analysis
Radio station in Esperanza Base, Graham Land, Argentina
LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel (also known as Radio San Gabriel and Radio Arcángel San Gabriel), is an Argentine radio station that transmits
LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel
LRA36_Radio_Nacional_Arcángel_San_Gabriel
1945 attacks in Japan during WWII
October 2021. Streffer, Christian (2007). "Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation". Ciba Foundation Symposium 203 – Health Impacts of Large Releases of
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
around its culet. This was a common side effect seen in early irradiated diamonds, but irradiation techniques have been improved so that it no longer occurs
Deepdene_(diamond)
Type of radiation therapy
whole breast irradiation (WBI) using EBRT. More recently, brachytherapy alone is used to deliver APBI (accelerated partial breast irradiation), involving
Brachytherapy
2020 film
Irradiated (French: Irradiés) is a 2020 Cambodian documentary film directed by Rithy Panh. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition
Irradiated_(film)
Class of molecules formed by ultraviolet irradiation of organic compounds
variety of organic compounds formed by solar ultraviolet or cosmic ray irradiation of simple carbon-containing compounds such as carbon dioxide (CO 2),
Tholin
American physicist (1921–1945)
produced the atomic bombs that were used in World War II. He accidentally irradiated himself on August 21, 1945, during a critical mass experiment at the remote
Harry_Daghlian
Type of molecule
that can change its structural geometry and chemical properties upon irradiation with electromagnetic radiation. Although often used interchangeably with
Photoswitch
Research and training centre in the Netherlands
1996). Food Irradiation: A Reference Guide. Woodhead Publishing. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-85573-359-6. Amit Kumar (2 April 2008). "Food Irradiation and Development
International Facility for Food Irradiation Technology
International_Facility_for_Food_Irradiation_Technology
Star at the centre of the Solar System
observed. The oblateness value remains constant independent of solar irradiation changes. The tidal effect of the planets is weak and does not significantly
Sun
Research nuclear reactor in Portland, Oregon, US
during irradiation to ensure each sample receives the same neutron flux. Typically, the rotating rack is used by researchers when longer irradiation times
Reed_Research_Reactor
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
In the case of uniform irradiation of the human body, these summate to 1, but in the case of partial or non-uniform irradiation, they will summate to a
Sievert
Food scientist (1947–1994)
D., Stevenson, M. H., & Stewart, E. M. (1998a). Effect of irradiation dose and irradiation temperature on the thiamin content of raw and cooked chicken
Hilary_Stevenson
Trails created by swift heavy ions penetrating through solids
ratio. Repeated irradiation and processing: A two-step irradiation and etching process used to create perforated wells. Arbitrary irradiation angles enforce
Ion_track
Production of rare lustrous high-conductivity elements
The synthesis of precious metals involves the use of either nuclear reactors or particle accelerators to produce these elements. Ruthenium and rhodium
Synthesis_of_precious_metals
Materials testing facility
The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility, also known as IFMIF, is a projected material testing facility in which candidate materials for
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
International_Fusion_Materials_Irradiation_Facility
Preparing food using heat
in Europe (1st ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 3–5. "The History of Food Irradiation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2013. Retrieved
Cooking
Ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons
irradiation-induced growth, a phenomenon distinct from swelling, but that can also produce significant dimensional changes in an alloy. Irradiation of
Neutron_radiation
American elm cultivar
Ulmus americana 'L'Assomption' was selected from seedlings grown from X-irradiated seed at the eponymous experimental station in Quebec before 1965. 'L'Assomption'
Ulmus americana 'L'Assomption'
Ulmus_americana_'L'Assomption'
SI derived unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation
materials for processes such as radiation hardening, food irradiation and electron irradiation. Measuring and controlling the value of absorbed dose is
Gray_(unit)
Nuclear research reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
irradiation. Uses for the RB* facilities have included production of radioisotopes; high-temperature gas-cooled reactor irradiations; and irradiation
High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor
Effects of ionizing radiation
predictable consistency. Thermal creep in irradiated materials is negligible, by comparison to the irradiation creep, which can exceed 10−6sec−1. The mechanism
Radiation_damage
Mineral, quartz variety
electron-beam irradiation of clear quartz (rock crystal), which has been first doped with ferric impurities. Exposure to heat partially cancels the irradiation effects
Amethyst
Form of mutation breeding in plants
it is a gamma garden – produced by cobalt-60. The practice of plant irradiation has resulted in the development of more than 2,000 new varieties of plants
Atomic_gardening
Chemical element with atomic number 97 (Bk)
induced by the irradiation yielded the 243Bk isotope and two free neutrons: 241 95Am + 4 2He → 243 97Bk + 2 1 0n After the irradiation, the coating was
Berkelium
Largest type of black hole
around 100,000 M☉. Large, high-redshift clouds of metal-free gas, when irradiated by a sufficiently intense flux of Lyman–Werner photons, can avoid cooling
Supermassive_black_hole
Nuclear operations in supplying fuel to French nuclear reactors
managing irradiated fuel. These operations include ore extraction, uranium concentration, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, irradiation in reactors
Nuclear_fuel_cycle_in_France
End of the human species
