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Exposure of objects or people to radiation
blood.[citation needed] Food irradiation, while effective, is seldom used due to lack of public acceptance. Irradiation is used in diagnostic imaging
Irradiation
Food sterilization method
require that the specific food be thoroughly tested for irradiation safety. Food irradiation is permitted in over 60 countries, and about 500,000 metric
Food_irradiation
Process to remove contaminants from cannabis
Cannabis irradiation is a process used in the cannabis industry to remove or inactivate microbial contaminants (mold, fungus, etc.) from cannabis meant
Cannabis_irradiation
Topics referred to by the same term
sterilization Food irradiation Gamma knife, used in radiosurgery This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gamma irradiation. If an internal
Gamma_irradiation
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation
the total irradiation. While solar photovoltaics panels are able to convert to electricity both direct irradiation and diffuse irradiation, concentrated
Solar_irradiance
Process to enhance a gemstone's optical properties
residual radioactivity in the irradiated gemstones have led to government regulations in many countries. The term irradiation broadly refers to the exposure
Gemstone_irradiation
Form of radiotherapy
Total body irradiation (TBI) is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow)
Total_body_irradiation
Alternative medical procedure
claimed that ultraviolet irradiation of blood kills bacteria by DNA damage and also activation of the immune system. Blood irradiation therapy is highly controversial
Blood_irradiation_therapy
Atom displaced from its lattice site by an incident particle
Most of the displaced atoms resulting from electron irradiation and some other types of irradiation are PKAs, since these are usually below the threshold
PKA_(irradiation)
Look up irradiation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The irradiation illusion is an illusion of visual perception in which a light area of the visual
Irradiation_illusion
Form of electromagnetic radiation
detectors that are sensitive to UV in any part of the spectrum respond to irradiation by sunlight and artificial light. A burning hydrogen flame, for instance
Ultraviolet
Disinfection method using ultraviolet light
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is a disinfection technique employing ultraviolet (UV) light, particularly UV-C (180–280 nm), to kill or inactivate
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation
Hypothetical salted nuclear bomb
2013, resulting in catastrophic levels of radiation, and easily the most irradiated area visited in the three Metro games. While the city is left largely
Cobalt_bomb
Light emitted by the Sun
assume the solar radiation power P as a constant over time and the solar irradiation given by the inverse-square law, we obtain also the average insolation
Sunlight
to irradiation and show symptoms of phytotoxicity at low irradiation levels. Sensitivity to irradiation depends on many factors, such as irradiation dose
Phytosanitary_irradiation
Matli, Emanuele; Moll, Michael (2015). "A New High-Intensity Proton Irradiation Facility at the CERN PS East Area". Proceedings of Technology and Instrumentation
Irradiation_Facility_(CERN)
Mail exposed to radiation for disinfection
stamps and covers that had been ruined by irradiation. Although at one time the USPS expected to irradiate all mail, it later scaled back to just treating
United States Postal Service irradiated mail
United_States_Postal_Service_irradiated_mail
Process of making diamonds more attractive
fracture filling to make small internal cracks less visible, color irradiation and annealing treatments to make yellow and brown diamonds a vibrant
Diamond_enhancement
Medical intervention
irradiation". Cancer Treat Rep. 65 (9–10): 811–4. PMID 6268295. Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. (1999). "Prophylactic cranial irradiation for
Prophylactic cranial irradiation
Prophylactic_cranial_irradiation
Graphite used as a reflector or moderator within a nuclear reactor
neutron sources available, would take several months to produce neutron irradiation equivalent to one day in B Reactor. This was the starting point for large-scale
Nuclear_graphite
Use of high-energy electrons to treat an object
material. The effects of irradiation may also include changes in crystallinity, as well as microstructure. Usually, the irradiation process degrades the polymer
Electron-beam_processing
Induction of radioactivity by neutron radiation
significantly reduce this problem (see International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility). For example, chromium-51 will form by neutron activation in
Neutron_activation
Material changes caused by high neutron flux
Neutron irradiation damage refers to material changes caused by high neutron flux, typically in a nuclear reactor after many years. Graphite may shrink
Neutron_irradiation_damage
Most common color variety of natural diamonds
brown stones. There are several causes for the brown color, including irradiation treatment, nickel impurities and lattice defects associated with plastic
Brown_diamond
Medical condition
platinum-based combination chemotherapy, thoracic irradiation, and prophylactic cranial irradiation. Patient five-year survival rate has significantly
Limited-stage small cell lung carcinoma
Limited-stage_small_cell_lung_carcinoma
Therapy using ionizing radiation, usually to treat cancer
and stage, as well as the general health of the patient. Total body irradiation (TBI) is a radiation therapy technique used to prepare the body to receive
Radiation_therapy