population decline due to singular natural events—for example, space irradiation, asteroid impact, or large-scale volcanism—or via anthropogenic destruction
Human_extinction
Nuclear power plant component
reactor is unique in that the pressure vessel suffers significant neutron irradiation (called fluence) during operation, and may become brittle over time as
Reactor_pressure_vessel
Mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase
multiple collisions at low collision energy. Sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) is a CID technique used in
Collision-induced dissociation
Collision-induced_dissociation
Country in South America
and 375 MW in biomass. As the Atacama Desert has the highest solar irradiation in the world, and Chile has always had problems obtaining oil, gas and
Chile
Electromagnetic radiation from a charged particle in a medium
1155/2011/641618. PMC 3124671. PMID 21747821. Sinoff, C. L (1991). "Radical irradiation for carcinoma of the prostate". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse
Cherenkov_radiation
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
very poor irradiation stability. Its poor physical, chemical, and irradiation properties limit its use in reactors. To improve its irradiation characteristics
Nuclear_fuel
Imperfections in the crystal structure of diamonds and their effects
through irradiation with high-energy particles, such as alpha (helium), beta (electrons) or gamma particles, protons, neutrons, ions, etc. The irradiation can
Crystallographic defects in diamond
Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond
Quartz variety
by heat-treating amethysts from certain locations to 400-500 °C, or irradiating yellow-tinged quartzes. Most amethyst will turn yellow or orange when
Prasiolite
Marvel Comics superhero
who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and the Abomination, another gamma-irradiated being. Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Tales to Astonish
Hulk
American biologist (1890–1967)
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation". Muller warned of long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear
Hermann_Joseph_Muller
Red blood cells separated for blood transfusion
may be issued irradiated blood components, including irradiated red blood cells. X-ray or gamma sources are usually used for irradiation. When blood components
Packed_red_blood_cells
The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Radiation Science & Engineering Center (RSEC) houses the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor (BNR). This reactor is the oldest
Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science & Engineering Center
Pennsylvania_State_University_Radiation_Science_&_Engineering_Center
Medical diagnostic method
utilizing parallel beam irradiation optical system will also be explained. Configuration and motions of parallel beam irradiation optical system, referring
Operation of computed tomography
Operation_of_computed_tomography
Laboratory in Lowell, Massachusetts
shipments have been made and the reactor is in operation with LEU. Neutron irradiation facilities at the UMLRR include: 1x 8-inch beam port, 2x 6-inch beam
University of Massachusetts Lowell Radiation Laboratory
University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_Radiation_Laboratory
Medical procedure
additional photon radiation therapy to tissues that have already been irradiated. Re-irradiation is a potentially curative treatment option for patients with locally
Proton_therapy
Science of applying microwave radiation to chemical reactions
visualise thermal inhomogeneities within solid phases under microwave irradiation. Microscopic hot spots are non-isothermal regions that exist at the micro-
Microwave_chemistry
radiobiological phenomenon. There is evidence that targeted cytoplasmic irradiation results in mutation in the nucleus of the hit cells. Cells that are not
Bystander effect (radiobiology)
Bystander_effect_(radiobiology)
Inflammation of the mouth and lips
Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without
Stomatitis
Building on the Oregon State University campus in Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.
cadmium lining, resulting in unfiltered neutron irradiation. The Cadmium-Lined Outer-Core Irradiation Tube (or CLOCIT) is identical in construction to
Oregon State University Radiation Center
Oregon_State_University_Radiation_Center
Undesirable presence of radioactive substances
of health risk is dependent on duration and the type and strength of irradiation. Penetrating radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons or beta particles
Radioactive_contamination
Pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1213 BC
infection, although this cannot be determined with certainty". After being irradiated in an attempt to eliminate fungi and insects, the mummy was returned from
Ramesses_II
Chemical compound
isolate Hg(OH)2 yield yellow solid HgO. The solid has been produced by irradiating a frozen mixture of mercury, oxygen and hydrogen. The mixture had been
Mercury(II)_hydroxide
Solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
Globally however, despite a several-month 5% drop in overall solar irradiation, and a reduction in direct sunlight by 30%, there was no negative impact
Diffuse_sky_radiation
Pakistani food irradiation research institute
جوہری ادارہ برائے زراعت و حیاتیات) is a Pakistani agriculture and food irradiation national research institute managed by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
Nuclear_Institute_for_Agriculture_and_Biology
Point defect in diamonds
literature) by irradiation followed by annealing at temperatures above 700 °C. A wide range of high-energy particles is suitable for such irradiation, including
Nitrogen-vacancy_center
Photochromic organic chemical compound
polymethine chain, and it is classified as a merocyanine (Figure 2). Once the irradiation has stopped, the merocyanine in solution starts to discolour and to revert
Spiropyran
Optical data storage device
change in fluorescence characteristics once irradiated with one or two lasers. The target is irradiated with a pulse of laser(s) then a CCD or photodiode
Hyper_CD-ROM
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