Inhibition of microbial growth in food
radioactive. Activists have also opposed food irradiation for other reasons, for example, arguing that irradiation can be used to sterilize contaminated food
Food_preservation
Continent
renewable source, while solar energy offers immense potential due to high irradiation levels, particularly in the Sahara and Sahel. There are regional differences:
Africa
by Todd Phelps / HulkKing to steal a sample of Jennifer Walters' gamma-irradiated blood, though she fights them off. As of 2026,[update] the group has appeared
Teams and organizations of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Teams_and_organizations_of_the_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe
1984–1985 Marvel Comics limited series
desert-like wasteland infested with an assortment of Hulks and other gamma-irradiated creatures. Greenland was formerly ruled by the despot baron Red King before
Secret_Wars
Process that eliminates all biological agents on an object or in a volume
poorer penetration. Sterilization by irradiation with gamma rays may however affect material properties. Irradiation is used by the United States Postal
Sterilization_(microbiology)
Spanish autonomous city in northwestern Africa
in the early 20th century, the new architectural style of modernismo (irradiated from Barcelona and associated to the bourgeois class) was imported to
Melilla
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
were synthesized up to 1955, either through neutron or alpha-particle irradiation, or in nuclear explosions in the cases of 99 (einsteinium) and 100 (fermium)
Periodic_table
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
the body easily, so whole-body irradiation generally causes ARS before skin effects are evident. Local gamma irradiation can cause skin effects without
Acute_radiation_syndrome
Simultaneous absorption of two photons by a molecule
(1981). "Formation of free radicals in water under high-power laser UV irradiation". Chemical Physics Letters. 77 (1): 208–210. Bibcode:1981CPL....77..208N
Two-photon_absorption
Penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation
radiation is often used to kill living organisms, in a process called irradiation. Applications of this include the sterilization of medical equipment
Gamma_ray
Equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation
thermodynamic sense, irradiation of trans-stilbene results in a mixture that is predominantly the cis isomer. As an extreme example, irradiation of benzene at
Photostationary_state
Mineral, quartz variety
electron-beam irradiation of clear quartz (rock crystal), which has been first doped with ferric impurities. Exposure to heat partially cancels the irradiation effects
Amethyst
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
From 1997 to 2002, a series of published papers suggested that the self-irradiation of the lava would convert all 1200 tonnes into a submicrometre and mobile
Chernobyl_disaster
Method used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials
suitable irradiation facility and bombarded with neutrons. This creates artificial radioisotopes of the elements present. Following irradiation, the artificial
Neutron_activation_analysis
Fictional monster, or kaiju
dinosaurian creature, known only by the people of Odo Island, who was irradiated by nuclear bomb testings during Operation Crossroads in 1946, causing
Godzilla_(Takashi_Yamazaki)
version is Emil Blonsky's bodyguard who assists in eliminating gamma-irradiated beings and obtained her powers from gamma radiation that was used to cure
List of Marvel Comics characters: M
List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_M
Derived SI unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation
In the case of uniform irradiation of the human body, these summate to 1, but in the case of partial or non-uniform irradiation, they will summate to a
Sievert
Symbol for irradiated food items
the Radura are often intertwined with common misconceptions of irradiation. Irradiation of food has not been widely adopted in the state of New York due
Radura
Nuclear research reactor in Oak Ridge, Tennessee
irradiation. Uses for the RB* facilities have included production of radioisotopes; high-temperature gas-cooled reactor irradiations; and irradiation
High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor
Contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
disinfectants, alcohols, heat, povidone-iodine, and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation are also effective disinfection methods for surfaces. SARS-CoV-2 is closely
COVID-19
Trails created by swift heavy ions penetrating through solids
ratio. Repeated irradiation and processing: A two-step irradiation and etching process used to create perforated wells. Arbitrary irradiation angles enforce
Ion_track
2026 sci-fi horror film by Markiplier
explaining that the camera is an x-ray imaging device which has heavily irradiated the crew outside of the submarine. Simon learns that he is not the first
Iron_Lung_(film)
Point defect in diamonds
literature) by irradiation followed by annealing at temperatures above 700 °C. A wide range of high-energy particles is suitable for such irradiation, including
Nitrogen-vacancy_center
End of the human species
population decline due to singular natural events—for example, space irradiation, asteroid impact, or large-scale volcanism—or via anthropogenic destruction
Human_extinction
Nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor
hands) will become a highly lethal gamma emitter after 1–2 years of core irradiation, unsafe to approach unless under many feet of water shielding. This makes
Spent_nuclear_fuel
2008 Marvel Studios film
Image Engine spent over a year working on a shot where Banner's gamma-irradiated blood falls through three factory floors into a bottle. 700 effects shots
The_Incredible_Hulk_(film)
Space radiation effects on the brain
MeV protons at post-irradiation times (6 to 24 hours) compared to unirradiated controls. The increase in ROS after proton irradiation was more rapid than
Central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during spaceflight
Central_nervous_system_effects_from_radiation_exposure_during_spaceflight
Use of ions to cause chemical changes
characterisation of noble-metal nano-crystals formed in sapphire by ion irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing". Applied Surface Science. 259: 574–581
Ion_implantation
Radio station in Esperanza Base, Graham Land, Argentina
LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel (also known as Radio San Gabriel and Radio Arcángel San Gabriel), is an Argentine radio station that transmits
LRA36 Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel
LRA36_Radio_Nacional_Arcángel_San_Gabriel
Research and training centre in the Netherlands
1996). Food Irradiation: A Reference Guide. Woodhead Publishing. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-85573-359-6. Amit Kumar (2 April 2008). "Food Irradiation and Development
International Facility for Food Irradiation Technology
International_Facility_for_Food_Irradiation_Technology
Type of molecule
that can change its structural geometry and chemical properties upon irradiation with electromagnetic radiation. Although often used interchangeably with
Photoswitch
Form of mutation breeding in plants
it is a gamma garden – produced by cobalt-60. The practice of plant irradiation has resulted in the development of more than 2,000 new varieties of plants
Atomic_gardening
Method of problem-solving
Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem-solving characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the practitioner
Trial_and_error
Study of used nuclear materials
Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination
Post_Irradiation_Examination
Type of radiation therapy
whole breast irradiation (WBI) using EBRT. More recently, brachytherapy alone is used to deliver APBI (accelerated partial breast irradiation), involving
Brachytherapy
Empirical relationship between actual and perceived changed intensity of stimulus
arm Warmth 1.3 Irradiation of skin, small area Warmth 0.7 Irradiation of skin, large area Discomfort, cold 1.7 Whole-body irradiation Discomfort, warm
Stevens's_power_law
2020 film
Irradiated (French: Irradiés) is a 2020 Cambodian documentary film directed by Rithy Panh. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition
Irradiated_(film)
Hardening and dislocation pinning due to nanometer features created by irradiation Generation of lattice defects in collision cascades via the high-energy
Neutron_embrittlement
Country in South America
and 375 MW in biomass. As the Atacama Desert has the highest solar irradiation in the world, and Chile has always had problems obtaining oil, gas and
Chile
Medical procedure
additional photon radiation therapy to tissues that have already been irradiated. Re-irradiation is a potentially curative treatment option for patients with locally
Proton_therapy
restaurant. In The Simpsons: Road Rage opening cutscene, he gets horrifically irradiated by the Burns Atomic Mega-bus. The Happy Little Elves are a parody of The
List of recurring The Simpsons characters
List_of_recurring_The_Simpsons_characters
The Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Radiation Science & Engineering Center (RSEC) houses the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor (BNR). This reactor is the oldest
Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science & Engineering Center
Pennsylvania_State_University_Radiation_Science_&_Engineering_Center
American physicist (1921–1945)
produced the atomic bombs that were used in World War II. He accidentally irradiated himself on August 21, 1945, during a critical mass experiment at the remote
Harry_Daghlian
Red blood cells separated for blood transfusion
may be issued irradiated blood components, including irradiated red blood cells. X-ray or gamma sources are usually used for irradiation. When blood components
Packed_red_blood_cells
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
very poor irradiation stability. Its poor physical, chemical, and irradiation properties limit its use in reactors. To improve its irradiation characteristics
Nuclear_fuel
Vitamin D2, a chemical compound
could not be detected. Vitamin D levels correlate positively with UV irradiation. Plantae Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), shoot: 4.8 μg (192
Ergocalciferol
2024 American television series
Eddy, Cheryl (December 10, 2025). "Fire Up 'Fallout: The Ghoul Log' and Irradiate Your Holidays". Gizmodo. Retrieved April 24, 2025. Otterson, Joe (April
Fallout_(American_TV_series)
Research nuclear reactor in Portland, Oregon, US
during irradiation to ensure each sample receives the same neutron flux. Typically, the rotating rack is used by researchers when longer irradiation times
Reed_Research_Reactor
Chemical element with atomic number 97 (Bk)
induced by the irradiation yielded the 243Bk isotope and two free neutrons: 241 95Am + 4 2He → 243 97Bk + 2 1 0n After the irradiation, the coating was
Berkelium
1945 attacks in Japan during WWII
October 2021. Streffer, Christian (2007). "Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation". Ciba Foundation Symposium 203 – Health Impacts of Large Releases of
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
Imperfections in the crystal structure of diamonds and their effects
through irradiation with high-energy particles, such as alpha (helium), beta (electrons) or gamma particles, protons, neutrons, ions, etc. The irradiation can
Crystallographic defects in diamond
Crystallographic_defects_in_diamond
Crossfire's aid to kidnap Cassie Lang, believing that her Pym Particle-irradiated heart can sustain his father's condition. Ant-Man and Darren fight while
List of Marvel Comics characters: C
List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:_C
2020 film by Christopher Nolan
experimented with distorted industrial noise and, to represent Sator's irradiated breathing, asked Nolan to tape his own breath in a studio. Göransson produced
Tenet
Materials testing facility
The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility, also known as IFMIF, is a projected material testing facility in which candidate materials for
International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
International_Fusion_Materials_Irradiation_Facility
Cloth bearing the alleged image of Jesus
earthquake after Jesus’ death could have released a burst of neutrons that irradiated the shroud and changed some of the nuclei to different isotopes by neutron
Shroud_of_Turin
American elm cultivar
Ulmus americana 'L'Assomption' was selected from seedlings grown from X-irradiated seed at the eponymous experimental station in Quebec before 1965. 'L'Assomption'
Ulmus americana 'L'Assomption'
Ulmus_americana_'L'Assomption'
Species of moth
Low-dose irradiation has been approved by the FDA as a safe pest control measure in foods. This method is fast and not temperature dependent. Irradiation treatment
Mediterranean_flour_moth
Mass spectrometry technique to induce fragmentation of selected ions in the gas phase
multiple collisions at low collision energy. Sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID) is a CID technique used in
Collision-induced dissociation
Collision-induced_dissociation
Undesirable presence of radioactive substances
of health risk is dependent on duration and the type and strength of irradiation. Penetrating radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons or beta particles
Radioactive_contamination
Medical diagnostic method
utilizing parallel beam irradiation optical system will also be explained. Configuration and motions of parallel beam irradiation optical system, referring
Operation of computed tomography
Operation_of_computed_tomography
Nuclear operations in supplying fuel to French nuclear reactors
managing irradiated fuel. These operations include ore extraction, uranium concentration, conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication, irradiation in reactors
Nuclear_fuel_cycle_in_France
Chemical element with atomic number 42 (Mo)
Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is derived from Ancient Greek μόλυβδος mólybdos, meaning lead, since
Molybdenum
Building on the Oregon State University campus in Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.
cadmium lining, resulting in unfiltered neutron irradiation. The Cadmium-Lined Outer-Core Irradiation Tube (or CLOCIT) is identical in construction to
Oregon State University Radiation Center
Oregon_State_University_Radiation_Center
African-American woman (1920–1951), source of HeLa immortal cell line
and Clone Production With Hela Cells In Tissue Culture: The Use of X-Irradiated Cells to Supply Conditioning Factors". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955
Henrietta_Lacks
American biologist (1890–1967)
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation". Muller warned of long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear
Hermann_Joseph_Muller
2003 American film directed by Ang Lee
before the accident which turns him into the Hulk, experiments with gamma-irradiated insect DNA on three convicts, transforming them into "insect men" that
Hulk_(film)
for a missing astronaut, who they believe has returned to Earth as an irradiated monster. The short offers a look at the 40th Annual Carnival of the Toronto
List of Mystery Science Theater 3000 episodes
List_of_Mystery_Science_Theater_3000_episodes
Nuclear power plant component
reactor is unique in that the pressure vessel suffers significant neutron irradiation (called fluence) during operation, and may become brittle over time as
Reactor_pressure_vessel
Laboratory in Lowell, Massachusetts
shipments have been made and the reactor is in operation with LEU. Neutron irradiation facilities at the UMLRR include: 1x 8-inch beam port, 2x 6-inch beam
University of Massachusetts Lowell Radiation Laboratory
University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell_Radiation_Laboratory
Region of the Americas
Some of the most irradiated Brazilian States are MG ("Minas Gerais"), BA ("Bahia") and GO ("Goiás"), which have indeed world irradiation level records.
Latin_America
Experiment testing the origin of life
and darkening of methane clathrate and other ices by charged particle irradiation: applications to the outer solar system". Journal of Geophysical Research
Miller–Urey_experiment
Domain of organisms
solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are exposed to DNA-damaging UV irradiation or to the agents bleomycin or mitomycin C, species-specific cellular
Archaea
Russian-American food microbiologist
develop foods and food preservations for NASA. Anellis was an advocate of irradiation of foods as a food preservative and preventative against microbiological
Abe_Anellis
Pink variety of quartz
phosphorus color centers in the crystal structure activated by natural irradiation. Unlike massive rose quartz, pink quartz is photosensitive and subject
Rose_quartz
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